The document discusses three methods for disinfecting water lines - the tablet method, continuous feed method, and slug method - and provides details on how each method works, factors that influence method selection, benefits and limitations of each approach, and procedures for properly disinfecting lines to eliminate coliform bacteria.
Disinfection is the process of removing or killing pathogens in water. It is done to terminate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms so they pose no risk of infection. Common pathogens targeted include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Common disinfectants used in water treatment include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, copper, silver and potassium permanganate. Disinfectants work by altering or destroying essential structures in microbes to inactivate them. Disinfection is usually one of the final steps in water purification to reduce pathogens and make drinking water safe.
This document discusses disinfection and chlorination of water. It describes different disinfection methods like chlorination, ozonization, and UV rays. Chlorination involves adding small doses of chlorine or chlorine compounds to water to kill bacteria. The document discusses chlorine dosage, factors affecting chlorination, and special chlorination methods like pre-chlorination, double chlorination, and break point chlorination which involves adding chlorine until all organic matter is oxidized leaving residual chlorine.
Presentation given at seminar "Biological nutrient removal, operation management, and troubleshooting at wastewater treatment plant" in Pietari 13.12.2012
This document provides an overview of chlorination and related water treatment topics. It discusses the history and uses of chlorine for water disinfection, describing the various forms of chlorine used (gas, liquid, solid) and how they produce hypochlorous acid, the main disinfectant. It also addresses waterborne pathogens, indicator organisms, common waterborne diseases, and the criteria for evaluating different water disinfection systems. The document provides details on chlorination chemistry, health effects of chlorine exposure, and factors that influence water quality and disinfection effectiveness.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
This document provides information about a public health engineering course taught by Ms. A. S. Dungarwal. The course covers various topics related to water purification including clariflocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and advanced water treatment methods. Specific techniques discussed include screening, aeration, coagulation aided sedimentation, slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and pressure filtration. Process details and comparisons of different filtration methods are provided.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
Disinfection is the process of removing or killing pathogens in water. It is done to terminate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms so they pose no risk of infection. Common pathogens targeted include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Common disinfectants used in water treatment include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, copper, silver and potassium permanganate. Disinfectants work by altering or destroying essential structures in microbes to inactivate them. Disinfection is usually one of the final steps in water purification to reduce pathogens and make drinking water safe.
This document discusses disinfection and chlorination of water. It describes different disinfection methods like chlorination, ozonization, and UV rays. Chlorination involves adding small doses of chlorine or chlorine compounds to water to kill bacteria. The document discusses chlorine dosage, factors affecting chlorination, and special chlorination methods like pre-chlorination, double chlorination, and break point chlorination which involves adding chlorine until all organic matter is oxidized leaving residual chlorine.
Presentation given at seminar "Biological nutrient removal, operation management, and troubleshooting at wastewater treatment plant" in Pietari 13.12.2012
This document provides an overview of chlorination and related water treatment topics. It discusses the history and uses of chlorine for water disinfection, describing the various forms of chlorine used (gas, liquid, solid) and how they produce hypochlorous acid, the main disinfectant. It also addresses waterborne pathogens, indicator organisms, common waterborne diseases, and the criteria for evaluating different water disinfection systems. The document provides details on chlorination chemistry, health effects of chlorine exposure, and factors that influence water quality and disinfection effectiveness.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
This document provides information about a public health engineering course taught by Ms. A. S. Dungarwal. The course covers various topics related to water purification including clariflocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and advanced water treatment methods. Specific techniques discussed include screening, aeration, coagulation aided sedimentation, slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and pressure filtration. Process details and comparisons of different filtration methods are provided.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
The document discusses various microorganisms commonly found in water such as bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and viruses. It then describes different water treatment methods like ozonation, chlorination, and UV radiation that are used to disinfect drinking water and remove microorganisms. Ozonation works by using ozone gas to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. Chlorination uses hypochlorous acid and UV radiation uses light to disrupt the genetic material of microbes. Both ozonation and chlorination can be applied in drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment processes.
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to purify it for human consumption. Chlorine is effective at killing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It has been widely used as a disinfectant since the early 1900s. When chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic compounds and other substances, using up chlorine in the process. This usage of chlorine is known as chlorine demand. Understanding chlorine demand is important for properly designing chlorination processes to ensure water is sufficiently disinfected.
Water treatment-WATER TREATMENT PROCESS-OZONISATION AND UV APPLICATIONGowri Prabhu
The document discusses different methods of water treatment including ozone treatment and UV treatment. For ozone treatment, it describes the process of generating ozone using electrical discharge, injecting ozone into water, the contact time needed for ozone to disinfect, and filtering out oxidized particles. It lists advantages such as strong germicidal properties and ability to eliminate various problems, and disadvantages like higher costs and potential byproducts. For UV treatment, it explains how UV light damages microorganisms' DNA to prevent reproduction and provides advantages like not adding chemicals, but disadvantages include need for regular maintenance and inability to treat turbid water.
