This is dedicated to grade 8 students and it will serve as a guide for their learning and acquisition of knowledge about the subject matter. The innovator create a learning material about early civilizations that will have a significant positive impact and benefit for 8th-grade students in order to reduce the stress of 8th-grade students in finding learning materials.

1. PREPARED BY:
LISING, VOLLIT R.
CIONELO, MARY JANE E.
DUMLAO, JOHN MIKO B.
ENDANGAN, ANGELICA NICOLE I.
KEMPIS. JANE CHRISTINE PEARL L.
LARONG, JENNYFER M.
PEREZ, JEIMEE G.
TABLIT, AYUMI
EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION

2. A person who forgets history, is a person who is like a blank
paper. It doesn't want to be filled with information; it just
wants to be a paper itself. But a person who looks back on
history, is a person who finds the answer to the current
solution of the world's problems. To the students who will use
this module, may you all find the answers for the world
becoming a better place. The module will discuss the early
civilizations that happened during the history of the entire
humans. Every civilization brought an important contribution
that we are enjoying right now. What they have contributed is
something that is beneficial for the entire people of the world.
Being grateful for what they have made is the only gift and
favor we can give back to them in return. To every generation,
and future user of this module. May this module help you to
make progress and development on your own self-growth.
History is more than a story of the past, it is also a story on how
people survived and made solutions to their problems in every
circumstance of their life. History creates valuable stories that
are worth studying.
PAGE 1
FOREWORD

3. PAGE 2
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
The authors are graduates of the Humanities and Social
Sciences strand in Senior High School and are currently
second-year students enrolled at Universidad de Manila
and taking up a Bachelor of Secondary Education Major
in Social Studies. The authors achieved academic
excellence, and the majority of the authors are
consistently academic achievers and dean's listers. The
authors are the future educators that will bring learners
to the pathway of success and help them to reach the
summit of victory. Their holistic goal is to impart wisdom
and learnings.

4. WHERE YOU CAN ACCESS
It's advisable not to apply paint or putting
unnecessary text on the module when
dealing with it. In order to prevent damage,
use the module with care. Respect its
limitations, suggested usage practices, and
all specific care instructions provided by the
innovators. Inform the relevant authorities if
you come across any issues, irregularities,
concerns with the module for additional help
or request fixes. This information will assist
you in using the module properly and
reducing possible issues.
HOW
TO
USE
PAGE 3
The electronic module entitled: Project E-Yours, is an
electronic module where you can find in different academic
platform such as: Studocu, Scrib, and Study Smarter. The
following platform are free access websites/applications
where you can locate our module and be free to utilize it. To
locate, kindly search on the searching tool the words "Project
E-Yours: Early Civilizations." After doing so, to verify, look for
the authors name. You can download it or save it on the
applications itself.

5. I. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
1. PRE-TEST
A. Egyptian Civilization Timeline
1. Pre-Dynastic Period
2. Archaic ( Early Dynastic ) Period
3. Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders
4. First Intermediate Period
5. Middle Kingdom 12th Dynasty
6. Second Intermediate Period
7. New Kingdom
8. Third Intermediate Period
9. From the Late Period to Alexander's Conquest
B. Key figures of Ancient Egypt
1. Pharaohs
2. King Tutankhamen
3. RA
TABLE OF CONTENT

6. 4. Sarcophagus
5. Nile River
6. Pyramids
C. Famous Ancient Egyptian Artifacts
1. Tutankhamen's Mask
2. Narmer Palette
3. Canopic Jars
4. The Rosetta Stone
5. The Nefertiti Bust
6. Khufu Statue
7. The 'EN'RA Zodiac
D. Egyptian Art and Architecture
2. POST-TEST
II. REFERENCES
To easily access your desire page. You can click it, and you will
automatically be directed to your chosen page.
TABLE OF CONTENT

