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Underwater drilling towers consist of semi-submerged oil platforms anchored to the ocean floor that produce around 25% of the world's oil. The towers suspend and rotate drill pipes with drills at the end to penetrate the earth's crust, adding pipe sections as it drills deeper. Mud constantly circulates through the drill pipe and drill bit to remove rock cuttings, exiting through nozzles and rising back up between the pipe and well, allowing drilling of wells over 6.4 km deep from the sea surface and exploiting additional oil reserves.
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This document discusses the alignment and hydraulic particulars of canals. It defines canals and their classification based on function as irrigation, navigation, power, link, or feeder canals. The three common types of canal alignment are described as watershed/ridge canals, contour canals, and side slope canals. Hydraulic particulars that must be specified for canal design are also listed, including the approved alignment plan, longitudinal section, design discharge, rugosity coefficient, and statements for structures along the canal.
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1. Types of Spillways
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This document discusses the process of composting and mushroom cultivation. It describes:
1. The pre-wetting area (PWA) which is a simple cemented structure near the road with a depression to hold water for pre-wetting ingredients.
2. Phase 1 bunkers which are non-insulated tunnels used for initial composting, equipped with a perforated floor and ventilation system.
3. Phase 2 tunnels used for pasteurization before spawning begins in bags inside a spawn run room, then cultivation in racks inside a growing room, and finally harvesting.
Cross drainage works irrigation engineering
The document discusses cross drainage works, which are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of cross drainage works:
1. Type I where the canal passes over the drainage (e.g. aqueduct or siphon aqueduct).
2. Type II where the drainage passes over the canal (e.g. super passage or siphon super passage).
3. Type III where the drainage and canal intersect at the same level (e.g. level crossing or inlet and outlet).
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Ground water development involves preparing a drilled well for production or injection. This includes preparing the bottom of the borehole to specifications, installing production tubing and downhole tools, and perforating and stimulating the well screen as needed to extract groundwater from aquifers. Well completion makes the well ready for its intended use after drilling is completed.
Water, Wells and Pumps
1. The document discusses different types of water wells and pumps, including dug wells, bore wells, and tube wells. It describes how wells are classified based on the type of aquifer supplying water and the construction method.
2. President Kalam's message emphasizes achieving energy independence for India by 2030 through increasing renewable energy sources like solar power from 5% to 25% of total power generation.
3. Solar photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells made of silicon. When light hits the solar cell, it knocks electrons loose and creates an electric current that can be captured.
Hydrology (Ground water Hydrology)
This document provides information on groundwater hydrology and the design of tube wells. It defines key terms like groundwater, saturated and unsaturated zones, porosity, permeability, and transmissivity. It describes the four main types of tube wells - strainer, cavity, slotted, and perforated. The design procedure for a slotted gravel pack tube well and strainer type tube well is explained, including determining the bore hole and tube diameters based on flow velocities and selecting between centrifugal or bore hole pumps depending on water table depth.
Horizontal drilling
Horizontal drilling involves drilling wells horizontally within a geological formation rather than vertically. It allows for greater access to resources located in horizontal formations like shale rock. Historically, horizontal drilling faced challenges with directional control, hole cleaning, and surveying the well path. Modern downhole motors and continuous surveying tools have helped address these issues. The main objective is to increase production by improving contact between the wellbore and formation. Risks include increased drag and torque on drill tools as well as difficulties removing cuttings. Planning and costs involve multiple phases from vertical drilling to hydraulic fracturing. Overall, horizontal drilling analysis requires engineering judgment due to uncertainties.
Excavation and Ground water control1.pptx
This document summarizes different types of excavation including topsoil excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation, and earth excavation. It then discusses various purposes of excavation such as cut and fill excavation, trench excavation, basement excavation, and dredging excavation. Finally, it covers topics related to controlling groundwater and surface water during excavation projects through methods like pumping, cutoff walls, and special techniques.
earth dam.pptx
a presentation about earth dams with a case study.
detailed presentation with everything related to earth dams
(introduction,advantages,disadvantages and alot more)
The Inner Workings of an Oil Drill
Oil and gas are hugely valuable resources that power not only our cars, cities, and homes, but major economies around the world. This presentation discusses the mechanics of the oil drill, used to extract oil and natural gases from beneath the earth’s crust.