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
This document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It explains that coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum and iron salts to destabilize colloidal particles in water by neutralizing their negative charges. This allows the particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Flocculation is the process where these destabilized particles come together through gentle mixing. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose needed for effective coagulation and flocculation in water treatment.
The document discusses various types of sedimentation tanks and filters used in water treatment. It describes quiescent sedimentation tanks, continuous sedimentation tanks including horizontal and vertical flow types. It also discusses the process of sedimentation with coagulation including methods of coagulant feeding, mixing and flocculation. Slow sand filters and rapid sand filters are described and compared. Pressure filters are also introduced. The document covers various steps in water treatment like disinfection using chlorination and water softening methods.
This document discusses chlorine breakpoint in water treatment. It defines chlorine breakpoint as the point where the demand for chlorine has been fully satisfied by the addition of chlorine to water. At this point, the initial free chlorine residual is detected after the chlorine dosage exceeds the demand created by reducing agents, ammonia, and organics in the water. Adding sufficient chlorine to reach the breakpoint has advantages like completely oxidizing organic compounds, ammonia, and other reducing substances; removing color caused by organic matter; destroying bacteria; and preventing algae and weed growth. Reaching the chlorine breakpoint is important for effective water disinfection.
Water treatment involves many processes to purify water for human use and consumption. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove large debris, presedimentation to settle out sand and grit, and aeration to remove gases like carbon dioxide. The main processes are coagulation/flocculation to combine particles, sedimentation to settle the floc, filtration, and disinfection. Aeration is used to remove gases that cause odor, taste, or corrosion issues from the water supply.
This document discusses disinfection methods used to treat water. It lists the members of the Disinfection Group and explains that disinfection is necessary to kill pathogens in water and prevent waterborne diseases. The document then discusses various pathogens and the diseases they cause. It explains that the goal of disinfection is to reduce microorganisms to a safe level and lists some requirements of effective disinfectants. The document summarizes various disinfection methods including chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozone, ultraviolet light, and their advantages and disadvantages.
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document discusses various methods for removing iron and manganese from water. It describes how ferrous iron and manganous manganese are soluble but oxidize to insoluble ferric iron and manganic manganese when exposed to air. Common removal methods include aeration, sedimentation, filtration, chemical oxidation using chlorine or potassium permanganate, and manganese zeolite processes. Other options mentioned are water softening, biological treatment using iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria, and sequestering with chemicals like silicates and phosphates.
Chlorination - Disinfecting agent used in water treatmentPradumn Suryakar
This document discusses chlorination as the most important process for disinfecting water. Chlorine is identified as the ideal disinfectant because it provides residual sterilizing effects. The document outlines different chlorination methods including plain, pre, post, double, and break point chlorination. It also discusses dosages of chlorine, advantages of chlorine, and tests to determine chlorine residuals.
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
1) Water treatment involves ensuring a safe and clean drinking water supply. It requires identifying a water source and protecting it from contamination through appropriate treatment and distribution.
2) Conventional drinking water treatment typically includes aeration, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. It aims to remove microbes, particles, dissolved solids and other pollutants.
3) The key processes involve adding coagulants to neutralize particle charges, forming flocs for removal via sedimentation and filtration. Chlorine is commonly used for disinfection but produces disinfection byproducts, so alternatives like chloramines and ozone are also used.
The document discusses various methods of disinfecting water, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes boiling, ozone, bromine, iodine, UV rays, potassium permanganate, silver, and excess lime processes. Chlorine is highlighted as a widely used and effective disinfectant, though it can produce undesirable byproducts. The document also lists several purposes of chlorine in water treatment processes.
The document discusses different types of water hardness and methods for water softening. It defines hard water as water containing calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates and chlorides. Hard water prevents soap from lathering efficiently. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling or lime addition, and permanent hardness caused by calcium and magnesium sulfates and chlorides that require more complex removal methods like lime-soda process, zeolite process, or demineralization. The document then provides details on the processes and chemistry involved in removing different types of hardness.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including zeolite (permutit) process, ion exchange, mixed bed ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. The zeolite process uses hydrated sodium aluminium silicate to exchange sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ion exchange uses resins to exchange ions, with cation exchange resins exchanging hydrogen ions for calcium/magnesium ions and anion exchange resins exchanging hydroxide ions. Mixed bed deionizers contain both cation and anion resins. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved solids behind. Each method has advantages such as reducing hardness or
Aeration for raw water for removing taste and odor which may either be due to organic waste for surface sours, or due to dissolved metals, salts and gases in ground water.
Shock chlorination is a process used to disinfect private water systems by circulating a concentrated chlorine solution. It should be used following well construction, positive coliform tests, or system repairs/maintenance. The process involves mixing a bleach solution, adding it to the well, recirculating the water for 30 minutes, bringing the solution to all faucets for 50 ppm chlorine levels, letting it sit for 2-6 hours, and flushing the system. Precautions must be taken when working with electricity, chemicals, and enclosed spaces.