7. LESSON OVERVIEW
This chapter will discuss the Sumerian Civilization. How the first
city-state was established during their times and how conquerors
invaded their land and occupied their civilizations. This chapter
will also discuss about the tradition, culture, religion, and other
important contribution of Sumerian Civilization.
PAGE 4
Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the
students will be able to:
A. Explain how the first civilization arise and the life in Sumer.
B. Identify different problems that a Sumerian Civilization have
faced?
C. Reflect on the life of the early civilization to the modern life.
D. Create a K-W-L Chart to observe the progress of their learning.
What I know
What I want to
know
What I learned

8. PRE-TEST
TEST I
Direction: Write "FACT" if the statement is correct and write
"CAP" if not.
1. Body of water that played a important role in the development
of the Ancient Egyptian civilization is the Amazon River?
2. Is ancient Egypt is located in Northeast Africa?
3. Hieroglyphs is the writing system of Egyptians
4. The three major kingdoms that make up the history of Ancient
Egypt is The Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
5. Medicine is a major part of the Ancient Egyptian culture played a
significant role in the government?
6. Pharaoh is a priest in Egypt
7. Writing is the invention of the Egyptians that is important in
enabling them to run a complex government?
8. The Egyptians tried to stop the Nile River from flooding.
9. The Egyptians made boats out of reeds.
10. Papyrus is a reed plant used to make paper
PAGE 5

9. PRE-TEST
TEST II
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. A line of rulers from one family.
A. Dynasty
B. Delta
C. Hieroglyphics
D. Papyrus
2. The Egyptian writing system uses thousands of picture symbols
representing objects and ideas
A. Delta
B. Hieroglyphics
C. Dynasty
D. Papyrus
3. The sea to the east of the Nile River is called
A. Pacific
B. Mediterranean
C. Black
D. Red
PAGE 6

10. PRE-TEST
4. Why did Egyptians build the Pyramids?
A. To serve as a palace for the pharaohs
B. Temples for their gods
C. To help improve scientific discover
D. Tombs for the Pharaohs
5. Information learned from______ helped Egyptians develop
medical knowledge.
A. Pyramids
B. Pharaohs
C. You tube
D. embalming
6. The part of ancient Egypt located in the northern delta where the
river spreads out and empties into the Mediterranean Sea was
called
Egypt
A. Lower
B. Upper
C. Middle
D. Black
PAGE 7

11. PRE-TEST
7. People who kept records and wrote messages
answer choices
A. Thebes
B. Scribes
C. Nubians
D. Sumerians
8. During the dry season, Egyptians
A. Flooded the Nile River and used the silt for planting
B. Irrigated their crops and used a shadoof to get water from the Nile
C. Planted papyrus seeds so they could make paper
9. Which is a reason the Nile has been called "the lifeblood" of Egypt?
A. It borders two of the largest deserts in the world.
B. It has dangerous cataracts.
C. It is the longest river in the world.
D. Its valley and delta provide fertile soil for farming.
10. What was the effect of increased farming and trade?
answer choices
A. A complex writing system was created.
B. An organized government developed.
C. Geometry was developed.
D. The deserts became populated.
PAGE 8

12. The Egyptians influenced us in many ways, including inventions,
math, writing, medicine, religion, sports, and music. The ancient
Egyptians were capable of constructing massive movements,
pyramids, and temples. Few of the Egyptian architectural skills
are still in use today. Pyramids were huge tombs built for their
Pharaoh. It was critical that these pyramids be built correctly. The
ancient Egyptians were master builders.
Egyptian archaeologists are still making significant discoveries
today, and the scientific study of royal mummies is shedding new
light on the pharaohs’ ancestors. The ongoing decipherment of
hieroglyphic writings and research into peasant life are also
helping to answer many questions about the evolution of
Egyptian culture. The Egyptians were a happy bunch who knew
how to enjoy life, according to the Pharaonic religion.
EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
PAGE 9
The Egyptians were among the
first civilizations to emerge in the
ancient world. These people
interacted with one another in
times of peace and war, birth and
death. The Egyptians influenced
us in a variety of ways.

