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1. Underwater drilling towers
consist of a semi-submerged oil platform that rests on floats
and is anchored to the bottom. Marine wells produce around
25% of the oil extracted worldwide. As in traditional
equipment, the tower is essentially an element for suspending
and rotating the drill pipe, at the end of which the drill is
located; as it penetrates the earth's crust, additional sections of
pipe are added to the drill string. The force required to
penetrate the ground comes from the weight of the drill pipe
itself. To facilitate the elimination of the perforated rock, mud is
constantly circulated through the drill pipe, which exits through
nozzles located in the bit and rises to the surface through the
space between the pipe and the well (the diameter of the bit is
something larger than the tube). With this method, wells with
a depth of more than 6.4 km from the sea surface have been
successfully drilled. Underwater drilling has led to the
exploitation of an important additional reserve of oil.