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1. JELIE E. CASTILLANO
SPA 11
I. Relate and discuss the significant contribution for the following Intellectual revolution in the
development of Science and Technology.
A. COPERNICAN
The Copernican Revolution introduced the heliocentric solar system hypothesis, which held that the
Earth revolved around the Sun. This theory altered how people perceived their place in the cosmos. It
was formerly believed that the earth was the center of the cosmos.
B. DARWINIAN
The Darwinian Revolution, according to the majority of people, was one of the pivotal periods in the
development of Western science. No new idea has ever been introduced with more planning or
immediate impact than Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin developed the theory of natural selection
long before the works of other scientists, but his reluctance to publish his findings must be explained by
his awareness of the dramatic response that would probably follow from a serious presentation of
"transmutation," which implies a scientific endorsement of man's animal ancestry.
C. FREUDIAN
When it comes to the causes and treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states, the interpretation of
dreams, and other topics related to human behavior, Sigmund Freud's theories and methods—
particularly those that discuss how people's unconscious thoughts and feelings affect their behavior—
are particularly useful.
D. INFORMATION
People's lives may be significantly affected by the information revolution, an era of transformation. The
revolution is being driven by computer technology, and as long as that technology is developed, it seems
inevitable that it will have an impact on people's lives. The unique nature of computers allows them to
enhance cognitive function. Blue-collar workers have been replaced by computerized robots; soon,
white-collar workers may follow suit. Computers are essentially tools that execute instructions that have
been developed by specialists known as computer programmers and are known as computer programs
or software.
II. Enumerate at least (5) great contributions of different civilizations in the society.
A. AMERICAN
1. The Mayans discovered the number zero, which they used to measure time. The Mayans used only
three symbols to represent the numbers: the point, whose value is 1; the line, whose value is 5; and the
snail/shell whose value is zero. Also, the Babylonians and Hindus independently discovered the number
zero.

2. JELIE E. CASTILLANO
SPA 11
2. The Aztecs created a calendar system. The first calendar consists of 365 days. This was the agricultural
calendar because they used it to plan their crops and harvest. The second calendar was a sacred
calendar consisting of 260 days. This calendar was used to make predictions.
3. The Shuar/Jivaro tribe is the only group in the world who made shrunken heads. The Shuar lived in
the Amazon between Ecuador and Peru. The shrunken heads were heads of the enemies that they
defeated. They could shrink heads using their extensive knowledge of anatomy and chemistry. They
believed that they trapped the spirit of their enemies in those shrunken heads, which they used as a
talisman. The tribe of the Shuar still exists today, but in the 1950s they were forbidden to continue their
practice of making shrunken heads.
4. Pre Columbian civilizations built wonderful structures that in some cases scientists today cannot
explain how they were built. Among these wonderful structures are Machu Picchu in Peru, the city of
Tikal in Guatemala, and the city of Teotihuacan in Mexico. It is evident that these civilizations possessed
advance engineering and architectural skills.
5. They had extensive knowledge of healing plants and in some cases, they also practiced surgeries. As is
the case of the Incas who practiced very advance skull surgeries.
B. ASIAN
1. Hang Gliders
By the end of the sixth century A.D., the Chinese had managed to build kites large and aerodynamic
enough to sustain the weight of an average-sized man. It was only a matter of time before someone
decided to simply remove the kite strings and see what happened. The Chinese were using untethered
kites that we know today as hang gliders. However, these "kites" weren't used for thrill rides: Emperors
found joy in forcing convicted criminals and captured enemies to jump off cliffs while strapped into the
gliders. One poor man flew two miles before he landed safely. With these early flights, the Chinese had
beaten European ingenuity by 1335 years. This was a great contribution to our world because from hang
gliders, came airplanes and helicopters.
2. The Wheelbarrow
The Chinese are also responsible for easing the burden of humans around the world and across time
with the wheelbarrow. A general named Jugo Liang, who lived during the Han Dynasty, is widely
credited with coming up with the concept of a one-wheeled cart used to carry heavy objects in the
second century. Jugo's conception missed the mark just a bit; he didn't add the barrow (handles) that