13. However, The Egyptian pyramids are the most famous of all
ancient monuments and the only remaining wonder of the ancient
world’s seven wonders. The seeds of civilization were first sown
along the Nile’s banks, just as life arose from the waters. The
mighty Nile, which flows north from the heart of Africa to the
Mediterranean Sea, nourished the Pharaonic kingdom’s expansion.
People, animals, and plants were drawn to the banks of the long,
narrow floodplain.
PAGE 10
Nomadic hunters settled in the valley during pre-dynastic
times and began to grow crops to supplement their food
supply. The annual flooding of the river, viewed as a gift from
the gods, deposited nutrient-rich silt over the land, creating
ideal conditions for growing wheat, flax, and other crops. This
fledgling society’s first communal project was the construction
of irrigation canals for agricultural purposes.

14. Predynastic Period (c. 5000-3100 B.C.)
The Neolithic period also known as late Stone Age groups in
northeastern Africa moved from hunting to agriculture and
made pioneering discoveries that helped eventually
Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics, and religion
grow.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
TIMELINE
PAGE 11
Near the area known as the Fertile Crescent,
located where some of the world’s oldest
civilizations once developed, two different
kingdoms arose to power around 3400 B.C.: The
Red Land to the north, centered in the Nile
River Delta and possibly increasing along the
Nile to Atfih, and the White Land to the south,
extending from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila.
Around 3200 B.C., the Scorpion, a monarch
from the south, launched the first invasions of
the northern realm. King Menes, the very first
leader of the first dynasty, would take over the
north and unite the country over a cent
purpose
Ancient Egypt Geography and the Nile River. (n.d). Ducksters.
https://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_egypt/geograph
y_nile_river.php

15. Throughout the Old Kingdom, the
capital of Egypt would develop into a
huge city that ruled Egyptian
culture. The beginnings of Egyptian
civilization, especially the crucial
monarchy ideology, were developed
during the period known as the
Archaic Period. The ruler was
considered by the ancient Egyptians
as being on level ground equal to the
all-powerful god Horus. This time
era also includes the discovery of the
oldest written word in hieroglyphics.
PAGE 12
In 3100 BCE, the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by the
first pharaoh Menes happened. Ancient Egypt’s capital was
founded at White Walls later known as Memphis by King
Menes.
Archaic (Early Dynastic) Period
(c. 3100-2686 B.C.)

16. PAGE 13
The Old Kingdom of Egypt, which lasted from around 2686 to
2181 BCE, can also be referred to as the “Age of the Pyramids” or
“Age of the Pyramid Builders” because it comprises the amazing
4th Dynasty, during which King Sneferu achieved the art of
building pyramids, according to the Greek historian Herodotus,
it took 100,000 men 20 years to construct it and the pyramids of
Giza were built by the kings Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. Egypt
experienced a golden age of peace and prosperity between the
third and fourth dynasties.
Nubia and Libya. The king's prosperity gradually decreased
throughout the years of the fifth and sixth dynasties, partially as a
result of the huge expenses of constructing the pyramids, and his
total power weakened as a result of the increasing power of the
aristocracy, and the priesthood that developed around the sun god
Ra (Re). The final period of the Old Kingdom era was marked by
unstable following the demise of King Pepy II of the sixth dynasty,
who ruled for about 94 years.
The kingdom had no significant
external challenges due to the
pharaohs’ absolute authority and
strong centralized government, and
its important financial stability was
boosted by their effective military
expeditions in other nations like
Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders
(c. 2686-2181 B.C.)

