life of Charles Darwin and his discoveries.

1. Charles Darwin
Established the theory of evolutionand
Theorized the species that changed over time
through a process called ‘natural selection’.
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2. Reporter
Eljun L. Besio
BSCE – 1B
Science, Technology, and Society

3. X
About Charles Darwin
His full name is Charles Robert Charles. He was
born in the town of Shrewsbury, in Shropshire
County, England on February 12, 1809 and died on
April 19, 1882. He was a great English naturalist
and his work mainly focused in understanding
the life on the Earth.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is one of the
greatest intellectual achievements in history of
science.
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection

4. Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
H.M.S Beagle
The GalapagosIslands
Darwin’sstudy and result
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Darwin was the naturalist of the ship Beagle, it was a
turning point in Darwin’s life. The trip started on 27th
December, 1831 and lasted for five years. At the
beginningof the trip, he believed species were
immutable. He collected and examined the species
that inhabitedthe regions the ship visited and these
were his observations:
● Adaptation of plants in the natural environment.
● Birth and survivalof different species.
● Fossils of different species that got extinct.
● Fossils of species that have similarityto the
existing species.
H.M.S Beagle
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection

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Darwin landed on Galapagos Island
on 15th September, 1835. About
one-quarter of Darwin notes and
field book are dedicated to this
location that most amazed him.
Important fauna for Darwin’s study:
Iguanas, giant tortoise and finches.
The Galapagos Islands
H.M.S Beagle
The GalapagosIslands
Darwin’sstudy and result
X
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
San Cristobal Island was first Darwin
visited, followed by Floreana, Isabela, and
Santiago was the last. Different islands of
Galapagos with tortoise variable in looks
and weight. Iguanas on different island had
variable appearance. The beak of finches
and their feeding habit differ in islands of
Galapagos.

6. H.M.S Beagle
The GalapagosIslands
Darwin’sstudy and result
Darwin’s study and result
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2
3
After he returned from the trip, he
closely studied all the specimens and
evidences that he collected from
different island. His study included deep
research and findings on each species.
He was highly motivated by Hutton and
Lyell theory on earth in geology. Hence,
he linked all his findings with past
theories given by many other biologist
and naturalist.
Finally after lots of research and
findings, Darwin came to the conclusion
on origin and evolution of species.
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution

7. Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Common Descent
Gradualism
Multiplication
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Common Descent
X
All the organism have one common ancestor in the
past and with the change in climate and habitat, they
descended from that unknown ancestor.
Over a period of time, the changes within them got
collected resulting in their survival for the changing
environment also termed as adaptation.
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection

8. Common Descent
Gradualism
Multiplication
Natural Selection
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection
Origin and evolution of new species depends on the
accumulation of changes. After a period of time when
different changes get piled up resulting in adaptation,
then the species is said to evolve. Hence, evolution is a
slow and gradual process.
Gradualism

9. Common Descent
Gradualism
Multiplication
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Multiplication
X
This theory postulates that species
multiply, either by splitting into
daughter species or by "budding", that
is, by the establishment of
geographically isolated founder
populations that evolve into new
species.
Over a time period, changes takes place.
These changes can result in the species
similar in appearance or completely
different in appearance and behavior.
Hence, species multiply either having
similar characteristics to their ancestors or
different characteristics than that of them.
Natural Selection
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage

10. Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Common Descent
Gradualism
Multiplication
Natural Selection
Darwin termed natural selection as the
major mechanism in origin and evolution
of species.
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial
Selection
Common Descent

11. Overproduction
Competition
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Overproduction
Every species in this planet have potential to give
birth to young ones and increase in its number. This is
known as overproductionwhere there is no limit set
for any species to give birth a particular number of
offspring’s.
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Variation and Adaptation
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection

12. Overproduction
Competition
Competition
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More number of species, higher will be
the competitionfor their survival. It is
because, our environment have finite
resources that supports the survival of
some species.
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Variation and Adaptation
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage

13. X
Overproduction
Competition
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Variation and Adaptation
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Variation and Adaptation
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
Variation is the key ingredient for survival of the species. Those species who
have suitable variation that benefits them have higher chances of survival
than those species who have no variation or who lack beneficial variation.
Hence, as a result of variation species possess morphological and character
differences.
Species that have variation and can take tackle the environmental condition
are fit for reproduction and survival. Hence, fitness depends upon the
adaptation of species to the particular environment. Therefore, any species
with low fitness die and that with higher fitness can survive.

14. Overproduction
Competition
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Natural Selection
After a particular time period, the changes or
variation acquired by the species results in natural
selection. This means that nature selects the
beneficial variation and increase the survival rate
offspring having those characters.
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Variation and Adaptation
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection

15. Natural Selection
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
NATURAL SELECTION
It operates in the natural method.
It is a low process and takes time.
It does not require human interference.
Moth color, beak shape of inches.
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
ArtificialSelection

16. Natural Selection
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
ARTIFICIAL
SELECTION
It operates in the artificial or man made method.
It is fast process.
It requires human ideas and effort.
Breeding, artificial insemination.
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
ArtificialSelection

17. ConvergentEvolution
Divergent Evolution
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
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Convergent means to converge at a point. Hence, species that have no common
origin but looks or behaves in similar way due to adaptation to same
environmental condition comes under this group.
The best example for this is humming bird and sunbirds. Both these birds are from
different family but their feeding habit is same. Other examples include silk spider
and silk moth, bat and birds etc.
Co-evolution
Co-evolution

18. ConvergentEvolution
Divergent Evolution
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Co-evolution
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
Divergent means landing at different points. Hence, species
that have common origin but have difference in morphology or
show difference in their behavior comes under this group.
Example include limbs with five digit of bat and whale; that
evolved from common ancestor but their use and function are
different.

19. ConvergentEvolution
Divergent Evolution
Topic 5
Outline of Evolution
Co-evolution
Topic 1
Darwin’s Voyage
Topic 2
Darwin’s Theory
Topic 3
Natural Selection
Topic 4
Natural and Artificial Selection
Co-evolution
Co-evolution
Co-evolution refers to effect of two species on each other’s
evolution. This can be seen in insects and plants where one
act as predator and other as prey thus affecting the
morphology of each other.

20. Thank you
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