1. Water is essential for human survival but is often contaminated.
2. Water sources include surface water and groundwater, with varying levels of physical, chemical, and biological impurities depending on the source.
3. Hard water contains high levels of calcium and magnesium ions which can cause soap scum, clog pipes and boilers, and is classified as temporary or permanent hardness. Preventing scale formation in boilers is important to improve efficiency and avoid accidents.
The document discusses various microorganisms commonly found in water such as bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and viruses. It then describes different water treatment methods like ozonation, chlorination, and UV radiation that are used to disinfect drinking water and remove microorganisms. Ozonation works by using ozone gas to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. Chlorination uses hypochlorous acid and UV radiation uses light to disrupt the genetic material of microbes. Both ozonation and chlorination can be applied in drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment processes.
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to purify it for human consumption. Chlorine is effective at killing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It has been widely used as a disinfectant since the early 1900s. When chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic compounds and other substances, using up chlorine in the process. This usage of chlorine is known as chlorine demand. Understanding chlorine demand is important for properly designing chlorination processes to ensure water is sufficiently disinfected.
Water treatment-WATER TREATMENT PROCESS-OZONISATION AND UV APPLICATIONGowri Prabhu
The document discusses different methods of water treatment including ozone treatment and UV treatment. For ozone treatment, it describes the process of generating ozone using electrical discharge, injecting ozone into water, the contact time needed for ozone to disinfect, and filtering out oxidized particles. It lists advantages such as strong germicidal properties and ability to eliminate various problems, and disadvantages like higher costs and potential byproducts. For UV treatment, it explains how UV light damages microorganisms' DNA to prevent reproduction and provides advantages like not adding chemicals, but disadvantages include need for regular maintenance and inability to treat turbid water.
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
This document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It explains that coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum and iron salts to destabilize colloidal particles in water by neutralizing their negative charges. This allows the particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Flocculation is the process where these destabilized particles come together through gentle mixing. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose needed for effective coagulation and flocculation in water treatment.
The document discusses various types of sedimentation tanks and filters used in water treatment. It describes quiescent sedimentation tanks, continuous sedimentation tanks including horizontal and vertical flow types. It also discusses the process of sedimentation with coagulation including methods of coagulant feeding, mixing and flocculation. Slow sand filters and rapid sand filters are described and compared. Pressure filters are also introduced. The document covers various steps in water treatment like disinfection using chlorination and water softening methods.
This document discusses chlorine breakpoint in water treatment. It defines chlorine breakpoint as the point where the demand for chlorine has been fully satisfied by the addition of chlorine to water. At this point, the initial free chlorine residual is detected after the chlorine dosage exceeds the demand created by reducing agents, ammonia, and organics in the water. Adding sufficient chlorine to reach the breakpoint has advantages like completely oxidizing organic compounds, ammonia, and other reducing substances; removing color caused by organic matter; destroying bacteria; and preventing algae and weed growth. Reaching the chlorine breakpoint is important for effective water disinfection.
Water treatment involves many processes to purify water for human use and consumption. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove large debris, presedimentation to settle out sand and grit, and aeration to remove gases like carbon dioxide. The main processes are coagulation/flocculation to combine particles, sedimentation to settle the floc, filtration, and disinfection. Aeration is used to remove gases that cause odor, taste, or corrosion issues from the water supply.
This document discusses disinfection methods used to treat water. It lists the members of the Disinfection Group and explains that disinfection is necessary to kill pathogens in water and prevent waterborne diseases. The document then discusses various pathogens and the diseases they cause. It explains that the goal of disinfection is to reduce microorganisms to a safe level and lists some requirements of effective disinfectants. The document summarizes various disinfection methods including chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozone, ultraviolet light, and their advantages and disadvantages.
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document discusses various methods for removing iron and manganese from water. It describes how ferrous iron and manganous manganese are soluble but oxidize to insoluble ferric iron and manganic manganese when exposed to air. Common removal methods include aeration, sedimentation, filtration, chemical oxidation using chlorine or potassium permanganate, and manganese zeolite processes. Other options mentioned are water softening, biological treatment using iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria, and sequestering with chemicals like silicates and phosphates.
Chlorination - Disinfecting agent used in water treatmentPradumn Suryakar
This document discusses chlorination as the most important process for disinfecting water. Chlorine is identified as the ideal disinfectant because it provides residual sterilizing effects. The document outlines different chlorination methods including plain, pre, post, double, and break point chlorination. It also discusses dosages of chlorine, advantages of chlorine, and tests to determine chlorine residuals.
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
1) Water treatment involves ensuring a safe and clean drinking water supply. It requires identifying a water source and protecting it from contamination through appropriate treatment and distribution.
2) Conventional drinking water treatment typically includes aeration, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. It aims to remove microbes, particles, dissolved solids and other pollutants.