17. PAGE 14
The name “First Intermediate Period” describes a time period
in ancient Egyptian history that spanned roughly 2181 to 2055
B.C. The area was going through a period of social chaos,
economic downturn, and instability in politics. After the
collapse of the Old Kingdom, there was the First Intermediate
Period, which was marked by a powerful central authority and
the development of massive buildings like pyramids.
A collapse in the unity of government
resulted from the pharaoh’s central
authority weakening during the First
Intermediate Period. An era of 17 kings
(dynasties nine and 10) based in
Heracleopolis dominated Middle Egypt
between Memphis and Thebes during
this time of confusion, while a rival
dynasty of kings emerged in Thebes to
oppose Heracleopolitan authority. By
bringing Egypt back together and
defeating Heracleopolis in 2055 B.C.,
the Theban prince Mentuhotep
inaugurated the 11th dynasty and put
an end to the First Intermediate Period.
First Intermediate Period
(c. 2181-2055 B.C.)
Moran, D. (2016, September 27). Intef II. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.
https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5746/intef-ii/worldhistory.org/image/5746/intef-ii/
Argyros, A. (2020, September 21). Ancient Egypt’s First Intermediate Period: Rise of the Middle Class.
The Collector. https://www.thecollector.com/first-intermediate-period-of-egypt/
Will We Ever Discover the Elusive Land of Punt? (2018, June 28). Ancient Origin.
https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-africa/will-we-ever-discover-elusive-
land-punt-009119

18. PAGE 15
Amenemhat I, the dynasty’s owner, ruled the Middle Kingdom
at the beginning of the 12 th Dynasty. The 11 th Dynasty, which
united Egypt following the First Intermediate Period, produced
the strong pharaoh Amenemhat I. He took advantage of the
chance to start a new dynasty and bring in a time of peace and
prosperity. The reign of Amenemhat I began in 2055 B.C. and
started building his power immediately. He reinforced the
centralized government, introduced administrative reforms,
and regained authority over the entire country.
Amenemhat, I conducted military operations to strengthen Egypt’s
boundaries and increase its territory, setting the groundwork for a
stable and secure rule. In short, Amenemhat I, who came to power
following the First Intermediate Period, founded the Middle
Kingdom’s 12th Dynasty. During Amenemhat I’s reign, the kingdom
faced efforts to be revived and experienced a new era of stability
and prosperity. Major enhancements were made during his
administration, and the 12th Dynasty kings who came after him set
the stage for ancient Egypt’s prosperity at this time.
Middle Kingdom: 12 th Dynasty
(c. 2055-1786 B.C.)
Amenemhat I. (2023, June 9). In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_I
Ahmed, T. (2022, February 28). King Amenemhat I | Facts King of Egypt | History
Famous Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs kings. Hurghada Lover.
https://hurghadalovers.com/king-amenemhat-i/
Dunn, J.(2011, August 4). Amenemhet I, 1st King of the 12th Dynasty. Tour
Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/amenemhet1.htm

19. PAGE 16
Egypt suffered a collapse in centralized authority and a
pharaoh’s control throughout the Second Intermediate
Period. The rulers of the Hyksos in the north and the Theban
kings in the south made up the two main competing factions
that struggled for control of the country. A group of foreign
kings known as the Hyksos taken advantages of Egypt’s
turmoil to seize power around 1650 B.C.
The Hyksos kings of the 15th dynasty embraced and maintained
many of the pre-existing cultural and governmental traditions
of Egypt. They held authority alongside the 17th dynasty’s
native Theban kings, who continued to dominate the majority
of southern Egypt while continuing to pay tributes to the
Hyksos. The conflict between the two tribes finally erupted, and
the tribe of Thebans started a war against the Hyksos in
approximately 1570 B.C., forcing them out of Egypt.
Second Intermediate Period
(c. 1786-1567 B.C.)
Lepsius, C. (n.d). The Hyksos: Evidence of Jacob’s Family in Ancient Egypt? Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology. https://armstronginstitute.org/835-
the-hyksos-evidence-of-jacobs-family-in-ancient-egypt