3. JELIE E. CASTILLANO
SPA 11
came later as his invention was refined. Still, Jugo beat the Europeans by about 1,000 years with his
wheelbarrow. This was a great contribution to our world because it allowed work to become easier for
humans.
3. Paper
It's not entirely clear who first came up with the notion to convert thoughts into a written language.
There was a horse race between the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, the Harappa in present day Pakistan
and the Kemites in Egypt to be the first to formulate a written language. Once language began to
develop, though, humans wrote on anything that would lay still long enough. Clay tablets, bamboo,
papyrus and stone were only a few of the earliest writing surfaces. Things changed once the Chinese --
specifically, a man named Cai Lun -- invented the prototype for modern paper. Before Cai's
breakthrough, the Chinese wrote on thin strips of bamboo and lengths of silk, but in A.D. 105, he
created a mixture of wood fibers and water and pressed it onto a woven cloth. The weave in the cloth
allowed the moisture in the pulpy mixture to seep out, resulting in a rough paper. This was a great
contribution to our world because it allowed us to write our thoughts down and save them. It also
allowed books to be written so that these writings could be shown to the world.
4. The Compass
Originally, compasses were created to point to true south. This was because the Chinese considered
south, their cardinal direction. The earliest compasses were created in the fourth century B.C. and were
made of lodestone which was a type of magnetite that becomes highly magnetized when struck by
lightning. The result is a mineral that's magnetized toward both the north and south poles. This was a
great contribution to our world because without them, we would probably end up lost and we also
wouldn't be able to have some of the gadgets that we have today like GPS systems, etc.
5.Gunpowder
Legend has it that gunpowder was accidentally discovered by alchemists looking for a concoction that
would create immortality in humans. Ironically, what these ancient chemists stumbled upon was an
invention that could easily take human life. Gunpowder was created by Zeng Goliang and overtime, it
was discovered that it could be used to create fireworks but also bullets. This was a great contribution to
our world because bullets are used by our military and police force to help protect us & keep us safe.
C. AFRICAN
1. Populating The Planet
The first African contribution to civilization which shows the historical relationship between Africa and
Civilization is in exploration.

4. JELIE E. CASTILLANO
SPA 11
Africans were the first humans and without their spirit of exploration, the Planet would not have been
populated. In addition, the entire Human Population carries the African Genes and evolutionary instincts
gained from life on the African Plains.
2. Writing
Hieroglyphs are the second to demonstrate that African Civilization goes back to the most Ancient times
in the form of the Kemetic Civilization with its origins in the Ta-Seti Culture. According to Historian Dr
Theophile Obenga, the origins of writing in the world can be traced to 3 400 BC when the Pre-Dynastic
Nubians of Egypt of the Ta-Seti Culture who developed the world’s first known script called the Medu
(Metu) Neter Hieroglyphic script which predates Sumerian Cuneiform Scipt.
The Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing invented by the Africans of Pre-Dynastic Egypt is the foundation of
world Civilization because all major written scripts like Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Phoenician were all
derived from Egyptian writing.
We can only wonder whether world Civilization would have been possible or at what stage it would have
occured if the Africans of Pre-Dynastic Egypt had not contributed to Civilization by inventing writing
circa 3 400 BC.
3 . Medicine
Modern Medicine was Invented in Ancient Egypt. According to Chiekh Anta Diop in Civilization Or
Barbarism, the world’s first Genius Polymath, Imhotep the African was recognised as the original Father
of Medicine by the Ancient Greeks.nIn-fact, the Hippocratic Oath taken by Doctors today is of Greek
origin and is actually borrowed from the first original Ancient Egyptian Oath Of Imhotep. Egyptian
Medicine was very advanced even including Brain Surgery, and many Doctors in the Ancient World,
most notably the Greeks, got their Medical Training in Egypt.
4. Mathematics
According to Dr Chiekh Anta Diop in Civilization or Barbarism, Ancient Egypt first developed
Mathematics in the Form of Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry which were used for Engineering
purposes like the construction of Pyramids and Temples requiring Mathematical precision. Scripts of
Mathematical Papayrii such as the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have survived which show how the
Ancient Egyptians could pose abstract Mathematical problems and develop Equations for solving these
problems through Theoretical Mathematical Exercises. Mathematical problems Egyptians first solved in
this way include calculating the Circumference of a Circle and finding the Value of Phi which were
invaluable contributions to modern Civilization.
5. Religion & Science
Religion was first developed in Ancient Egypt and is more evidence of Africa’s contributions to
Civilization.