3) The key processes involve adding coagulants to neutralize particle charges, forming flocs for removal via sedimentation and filtration. Chlorine is commonly used for disinfection but produces disinfection byproducts, so alternatives like chloramines and ozone are also used.
The document discusses various methods of disinfecting water, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes boiling, ozone, bromine, iodine, UV rays, potassium permanganate, silver, and excess lime processes. Chlorine is highlighted as a widely used and effective disinfectant, though it can produce undesirable byproducts. The document also lists several purposes of chlorine in water treatment processes.
The document discusses different types of water hardness and methods for water softening. It defines hard water as water containing calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates and chlorides. Hard water prevents soap from lathering efficiently. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling or lime addition, and permanent hardness caused by calcium and magnesium sulfates and chlorides that require more complex removal methods like lime-soda process, zeolite process, or demineralization. The document then provides details on the processes and chemistry involved in removing different types of hardness.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including zeolite (permutit) process, ion exchange, mixed bed ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. The zeolite process uses hydrated sodium aluminium silicate to exchange sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ion exchange uses resins to exchange ions, with cation exchange resins exchanging hydrogen ions for calcium/magnesium ions and anion exchange resins exchanging hydroxide ions. Mixed bed deionizers contain both cation and anion resins. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved solids behind. Each method has advantages such as reducing hardness or
Aeration for raw water for removing taste and odor which may either be due to organic waste for surface sours, or due to dissolved metals, salts and gases in ground water.
Shock chlorination is a process used to disinfect private water systems by circulating a concentrated chlorine solution. It should be used following well construction, positive coliform tests, or system repairs/maintenance. The process involves mixing a bleach solution, adding it to the well, recirculating the water for 30 minutes, bringing the solution to all faucets for 50 ppm chlorine levels, letting it sit for 2-6 hours, and flushing the system. Precautions must be taken when working with electricity, chemicals, and enclosed spaces.
1. Water is essential for human survival but is often contaminated.
2. Water sources include surface water and groundwater, with varying levels of physical, chemical, and biological impurities depending on the source.
3. Hard water contains high levels of calcium and magnesium ions which can cause soap scum, clog pipes and boilers, and is classified as temporary or permanent hardness. Preventing scale formation in boilers is important to improve efficiency and avoid accidents.
It deals with biological water quality improvement through disinfection, disinfectants and disinfection kinetics, chlorine and other commonly used disinfectants, breakpoint chlorination and chlorination system
A boiler is a closed vessel that heats water or another fluid using combustion of fuels like wood, coal, oil, or gas. The heated fluid exits the boiler for use in processes or heating applications. There are different types of boilers including fire-tube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes in the boiler, water-tube boilers where water circulates in externally heated tubes, and flash boilers which rapidly vaporize water into steam. Boilers can be made of materials like steel, iron, or copper and come in configurations such as pot, fire-tube, water-tube, and sectional designs.
This document summarizes the key unit operations used in sewage treatment plants. It describes the different types of treatment processes - physical, chemical, and biological. The physical treatment processes like screens and grit chambers remove suspended solids. Chemical treatment uses processes like coagulation and neutralization to remove dissolved chemicals. Biological treatment uses microorganisms in units like activated sludge plants and trickling filters to break down dissolved organic chemicals. The document provides examples of common unit operations and illustrates how wastewater flows through a treatment plant in a series of steps to remove different types of impurities through various treatment methods.
The document discusses the process of chlorinating wells to disinfect drinking water. It defines chlorination of wells as the disinfection of wells using chlorine gas, chlorinated lime, or bleaching powder. The steps involved in well disinfection include determining the well volume, calculating the amount of bleaching powder needed, dissolving and mixing it with water, lowering it into the well, allowing for contact time, and testing for residual chlorine. The double pot method uses two pots placed inside one another with bleaching powder and sand to slowly release chlorine into the well water over time. Precautions must be taken to avoid risks from electrical safety, chemicals, and inhal
This field manual provides guidance on water quality sampling procedures. It discusses preparations needed in the laboratory including samplers, sample containers, reagents, instruments, and planning. It provides a checklist of items needed for field visits and guidelines for sample collection, identification, preservation, and transportation. Standard field analysis procedures are described for parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, and redox potential.
This field manual provides guidance on water quality sampling procedures. It discusses preparations needed in the laboratory including samplers, sample containers, reagents, instruments, and planning. It provides a checklist of items needed for field visits and guidelines for sample collection, identification, preservation, and transportation. Standard field analysis procedures are described for parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, and redox potential.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in plumbing systems. It defines plumbing and describes plumbing water supply and sanitary drainage systems. It discusses components of water connection systems, the purpose of underground storage tanks, examples of metal tanks for water storage, and advantages of mild steel tanks. The document also covers high density polyethylene pipes, advantages of automatic pumping systems, the purpose of bib cocks, ventilation in buildings, sanitary fittings, principles of sanitary plumbing systems, and sizing of house drains and vent pipes. Additional topics include smoke testing of pipes, advantages of aeration in water treatment, different plumbing systems, kinds of vent piping, individual trap vents, branch vents, and
cleaning and shaping of root canals in endodonticsSanghmitra Suman
This document discusses cleaning and shaping of the root canal during endodontic treatment. It describes the principles and techniques for preparing the coronal and radicular cavities, including outline form, convenience form, and resistance form. Various root canal preparation techniques are covered, such as step-back, step-down, hybrid, and balanced force techniques. Common root canal irrigants like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, EDTA, chlorhexidine, and MTAD are described in terms of their properties, mechanisms of action, advantages, and limitations.