20. PAGE 17
Ahmose I, who pushed out the Hyksos and united Egypt, brought
in the New Kingdom. Ahmose, I established the Eighteenth
Dynasty, bringing in a period of increased affluence and
concentrated power. Egypt’s boundaries were increased via a
number of military wars that took place under the New Kingdom,
making Egypt a significant regional force.
Successful military victories
under the leadership of pharaohs
like Thutmose III, Amenhotep II,
and Ramesses II led to the
invasion of new areas in Canaan,
Nubia, and Syria. Egypt received
enormous riches and resources as
a result of these victories. Several
well-known pharaohs and queens
ruled during the New Kingdom.
The female pharaoh Hatshepsut
started large-scale construction
projects and increased trade. The
worship of Aten, the sun disk, was
a brief-lived religious revolution
caused by Akhenaten.
New Kingdom
(c. 1567-1085 B.C.)
Brier, B. (2020, October 3). The Reign of Ahmose, the First King of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
Wondrium Daily. https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-reign-of-ahmose-the-first-king-of-the-
xviiith-dynasty/

21. PAGE 18
The 20th-century discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb
offered an opportunity to peer into the glory of the New
Kingdom. In its final years, the New Kingdom encountered
difficulties. Its collapse was influenced by its own
instability, economic hardship, and external invasions like
those by the Sea Peoples. A collapse in centralized power
during the Twentieth Dynasty brought in the Third
Intermediate Period.
Marchant, J. (2020, November 3). How Howard Carter Discovered King Tut’s Golden Tomb. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-howard-
carter-discovered-king-tuts-golden-tomb-180981052/
13 Essential Egyptian Pharaohs Who Shaped Ancient Egypt. The Collector. https://www.thecollector.com/egyptian-pharaohs/

22. PAGE 19
Third Intermediate Period
(c. 1085-664 B.C.)
The Third Intermediate Period, which lasted the following
400 years, brought about major shifts in Egyptian politics,
society, and culture. Local officials came back as
centralized power during the 21 st dynasty pharaohs gave
way to foreigners from Libya and Nubia who seized
control and left a long-lasting impression on Egypt’s
people.
Around 945 B.C., the 22 nd
dynasty first appeared. With
King Sheshonq, whose
ancestors came from Libya
and settled in Egypt around
the end of the 20 th dynasty.
During this time, many local
kings had essentially
uncontrolled independence,
and dynasties 23 and 24
have few historical records.
Marchant, J. (2020, November 3). How Howard Carter Discovered King Tut’s Golden
Tomb. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-howard-
carter-discovered-king-tuts-golden-tomb-180981052/

23. PAGE 20
The 25 th dynasty was founded by Nubian pharaohs in Thebes in
the eighth century B.C., starting with Shabako, monarch of the
Nubian country of Kush. Egypt was ruled by the Kushite empire,
which challenged the expanding Assyrian empire. The Kushite
king Taharka was expelled from Memphis in 671 B.C. by the
Assyrian emperor Esarhaddon, who also demolished the city.
Esarhaddon then chose his own rulers from among the local
governors and Assyrian-loyal officials. One of them, Necho of Sais,
served as the first king of the 26th dynasty for a short time before
being assassinated by the Kushite leader Tanuatamun in a
desperate attempt to seize control.
Biblical Archaeology Society Staff. (2015, April 7). The Roman House and the Neo-Assyrian Empire: Two D.C.-Area Lectures. Biblical Archaeology Society.
https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/roman-house-neo-assyrian-empire-two-dc-area-lectures/

24. PAGE 21
From the Late Period to Alexander’s
Conquest (c.664-332 B.C.)
The Late Period began around 664 B.C. with the start of the
Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, also known as the Saite Dynasty. The
Saite kings originated from the city of Sais in the Nile Delta
and gained control over Egypt, effectively ending the Third
Intermediate Period. In 332 B.C., the Late Period came to an
end. With the arrival of Macedonian King Alexander, the
Great. Beginning with Alexander’s conquest, Egypt entered
the Hellenistic era. Alexander established the Ptolemaic
Dynasty in Egypt after conquering Darius III, the king of
Persia. The Late Period came to an end at this point, and Greek
influence in Egypt began.
Wars of Alexander the Great. (n.d). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great