Irrigation systems of tamilnadu
1. The document describes various irrigation systems used in Tamil Nadu, including surface irrigation systems like canals, tanks, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater irrigation systems like open wells and tube wells.
2. Surface irrigation systems divert water from rivers and streams or store water upstream in reservoirs/tanks, then distribute it through canal networks. Groundwater systems extract underground water using various well types.
3. Tamil Nadu has a large number of irrigation sources including thousands of tanks and wells, as well as several major canal and reservoir projects that irrigate large areas and are important for agriculture.
The great shale-gas rush new product developement
Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques allow natural gas to be extracted from shale rock formations deeper within the Earth's surface. This drilling process involves pumping highly pressurized fracking fluids into shale areas to create new channels for gas extraction. The well is then cased with cement and fractured to release the gas into the well for production. While shale gas extraction has occurred since the 1800s, modern horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have significantly increased production rates and made shale gas a major energy source.
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The operations of casing and cementing a well involve lowering piping called casing to the bottom of the drilled well and cementing it in place to isolate different permeable zones and prevent fluid circulation between high and low pressure areas or aquifer contamination. Specialized service companies cement the annular space between the well wall and casing using cement slurry to generate insulation of the permeable zones along the well.
7
LWD provides real-time formation measurements during drilling to improve decision making. It reveals the nature of rock formations and identifies potential hydrocarbon locations. Resistivity, lithology, and porosity data acquired through LWD allows geologists to evaluate the formation before damage or invasion occurs. The measurements help geologists select casing points and detect and quantify zones of fluid in real-time. New IWD measurements detect fractures and dip. Integrating real-time drilling data with 3D seismic provides operators a clearer understanding of the well within the reservoir to make better decisions and reduce risk in complex or unknown areas.
5
Underwater drilling is another method to increase oil production from existing fields. Drilling rigs are installed on offshore platforms located far from the coast in waters up to several hundred meters deep. These platforms can float or rest on piles anchored to the seabed and withstand waves, wind, and ice in Arctic regions to enable drilling under the sea.
4
Steam injection is used to extract highly viscous oils by injecting steam into reservoirs to both displace oil and greatly reduce viscosity, allowing oil to flow faster. This technique has been widely used in California, the United States, and Venezuela to recover large deposits of viscous oil. Experiments are also testing steam injection on large accumulations of viscous bitumen in Alberta, Canada and Venezuela to potentially extend the oil era.
3
Water injection involves pumping water into some wells in an oil field to maintain reservoir pressure and increase crude production rates. By physically displacing oil, water injection can increase recovery efficiency up to 60% or more of existing oil in uniform reservoirs with low clay content. First used accidentally in Pennsylvania oil fields in the late 1800s, water injection has since spread worldwide as a method to boost oil recovery from mature fields.
2
Improved oil recovery technology aims to extract more oil from deposits after primary production reaches economic limits, typically recovering only 25% of stored crude. These complementary systems supply external energy to deposits to increase recovery up to a global average of 33% of oil present, but come at an additional cost beyond natural primary production methods.
1
A rotary drill rig uses a rotating drill string supported by a tower to access oil fields. As the drill string penetrates rock, a pumped sludge-like fluid removes debris. Oil deposits are formed from intense pressure on layers of dead organisms mixed with sand or silt trapped below ground, and the oil and gas under great pressure violently erupt through the drilled hole.
Perforacion Petrolera
Eli Garcia, con número de identificación 25597178, nació en Maracaibo el 15 de Marzo de 2018.
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This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
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Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
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原版制作贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭原版一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
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Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real life
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
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6
- 1. Underwater drilling towers consist of a semi-submerged oil platform that rests on floats and is anchored to the bottom. Marine wells produce around 25% of the oil extracted worldwide. As in traditional equipment, the tower is essentially an element for suspending and rotating the drill pipe, at the end of which the drill is located; as it penetrates the earth's crust, additional sections of pipe are added to the drill string. The force required to penetrate the ground comes from the weight of the drill pipe itself. To facilitate the elimination of the perforated rock, mud is constantly circulated through the drill pipe, which exits through nozzles located in the bit and rises to the surface through the space between the pipe and the well (the diameter of the bit is something larger than the tube). With this method, wells with a depth of more than 6.4 km from the sea surface have been successfully drilled. Underwater drilling has led to the exploitation of an important additional reserve of oil.