5. JELIE E. CASTILLANO
SPA 11
The Egyptian Funerary Burial Texts inscribed on the walls of the Tombs of the Pharaohs of the Old
Kingdom are the oldest known Religious Texts which attest to the idea of an afterlife. In addition,
Ancient Kemet developed the Ausarian Religion which is the first and oldest known Religion with the
idea of a Holy Trinity and a Child (Heru aka Horus) Born from an Immaculate Conception of the Union
between his Mother, Auset (Isis) and Father, Ausar (Osiris). Ancient Kemet was also the first to develop
the idea of Monotheism based on the idea that everything in the Universe was the Manifestation of the
Will of One Genderless Supreme Being experiencing Reality through the different Energies and Forms
observed in the Natural world.
D. MIDDLE EAST
1. Sumerian
Used wheel first and invented sail (made trading easier), used first system of writing (cuneiform),
invented plow, developed accurate calendar, used arithmetic and geometry, set up system of
measurement based on the number 60.
2. Babylonian
Invented code of law (Hammurabi's code)
3. Hittite
Mastered iron crafting
4. Phoenician
Spread Middle East culture through trade, created alphabet that evolved into the one we use today.
5. Persian
Created road system for trade, set up metal coin currency.
III. How does revolution change society.
In the fields of history and political science, a revolution is a radical change in the established order,
usually the established government and social institutions. Typically, revolutions take the form of
organized movements aimed at effecting change—economic change, technological change, political
change, or social change. The people who start revolutions have determined the institutions currently in
place in society have failed or no longer serve their intended purpose. Because the objective of
revolutions is to upturn established order, the characteristics that define them reflect the circumstances
of their birth.

6. JELIE E. CASTILLANO
SPA 11
Revolutions are born when the social climate in a country changes and the political system does not
react in kind. People become discouraged by existing conditions, which alters their values and beliefs.
Over the course of history, philosophers have held different views as to whether revolution is a natural
occurrence in a changing society, or whether it indicates social decay. The Greek philosopher Aristotle
linked revolution to a number of causes and conditions, but largely to the desire for equality and honor.
Plato linked revolution to social decay. He believed that revolutions occur when institutions, such as the
Church or the State, fail to instill in society a system of values and a code of ethics that prevent
upheaval.
Throughout the Middle Ages, Europeans generally did what they could to prevent revolution and
preserve the established order. The Church maintained the authority in medieval times, and it aimed to
preserve stability in society at all costs. Sometime during the Renaissance, however, the concept of
revolution began to change. People began to believe change was necessary for society to progress.
Between 1450 and 1750, philosophical and political ideas were changing rapidly throughout the world.
The Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation all took place during this
time period, and people expanded their worldviews as they gained knowledge of new concepts and
accepted new ideas. At this time in Europe, most countries had absolute monarchies, and people began
to question the power of absolute governments. As their discontent grew, their questions turned to
protests. A wave of revolutions took place in the 1700s, an era commonly known as the Age
Enlightenment—revolutions in France, in Latin America, and in the American colonies. In all these
countries, the revolutions not only changed the political systems and replaced them with new ones, but
they altered public belief and brought about sweeping changes in society as a whole.