25. PAGE 22
KEY FIGURES OF
ANCIENT EGYPT
Pharaohs
Pharaohs were both the heads of
state and the religious leaders of
their people as ancient Egyptian
rulers.
King Tutankhamen
Tutankhamun, Tutankhamon,
or Tutankhamen, also known
as Tutankhaten, was the
antepenultimate pharaoh of
ancient Egypt’s Eighteenth
Dynasty. He came to the
throne at the age of nine and
reigned until he died at the age
of nineteen.
Mckeever, A. (2022, October 19). Who was King Tut? National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/king-tutankhamun

26. PAGE 23
Ra
Ra (also called Re) is the Egyptian sun
god. He is one of the oldest deities in
the Egyptian pantheon and was later
merged with others such as Horus,
becoming Ra- Horakhty (morning sun),
Amun (midday sun), and Atum (evening
sun), all of whom are associated with
primal life-giving energy.
Sarcophagus
Used to bury leaders and wealthy
residents in ancient Egypt, Rome,
and Greece, a sarcophagus is a coffin
or a container to hold a coffin. Most
sarcophagi are made of stone and
displayed above ground
Nerthuz (n.d.). Egyptian Pharaoh Mummy Coffin Isolated stock photo. iStock
https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/sarcophagus
ETP Team. (2023, January 31). Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagus. Egypt Tour Portal. https://www.egypttoursportal.com/blog/ancient-egyptian-civilization/ancient-egyptian-sarcophagus/
Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagus

27. PAGE 24
Nile River
The Nile River flows 6,600 kilometers (4,100 miles) before
emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The river has
provided a source of irrigation for thousands of years,
transforming the dry area around it into lush agricultural
land. The river is still used forirrigation as well as a major
transportation and trade route today.
Nile River. (n.d.). Word Atlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/amp/rivers/nile-river.html

28. PAGE 25
Pyramids
During the third and fourth dynasties, the Egyptians
perfected the construction of pyramids as burial
chambers for their kings.
Wong, R. (2019, August 16). 5 facts about the Great Pyramid of Giza. History Extra. https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-egypt/facts-great-pyramid-giza-how-built-when/
Ford, C. (2017, May 12). Just how the hell were the Egyptian Pyramids actually built? Contiki. https://www.contiki.com/six-two/article/how-were-the-egyptian-pyramids-built/

29. PAGE 26
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
ARTIFACTS
Many majestic artifacts have been discovered that attract
travelers from all over the world which come in different
shapes, functions, and sizes which can be found in the
Egyptian museum such as:
• An amulet is an object in the form of a ring,
necklace, or bracelet that is typically worn on one’s
person who believes it has the magical or miraculous
power to protect its holder.
• The Ankh symbol of life held by the sun god.
• Benben stone, a.k.a; the pyramidion, is at the top
stone of the Egyptian pyramid.
• Canopic jars are Vessels containing internal body
organs removed during the process of
mummification
• Crook is a Symbol of pharaonic power plus a Symbol
of the god Osiris the ruler of the underworld.

30. PAGE 27
• Naos is a Religious shrine, a portable shrine for
carrying a god.
• Papyrus is a Material made from papyrus reeds
which are used as writing and painting material.
• A scarab is an amulet or seals in the form of an
abstract dung beetle.
• The Great Sphinx is a limestone statue the sole
guardian of Egypt
• Stele is a slab of stone or wood that comes in
different shapes and sizes, usually bearing
inscriptions, reliefs or paintings, and divided into
Boundary Memorial and Monumental Stele.