This document provides information on water purification methods at different scales. On a large scale, water is purified through storage, sedimentation, filtration (rapid sand and slow sand), and disinfection (usually chlorination). On a medium scale, adding bleach or chlorinated lime is common. On a small scale, boiling, distillation, and adding chemicals like bleach or iodine can purify water. The document also discusses rapid sand filtration versus slow sand filtration and different water quality testing standards.
The document discusses the importance of maintaining a drip irrigation system and provides steps for regular maintenance. It describes reasons why maintenance is important, such as preventing blockages from impurities in the water. It then outlines procedures for flushing the system and cleaning filters and emitters. Key components like filters are explained and cleaning procedures provided. The document stresses the importance of maintenance for optimal system efficiency and irrigation results.
The document discusses plumbing and sanitation systems. It begins by defining plumbing and describing its basic components like water supply pipes, fixtures, soil and vent pipes, and storm drainage. It then provides a brief history of plumbing from ancient civilizations to modern systems. The document goes on to describe various plumbing distribution systems for multi-story buildings, components like traps and vents, and considerations for drainage and sewage treatment systems.
Well Protector Dry Pellet Chlorinator Installation, Operation, and Maintenanc...Clean Water Systems
Well Protector Dry Pellet Chlorinator Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Guide by Clean Water Systems
View the full installation guide here: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-treatment-manuals/Well-Pro-Pellet-Feeder-Manual.pdf
View the product here: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/CS000020.html#tab=tab1
For more products, how-to-guides, resources, and more, please visit: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com
1. Onsite sanitation system and disposal of sludge slide series (1) septic tankvvsasane
This document discusses septic tanks and upflow anaerobic filters. It provides an introduction to septic tanks, explaining that they are underground tanks that use anaerobic bacteria to break down waste. It then covers the construction of septic tanks, including features like inlet and outlet baffles. The document also discusses design considerations for septic tanks like capacity, dimensions, and detention time. Finally, it introduces upflow anaerobic filters as a secondary treatment for septic tank effluent that can achieve higher BOD removal.
Legislation preventing the discharge of untreated waste overboard has been in place for some time with a requirement that it should be retrofitted where not already in use.
CIP presentation - ensure safety and sanitation.pdfnguyenlekhanhx02
CIP (clean-in-place) systems allow for cleaning of processing equipment without dismantling. The document discusses key principles of CIP systems including using time, temperature, chemical concentration and force/velocity to remove soils. Effective CIP depends on avoiding dead areas and ensuring drainage. Validation involves monitoring parameters and verifying cleanliness through inspections, ATP testing, or redox reactions to demonstrate the process removes residues reliably to acceptable levels.
The document summarizes the use of Groundwater Circulation Wells (GCWs) and IEG C-Mix to remediate chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination at a site in Lower Saxony, Germany. GCWs induce circulation of groundwater to distribute C-Mix, a nutrient solution, throughout the aquifer. This supports microbial degradation of contaminants like cis-DCE and VC. Monitoring showed concentrations decreased from 650 to less than 5 μg/L after 6 months as the bioreactive zone around the GCW expanded to a radius of 20-25 meters. The technique effectively remediated the site without requiring additional groundwater treatment.
Groundwater Circulation Well (IEG-GCW®) employing C-Mix in Lower Saxony, Germany
Addition of a nutritive preparation of C-Mix via GCW for anaerobic biodegradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (CHC)
Operation & maintenance aspects of a Water treatment plant.Home
Operation and maintenance of a treatment plant is task. This is done to expand the life time of the treatment plant. So its necessary to keep the water treatment plant with a good look after on the hand of operation and also in maintenance both simultaneously. The given slides show some operation and maintenance processes to carry out a water treatment plant.
This document discusses how pipeline installation and pre-commissioning can impact future pipeline integrity if not properly managed. Specifically, it examines common issues like corrosion from seawater ingress during installation, inadequate cleaning, and hydrotesting. One case study describes over 80 tons of debris and corrosion products removed from a line that flooded with seawater during installation. The document stresses that operators should be aware of how early-life issues can negatively affect integrity over the long-term if not properly mitigated during pre-commissioning.
This document provides information about a wastewater and solid waste management course at Arba Minch Water Technology Institute. The course is divided into three parts: [1] sewer systems, [2] wastewater treatment, and [3] solid waste management. Part 1 on sewer systems covers topics like design of sewage quantity estimation, hydraulic design of sewers, and construction and maintenance of sewers. It discusses different types of sewer systems including separate, combined, and partially combined systems. Sanitary sewage estimation methods and factors affecting the selection of different sewer systems are also outlined.
