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1.1 Origins of Civilization - Learning About Our Past.ppt
- 1. A History of Human Civilization Jeff Feasel 17 Feb 2006
- 2. What we’ll learn • Brief overview of human history. • What does the archeological record show? • Discuss which factors contributed to human civilization.
- 3. When Did Human History Happen? [See Timeline] • 200,000 BC: Split from all other Homonid species • 100,000 BC: Anatomically Modern Humans • as shown by fossil bones • 50,000 BC: Cro-Magnons (“Mentally Modern”) • as shown by archaeology • 8,000 BC: First signs of settled life • 4,000 BC: Written record begins
- 5. Early Migration of Humans
- 6. Early Migration of Humans [See Migration Map] • Long before the last Ice Age, people were already spread out through most of Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. • Lived as hunter gatherers. • No evidence of farming/herding before Holocene.
- 7. Arriving in The New World • “Clovis” people – Broke from Mongoloid population living in Siberia. – Already adapted to arctic conditions • Entered North/South America via land-bridge on Bering Strait. • Exact timing is known because of “airlock” effect. • Tremendous boom! Spread from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego in less than 1000 years. – Mass extinction of large land mammals
- 9. The Pace of Civilization • 10,000 BC: End of last Ice Age • Humans had reached every habitable area. • Everyone has roughly the same lifestyle: hunter- gatherer. • 1400-1600 AD: European Expansion • Guns vs. Spears • Why did civilization proceed so much faster in some parts of the world than in others? • And what does this tell us about civilization?
- 11. Who Had What, and Why? • Mesopotamia • Egypt • Indus River • China • Mesoamerica • Andes • hunter-gatherers: – Southern Africa – Australia / New Guinea – Northern / Western Europe – North Asia [See tables: Earliest Domestication of Animals/Plants]
- 12. Natural Resource: Animals [Table of Domesticated Animals] • Uses?? – food, clothing, hunting, transportation, traction • [Necessary for domestication:] – Pack behavior – dominance heirarchy – Able to live in dense groups – Willing to breed in captivity – Usually herbivorous – Usually relatively large (>50 lbs) (often the same animals you’d hunt) • [No new animals domesticated until after the Industrial Revolution.] • Compare New World to Old World. • Why such an imbalance of useful domesticatable animals available? – Luck-of-the-Draw or Mass Extinction – Why weren’t Old World animals hunted to extinction?
- 13. Earliest Domestication of Animals Dog >15,000 BC Near-East? China? Sheep 8,000 BC Near-East Goat 8,000 BC Near-East Pig 8,000 BC China, Near-East Silkworm 7,500 BC China Cow 6,000 BC Near-East, India Cat 6,000 BC Egypt Horse 4,000 BC Ukraine Donkey 4,000 BC Egypt Water buffalo 4,000 BC China Turkey 3,500 BC Mesoamerica Llama/Alpaca 3,500 BC Andes Guinea Pig 3,500 BC Andes Camel 2,500 BC Central Asia, Arabia Chicken 1,000 BC Pacific Asia
- 14. Natural Resource: Plants [Table of Domesticated Plants] • Grains and legumes form most of the human diet. • (70% of calories come from cereal) • [Necessary for domestication:] – Fast-maturing – Large-enough seeds or fruits – Storable • Not quite as imbalanced as animals, but still... • Compare New World to Old World • Why did some areas take to farming more than others? – Climatic advantage. • Incoming solar energy gradient. – What are the “sweet-spots”? • Band near, but not on, Equator. • Which are suitable for GRASSES to grow?
- 15. Earliest Domestication of Plants Area Cereals/Grasses Legumes Tubers Near-East Wheat, Barley Pea, Lentil, Chickpea — West Africa Sorghum, Millet, Rice Cowpea, Groundnut Yam India [Wheat, Barley, Rice, Sorghum, Millet] Hyacinth bean, Black gram, Green gram — Ethiopia Teff, Millet, [Wheat, Barley] [Pea, Lentil] — China Millet, Rice Soybean, Adzuki bean, Mung bean — Mesoamerica Corn Common bean, Tepary bean, Scarlet runner bean Jicama Andes Quinoa, [Corn] Common bean, Lima bean, Peanut Potato, Sweet Potato Mississippi Valley Maygrass, Barley, Knotweed, Goosefoot — Artichoke [Bracketed crops were borrowed from other cultures]
- 16. The Effects of Geography • Climate • Migration of people. • Diffusion (or stimulus diffusion) of domesticated plants/animals and technology.
- 18. So, what happened to the Native Americans when the Europeans came?
- 20. Putting it all together • What is Civilization? • What factors allow it to happen?
- 21. Factors – Climate – Geographical location – Available domesticatable species – Food production (animals, plants) Surplus – Sedentary Lifestyle – Specialization – Increased Population Density – Germs & Immunity – Infrastructure – Exchange of ideas • within culture • across culture
- 23. Recommended Reading • Cook, Michael. (2005) A Brief History of the Human Race. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. • Diamond, Jared. (1997) Guns, Germs, and Steel. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. • Diamond, Jared. (1992) The Third Chimpanzee. HarperCollins Publishers, New York.