31. FAMOUS
ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN
ARTIFACTS
PAGE 28

32. Tutankhamun’s Mask
The golden mask of Tut is the most famous and admired
artifacts of ancient Egypt in history and the world. It is the
funerary death mask of the Egyptian pharaoh King
Tutankamun (1332-1323 BC) of the 18 th dynasty. The
mask is made of 11kg (24p) of solid gold and is inlaid with
blue glass, lapis lazuli, and various semiprecious stones. It
was discovered by Howard Carter in 1922 and is viewed as
a realistic portrait of the boy king, it is now located at the
Egyptian Museum.
PAGE 29
Mcdonalds, D. (2017, February 21). The Mask of Tutankhamun. Wondrium Daily. https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-mask-of-tutankhamun/

33. Narmer Palette
The Palette of Narmer is one of the first historical
documents in the world as it dates back to the 31 st
century BC and holds some of the relists engravings of
hieroglyphics. It is basically a 23 inch small dark green
schist stone carved into a shield-shaped ceremonial tablet
depicting king Narmer rise to power. It showcases Narmer
winning the battle of unification of both upper and lower
Egypt, it is located in the Royal Ontario Museum in
Toronto, Canada.
PAGE 30
Narmer Palette. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Palette

34. Canopic Jars
The ancient Egyptians used the Canopic jars during the
mummification process to preserve the internal organs that
were removed from the dead body like the stomach,
intestines, lungs, and liver as it was believed that they would
be needed in the afterlife. Egyptians used Canopic jars from
the time of the Egypt Kingdom to the Ptolemaic Period and
they were commonly made of pottery. Each one had a lid
depicted one of the four sons of Horus, as guardians of the
organs. The human-headed Imsety was the guardian of the
liver, the baboon-headed Hapy looked after the lungs, the
jackal-headed Duamutef was responsible for the stomach,
and the falcon-headed Qebehsenuef cared for the
intestines.
PAGE 31
Canopic jars of a man called Ipi. (n.d.). Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. https://egymonuments.gov.eg/collections/canopic-jars-of-a-man-called-ipi-6/

35. The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta stone is one of the ancient Egyptian
artifacts that date to the time of Pharaoh Ptolemy V
which showcases the law that confers the right of
kingship. It is an irregularly shaped stone containing
fragments of passages written in three different
writing-systems Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphics and
Egyptian demotic in the same meaning which was
instrumental in deciphering the riddle of
Hieroglyphics in 1800 AD for the first time in 2000
years. It was discovered in 1799 in the town of
Rosetta about 35 m north of Alexandria during
Napoleon Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign by a
French soldier who saw a black basalt slab inscribed
with ancient writings. The Rosetta stone is now
located at the British Museum.
PAGE 32
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, May 19). Rosetta Stone. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rosetta-Stone
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, May 19). Rosetta Stone.
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rosetta-
Stone

36. The Nefertiti Bust
The enchanting bust of Akhenaten’s wife Nefertiti is
considered to be one of the finest examples of ancient
Egyptian sculpture. Nefertiti’s name means the beautiful
has come, she had a major influence on religion and
culture. The limestone bust is being identified as a pure
depiction of the enchanting beauty due to the unique
crown which she is wearing. It represents the climax of
the Amarna period of art, it is located in the museum of
berlin.
PAGE 33
Tyldesley, J. (n.d.). Nefertiti’s bust. Aeon.
https://aeon.co/essays/how-the-enigmatic-nefertiti-came-to-be-locked-
away-in-germany
The Bust of Nefertiti. (n.d.). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.
https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/aegyptisches-museum-und-
papyrussammlung/collection-research/bust-of-nefertiti/the-bust/

37. Khufu Statue
One of the smallest and rarest artifacts of ancient Egypt,
the small 7.5 (3 inches) statue ivory of King Khufu
(Cheops) is the only portrait discovered of him. He is the
founder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, It was discovered in
the ancient necropolis of Abydos in the southern corner of
the temple Osiris, it is located in the Cairo museum.
PAGE 34
Khufu Statue. (n.d). Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.
https://egymonuments.gov.eg/collections/khufu-statue-2/