The document describes procedures for determining nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, including field sampling methods, laboratory procedures, and calculations. A grab sample is collected in an evacuated flask containing an acid solution and analyzed colorimetrically or via ion chromatography to measure nitrogen oxides except nitrous oxide. Field procedures involve collecting samples using a probe and flask, while laboratory procedures specify reagents, equipment, sample recovery, and analysis steps to process the samples collected and calculate results.
Similar to Disinfection and Chlorination of Potable Water Lines (20)
2. Purpose of Chlorination
Disinfection of water lines result in absence of coliform
Broad class of bacteria found
in environment, and in the
excreta of humans and other
warm-blooded animals
Coliform
3. Three methods of disinfection
are mostly used for disinfection
of newly constructed water
mains OR the mains that have
been removed from service for
repair OR under normal
operation show the presence of
coliform organisms.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (AWWA) C 651-99
Since 1947
4. TABLET METHOD
Initial Concentration = 25mg /L
Initial Contact Time = 3 days
minimum
CONTINUOUS FEED
METHOD
SLUG METHOD
Contact Time = 24 hours
Residual Chlorine = 10mg /L
CT = 3 Hours
Initial Dosage about 100mg / L
But not <50mg / L
Methods of Disinfection of Newly Constructed Water Mains
The purpose of all three methods is to disinfect water lines (absence of coliforms)
6. THE CHOICE OF METHOD DEPENDS UPON
1. LENGTH OF MAIN
2. DIAMETER OF MAIN
3. TYPES OF JOINT PRESENT
4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR DISINFECTION
5. AVAILABILITY OF EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR DISINFECTION
6. TRAINING OF PERSONNEL PERFORMING THE TAKS
7. SAFETY CONCERNS
7. Benefits / Limitations
• Continuous feed method or slug method should be used with
gas chlorination if properly designed and constructed
equipment are available. Makeshift equipment are not
acceptable.
• Tablet Method should be avoided for large diameter pipes
particularly if there is possibility of workers entry to perform
inspection and make repair because tablet release toxic fumes
upon exposure to moist air.
• In Tablet method, the chlorine concentration is not uniform. It is
more in the vicinity of tablets and decreases as the distance
increases.
8. Benefits / Limitations
• Tablet method is useful for pipelines of maximum
diameter 50cm.
• Continuous feed method is suitable for general
applications.
• Preliminary flushing only removes light particles from
the main but not usually at the joint.
• Chlorine concentration is uniform in continuous feed
method
9. Benefits / limitations
• Slug method is suitable for large diameter mains as
continuous feed method is impractical and difficult
• Chlorination Chemical is saved in slug method
• The volume of heavily chlorinated water in slug
method is far less than in continuous method
• Tablet method can only be used if the main is kept
clean and dry prior to start chlorination.
10. FORMS OF CHLORINE
Three forms of chlorine that may be used in the disinfection operations are
Liquid Chlorine
Used with appropriate gas-
flow chlorinators and ejectors
to provide a controlled high
concentration under strict
control
100% Chlorine Solution
Sodium Hypochlorite
5% to 15% chlorine
solution (by vol.)
Calcium Hypochlorite
Dissolve in approx. 7
hours. Calcium
hypochlorite for swimming
pools must not be used in
mains.
65% available chlorine
11. Depict/describe your plan to
achieve EOY goals, including
contingent plans/actions
KEY STEPS
1. Inspect the integrity of the materials.
2. Prevent contaminating materials from entering the water mains during
storage, construction or repair.
3. Remove by flushing or other means the materials that may have entered in
the water main at any above mentioned stage.
4. Chlorinate any residual contamination that may remain and flushing the
chlorinated water from the main.
5. Protect any existing distribution system in the vicinity.
6. Document that an adequate level of chlorine contacted each pipe to
provide disinfection.
7. Determine the bacteriological quality by laboratory test after disinfection.
8. Final connection of the approved new water main to the active distribution
system
BASIC DISINFECTION PROCEDURE
12. PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION
A) General:
Heavy particulates generally contain bacteria and prevent even very high
chlorine concentrations from contacting and killing these organisms. Therefore,
assure that a water main and its appurtenances have been thoroughly cleaned
for the final disinfection by chlorination.
B) Keep Pipes Clean & Dry:
The interiors of pipes, fittings, and valves shall be protected from
contamination. All openings in the pipeline shall be closed with watertight and
rodent proof plugs when pipe laying is stopped at the close of the day’s work
or for other reasons, such as rest breaks or meal periods.
C) Joints:
Joints of all pipe in the trench shall be completed before work is stopped. If
water accumulates in the trench, the plugs shall remain in place until the
trench is dry.
D) Sealing Materials:
Sealing material or gaskets shall be handled in a manner that avoids
contamination. Odor free lubricant must be used in the installation of sealing
gaskets.
13. PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION
E) Cleaning & Swabbing:
If dirt enters the pipe, it shall be removed and the interior pipe surface swabbed with a
1 to 5% hypochlorite disinfecting solution. If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the dirt
remaining in the pipe will not be removed using the flushing operation, then the
interior of the pipe shall be cleaned using mechanical means, such as a foam pig in
conjunction with the application of a 1% hypochlorite disinfecting solution.
F) Wet Trench Construction:
If the work is to be carried out in wet trench, add calcium hypochlorite granules or
tablets to each length of pipe before it is lowered into a wet trench or by treating the
trench water with hypochlorite tablets. Desired Chlorine concentration =25mg/L
G) Flooding by Storm or Accident during Construction:
Remove the floodwater by draining and flushing with potable water until the main is
clean. The section then be filled with a chlorinated potable water with concentration
25mg/L for the period of a 24-h. The chlorinated water may then be drained or flushed
from the main. After construction is completed, the main shall be disinfected using the
continuous-feed or slug method.
H) Provide Backflow Protection:
Keep the high concentrated chlorinated water from entering in the operation of potable
water supply.
14. METHODS OF CHLORINATION
PREFLUSHING OF SOURCE WATER
The source water used for disinfection and
pressure testing shall be flushed prior to its use
to ensure that contaminants or debris are not
introduced into the new pipe. Adequate
drainage must be provided during flushing.
Drainage should take place away from the
construction area. During the contact period, it
is recommended that the valve isolating the
new main from this system (if applicable) be
tagged to prevent unintentional release of the
elevated chlorine residual water into the
system.
15. TABLET METHOD
The tablet method consists of placing calcium hypochlorite granules or tablets in the water main as it is being
installed and then filling the main with potable water when the installation is complete. So, this method is only
possible if the pipes and fittings are kept clean and dry during construction.
During construction, calcium hypochlorite granules shall be placed at the upstream end of the first section of pipe, at the
upstream end of each branch main, and at 500-ft intervals. The quantity of granules shall be as shown in Table 1.
WARNING
This procedure must not be used on solvent-welded plastic or on screwed-joint steel pipe
because of the danger of fire or explosion from the reaction of the joint compounds with
the calcium hypochlorite.
16. TABLET METHOD
Placing of calcium hypochlorite tablets. During construction, 5-g calcium hypochlorite
tablets shall be placed in each section of pipe. Also, one tablet shall be placed in each
hydrant, hydrant branch, and other appurtenance. The number of 5-g tablets required for
each pipe section shall be 0.0012 d^2 x L rounded to the next higher integer, where d is the
inside pipe diameter, in inches, and L is the length of the pipe section, in feet.
Table 2 shows the number of tablets required for commonly used sizes of pipe. The tablets shall be
attached by a food-grade adhesive (PERMATEX CLEAR RTV). If the tablets are attached before the pipe
section is placed in the trench, their position shall be marked on the section to indicate that the pipe has
been installed with the tablets at the top.
17. TABLET METHOD
Filling & Contact:
When installation has been completed, the main shall be filled with water at a rate such that the water
within the main will flow at a velocity not greater than 1 ft/s (0.3 m/s). Precautions shall be taken to
ensure that air pockets are eliminated. This water shall remain in the pipe for at least 24 h. If the water
temperature is less than 41°F (5°C), the water shall remain in the pipe for at least 48 h. As an option the
temporary connection shall include an appropriate cross-connection control device, consistent with the
degree of hazard, for backflow protection of the active distribution system (see Figure 1). A detectable
chlorine residual should be found at each sampling point after the 24-h period. The results must be
reported.
18. CONTINUOUS FEED METHOD
The continuous-feed method consists of placing calcium hypochlorite granules
in the main during construction (optional), completely filling the main to
remove all air pockets, flushing the completed main to remove particulates,
and filling the main with potable water. The potable water shall be chlorinated
so that after a 24-h holding period in the main there will be a free chlorine
residual of not less than 10 mg/L.
19. CONTINUOUS FEED METHOD
Placing of calcium hypochlorite granules: Place calcium hypochlorite granules in
pipe sections as mentioned in Tablet Method. The purpose of this procedure is to
provide a strong chlorine concentration in the first flow of flushing water that flows
down the main.
This procedure is recommended when the type of pipe is such that this first flow of
water will flow into annular spaces at pipe joints.
Preliminary flushing: Before chlorination, the main is filled to eliminate air
pockets and flushed to remove particulates. The flushing velocity in the main
shall not be less than 2.5 ft/s (0.76 m/s).
Table 3 shows the rates of flow required to produce a velocity of 2.5 ft/s (0.76
m/s) in commonly used sizes of pipe. Note that flushing is no substitute for
preventive measures during construction.
For 24-in. (600-mm) or larger diameter mains, an acceptable alternative to
flushing is to broom-sweep the main, carefully removing all sweepings prior to
chlorinating the main.