38. The ’En’ra Zodiac
The Dendra Zodiac – Ancient Egyptian Artifacts – Egypt
Tours Portal The beautifully carved sandstone slab of
Dendera which was located on the chapel of Osiris at the
temple of Hathor at Dendera complex. It contains a map
of the sky featuring the signs of the zodiac and symbols
representing the 360 days of the ancient Egyptian
calendar. In 1820, it was removed from the chapel and
moved to Paris, it is now located at the Musee du Louvre.
PAGE 35
Fares, A. (2022, June 16). Egyptian Astrology. Pyramid Island.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/king-tutankhamun

39. PAGE 36
EGYPTIAN ART AND
ARCHITECTURE
The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples
and palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building
materials. Although earthquakes, wars and the forces of
nature have taken their toll, the remains of Egypt’s
monumental architectural achievements are visible across
the land, a tribute to the greatness of this civilization. These
building projects took a high degree of architectural and
engineering skill, and the organization of a large workforce
consisting of highly trained craftsmen and labourers.
Apart from the pyramids, Egyptian buildings were decorated
with paintings, carved stone images, hieroglyphs and three-
dimensional statues. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the
gods, the common people and the natural world of plants,
birds and animals. The beauty and grandeur of these sites are
beyond compare. How the ancient Egyptians were able to
construct these massive structures using primitive tools is still a
mystery.

40. POST-TEST
Test III: ENUMERATION
Enumerate the EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION TIMELINE
PAGE 37
1-9
Test 2 : Identification
1. The golden mask of Tut is the most famous and admired artifacts
of ancient Egypt in history and the world.
2. The enchanting bust of Akhenaten’s wife Nefertiti is considered
to be one of the finest examples of ancient Egyptian sculpture.
3. Symbol of pharaonic power plus a Symbol of the god Osiris the
ruler of the underworld.
4. Vessels containing internal body organs removed during the
process of mummification.
5. the pyramidion is at the top stone of the Egyptian pyramid

41. POST-TEST
Test III: ESSAY TYPE
Direction: Answer the questions and limit it at least 2 to 3
sentences.
PAGE 38
• How was the Nile River important to early peoples in Egypt?
• What kind of government developed in ancient Egypt?
• What were the different classes in Egyptian society?
• Describe the advances the Egyptians made in medicine, in
astronomy, and in engineering.
• What evidence do we have of the Egyptian belief in life after
death?

42. GAMES
PAGE 31
DIRECTION: Kindly click the link below to access the
interactive that the creators have prepared.
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11k0IYnAqxBN5XVFZZ
VCo_KBff87D3sxL?usp=drive_link
https://wordwall.net/resource/57565846
FOR TEACHERS: Rely on the link provided to access the
learning materials that the creators have prepared .
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11k0IYnAqxBN5XVFZZ
VCo_KBff87D3sxL?usp=drive_link
.

43. PAGE 39
REFERENCES
Downey, M. (2006). Contemporary’s World History. MC
Graw Hill: Wright Group. Chicago, United States of
America.
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-
east/sumer
Perry, M. Et al. (1995). Page 40-43. A History Of The
World. Houghton Mifflin. United States of America.
Santiago, A. Et al. (2012). Page 41-43. Araling Pandaigdig.
Jo-es Publishing House.
Social Studies Teacher (n.d). World History: National
Geographic. United States of America.
http://glhssocialstudies.weebly.com/world-history-
textbook---pdf-copy.html
Ancient Egypt. (n.d). National Geographic Education.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resou
rce-library-ancient-egypt/

44. PAGE 40
REFERENCES
Mysteries of Egypt. (n.d). Canadian Museum of History.
https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egy
pt
Ancient Egypt. (2009, October 14). History.
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt/ancient-
egypt
Dorman, P. F. and Baines, R. (2023, May 18). Ancient
Egyptian Religion. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Egyptian-
religion
Dorman, P., James, T., and Garnet, H. (2022, October 25).
Egyptian art and architecture. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-art
Ancient Egyptian Artifacts. (n.d). Journey to Egypt.
https://www.journeytoegypt.com/en/blog/ancient-
egyptian-artifacts