21. CONTINUOUS FEED METHOD
Procedure for Chlorinating the Main:
A) Water is supplied from a temporary, backflow protected connection at a
constant measured rate into the newly installed water main. Measurement of rate
of discharge can be made either by meter, pitot gauge, measure the time to fill a
container of the known volume or by measuring the trajectory of the discharge and
using the formula in the picture below.
22. ………………Procedure for Chlorinating the Main:
B) At a point not more than 10 ft (3 m) downstream from the beginning of the new
main, water entering the new main shall receive a dose of chlorine fed at constant
rate such that the water will have not less than 25 mg/L free chlorine. To ensure
that this concentration is provided, measure the chlorine concentration at regular
intervals using appropriate chlorine test kits.
Table 4 gives the amount of chlorine required for each 100 ft (30.5 m) of pipe of
various diameters.
Solutions of 1% chlorine may be prepared with sodium hypochlorite or
calcium hypochlorite. The latter solution requires 1 lb (454 g) of calcium
hypochlorite in 8 gal (30.3 L) of water.
23. ………………Procedure for Chlorinating the Main:
C) Continue Chlorine application until the entire main is filled with heavily
chlorinated water which shall be retained in the main for at least 24 h, during
which time all valves and hydrants in the treated section shall be operated to
ensure disinfection of the appurtenances.
At the end of this 24-h period, the treated water in all portions of the main shall
have a residual of not less than 10 mg/L of free chlorine.
Note: The danger of using direct-feed chlorinators is that water pressure can exceed
chlorine gas cylinder pressure.
The preferred device is vacuum-operated chlorinator which mixes the chlorine gas in
solution water; the booster pump injects the chlorine-gas solution into the main.
Hypochlorite solutions may be applied to the water main with a gasoline or electrically
powered chemical-feed pump designed for feeding chlorine solutions.
Feed lines must be capable of withstanding the corrosion caused by the concentrated
chlorine solutions and the maximum pressures that may be created by the pumps.
All connections shall be checked for tightness before the solution is applied to the main.
24. SLUG METHOD
The slug method consists of placing calcium hypochlorite granules in the main
during construction; completely filling the main to eliminate all air pockets;
flushing the main to remove particulates;
and
slowly flowing through the main a slug of water dosed with chlorine to a
concentration of 100 mg/L. The slow rate of flow ensures that all parts of the
main and its appurtenances will be exposed to the highly chlorinated water for
a period of not less than 3 h.
At 10 ft (3 m) downstream from the start of the new main, water entering the
new main shall receive a dose of chlorine feed at a constant rate not less than
100 mg/L free chlorine. The chlorine concentration should be measured at
regular intervals. It will develop a solid column, or “slug,” of chlorinated water
throughout the main, expose all interior surfaces to a concentration of
approximately 100 mg/L for at least 3 h. (What if it drops below 50 mg/L ?)
All related valves and hydrants shall be operated to disinfect appurtenances
and pipe branches.
25. FINAL FLUSHING
Clearing the main of heavily chlorinated water.
After retention period, heavily chlorinated water must be removed from the
main and the fittings in order to prevent lining from corrosion. This clearing is
carried out until chlorine measurements show that the concentration in the
water leaving the main is acceptable for domestic use.
Disposing of heavily chlorinated water. The environment to which the
chlorinated water is to be discharged shall be inspected for any possibility of
damage to the environment. If required, a neutralizing chemical shall be
applied to the water to neutralize the residual chlorine. Follow federal, state,
provincial, and local regulatory laws for the disposal of heavily chlorinated
water.
26. VERIFICATION OF DISINFECTION
After final flushing and before the new water main is connected to the distribution system, two consecutive sets of
acceptable samples, taken at least 24 h apart, shall be collected from the new main.
At least one set of samples shall be collected from every 1,200 ft (366 m) of the
new water main, plus one set from the end of the line and at least one set from
each branch.
In case, if the trench water has entered the main, the sample shall be taken every
200m.
SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS
Sampling procedure:
Samples for bacteriological analysis shall be collected in
sterile bottles treated with sodium thiosulfate. No hose or
fire hydrant shall be used in the collection of samples.
There should be no water in the trench up to the connection
for sampling. The sampling pipe must be dedicated and
clean, and disinfected and flushed prior to sampling. A
corporation cock may be installed in the main with a copper-
tube gooseneck assembly. After samples have been
collected, the gooseneck assembly may be removed and
retained for future use.
ITR:
Water samples test results shall serve as
inspection & test record.
27. FINAL FLUSHING
Redisinfection
If the initial disinfection fails to produce satisfactory bacteriological results or if
the water quality is affected, the new main may be reflushed and shall be
resampled.
If check samples also fail to produce acceptable results, the main shall be
rechlorinated by the continuous-feed or slug method until satisfactory results
are obtained
Chlorine Residual Testing Methods
1. DPD DROP DILUTION METHOD (FOR FIELD TEST)
2. HIGH-RANGE CHLORINE TEST KITS
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