Poverty in Nigeria

Key Contributors and Possible Remedies
(Sustainable Development Goal I – SDG )
Presented By
EGUAKHIDE Obehi .E. MGIS, AIEMA
EcoPro Resources Limited
Poverty In Nigeria

 Nigeria
 Geography
 Economy
 Demography
 Education
 Poverty
 Definition
 Key Contributors
 Poverty In Nigeria
 Solutions
 Questions, Comments, Concerns ???
Content
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Key Contributors and Remedies
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N I G E R I A ?
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Nigeria
Geography
1. Nigeria - western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea
2. Total area of 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq. mi)
3. World's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in
size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of
California.
4. Borders - 4,047-kilometre (2,515 mi) border with Benin (773 km or
480 mi), Niger (1,497 km or 930 mi), Chad (87 km or 54 mi),
Cameroon (1,690 km or 1,050 mi), and has a coastline of at least
853 kilometers (530 miles). Nigeria lies between latitudes 4° and
14°N, and longitudes 2° and 15°E.
5. Capital: Abuja
6. Population: 173.6 million (2013) World Bank
7. Official language: English
8. Other Languages: Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Numerous Others!
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Nigeria
Economy
 Nigeria is a middle income, mixed economy and emerging
market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service,
communications, technology and entertainment sectors.
 February 2011: According to Citigroup, Nigeria will have the
highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010–
2050. Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11
Global Growth Generators countries.
 As of 2014 it was the largest economy in Africa, having
overtaken South Africa.
1. Currency: Nigerian naira
2. Gross domestic product (GDP): 521.8 billion USD (2013)
World Bank
3. GDP per capita: 3,005.51 USD (2013) World Bank
4. GDP growth rate: 5.4% annual change (2013) World Bank
5. Internet users: 38.0% of the population (2013) World Bank
6. Gross national income (GNI): 930.2 billion PPP dollars (2013)
World Bank
7. GNI per capita: 5,360 PPP dollars (2013) World Bank
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The GDP in Nigeria shrank 2.24 percent year-on-year in the third quarter of 2016, following a 2.06 percent decline in the previous
period and compared to market expectations of a 2.58 percent decline. Lower oil prices continued to hurt the oil sector which
slumped for the fourth straight quarter while the non-oil sector was flat after shrinking in the previous two periods. GDP Annual
Growth Rate in Nigeria averaged 4.03 percent from 1982 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 19.17 percent in the fourth
quarter of 2004 and a record low of -7.81 percent in the fourth quarter of 1983.
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 Nigeria's population increased by
57 million from 1990 to 2008, a
60% growth rate in less than two
decades
 Nigeria is the most populous
country in Africa and accounts for
about 18% of the continent's total
population, however, exactly how
populous is a subject of
speculation.
Nigeria
Demography
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Nigeria
Demography
The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009
was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3%
urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per
square kilometre. National census results in the past
few decades have been disputed. The results of the
most recent census were released in December 2006 and
gave a population of 140,003,542. On June 2012,
President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should
limit their number of children.
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1. Undergoing explosive population growth
2. Highest growth and fertility rates in the world.
3. Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of
the world's total population increase from 2005–2050.
4. One in four Africans is a Nigerian.
5. Presently, Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world.
6. 2006 estimates claim 42.3% of the population is between 0–14 years of
age, while 54.6% is between 15–65; the birth rate is significantly higher than
the death rate, at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000 people respectively.
Nigeria
Demography ………………United Nations
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Nigeria
Demography (cont.) – Population Density
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Nigeria
Education
1. Nigeria's education system has not kept pace with the rapid population
growth and growing school-age population. The quality of basic
education in Nigeria is extremely poor, leading to low demand and
unacceptably low academic performance.
2. There are a little over 30 million primary school-aged children in the
country, of whom an estimated 10 million are not enrolled in school. Of
those students currently in primary school, less than one third will attend
junior secondary school and even fewer will proceed to senior
secondary school.
3. Nigeria has a massive number of out-of-school children and youth with
limited literacy and numeracy skills who have little hope of ever joining
the formal workforce. While education indicators are poor nationwide,
the greatest need for assistance is in the predominantly Muslim north.
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 Strengthened key education management
systems in target states
 Strengthened delivery of teacher training
services for primary schools
 Improved capacity to deliver education
services to at-risk populations
 Improved student reading skills
 Strengthened policy decisions based on
strategic information at state and local levels
 Increased access to out of school children
Expectations
 2012: N400.15 Billion
 2013: N426.53 billion
 2014: N493.45 billion
 2015: N392.36 billion
 2016: N403.60 billion
BUDGET:
Nigeria
Education
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Poverty
Defined
Poverty is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain
amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted
concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements.
1. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the lack of means
necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and
shelter. Absolute poverty is meant to be about the same
independent of location.
2. Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain
minimum level of living standards as compared to the rest of
society and so would vary from country to country, sometimes
within the same country.
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“If you have a job at all now, you’re overworked and
underpaid”. —Young woman from Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria
“Some have land, but they can’t buy fertilizer; if some
work as weavers, they aren’t well paid; if some work for
daily wages, they aren’t paid a just wage.” — Cackchiquel
Indian, Guatemala
Poverty
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Poverty
Key Contributors
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 Ignorance means having a lack of information, or lack of knowledge. It is
different from stupidity which is lack of intelligence, and different from
foolishness which is lack of wisdom. The three are often mixed up and
assumed to be the same by some people.
 "Knowledge” is power," goes the old saying. Unfortunately, some people,
knowing this, try to keep knowledge to themselves (as a strategy of obtaining
an unfair advantage), and hinder others from obtaining knowledge. Do not
expect that if you train someone in a particular skill, or provide some
information, that the information or skill will naturally trickle or leak into the rest
of a community.
Poverty
Ignorance
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 When a community has a high disease rate, absenteeism is high, productivity is
low, and less wealth is created. Apart from the misery, discomfort and death that
results from disease, it is also a major factor in poverty in a community. Being well
(well-being) not only helps the individuals who are healthy, it contributes to the
eradication of poverty in the community.
 Here, as elsewhere, prevention is better than cure. It is one of the basic tenets of
PHC (primary health care).
 Many people see access to health care as a question of human right, the reduction of
pain and misery and the quality of life of the people. These are all valid reasons to
contribute to a healthy population. What is argued here, further than those reasons, is
that a healthy population contributes to the eradication of poverty, and it is also
argued that poverty is not only measured by high rates of morbidity and mortality, but
also that disease contributes to other forms and aspects of poverty.
Poverty
Disease
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 Apathy is when people do not care, or when they feel so powerless
that they do not try to change things, to right a wrong, to fix a
mistake, or to improve conditions.
 Sometimes apathy is justified by religious precepts, "Accept what
exists because God has decided your fate." That fatalism may be
misused as an excuse . It is OK to believe God decides our fate, if
we accept that God may decide that we should be motivated to
improve ourselves. "Pray to God, but also row to shore," a Russian
proverb, demonstrates that we are in God's hands, but we also
have a responsibility to help ourselves.
Poverty
Apathy
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 Dependency results from being on the receiving end of charity.
In the short run, as after a disaster, that charity may be
essential for survival. In the long run, that charity can contribute
to the possible demise of the recipient, and certainly to ongoing
poverty.
 It is an attitude, a belief, that one is so poor, so helpless, that
one can not help one's self, that a group cannot help itself, and
that it must depend on assistance from outside. The attitude,
and shared belief is the biggest self justifying factor in
perpetuating the condition where the self or group must depend
on outside help.
Poverty
Dependency
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When resources that are intended to be used
for community services or facilities, are
diverted into the private pockets of someone
in a position of power, there is more than
morality at stake here. The amount stolen
from the public, that is received and enjoyed
by the individual, is far less than the decrease
in wealth that was intended for the public.
Poverty
Dishonesty
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 These five factors are not independent of one another. Disease contributes to ignorance and
apathy. Dishonesty contributes to disease and dependency. And so on. They each contribute to
each other.
 These, in turn, contribute to secondary factors such as lack of markets, poor infrastructure,
poor leadership, bad governance, under-employment, lack of skills, lack of capital/Income, and
others.
 In any social change process, we are encouraged to "think globally, act locally." The Big Five
factors of poverty appear to be widespread and deeply embedded in our cultural values and
practices.
Poverty
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Poverty in Nigeria
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 Nigeria has one of the world's highest economic growth rates, averaging 7.4% according to the
Nigeria economic report released in July 2014 by the World Bank. Poverty may have been
overestimated because the country's economy is now being understood more and more. Poverty
still remains significant at 33.1% in Africa's biggest economy. For a country with massive wealth and
a huge population to support commerce, the level of poverty remains unacceptable.
 The major indicators of poverty, according to the World Bank, are: lack of freedom of action and
choice; lack of adequate food, shelter, education and health; vulnerabilities to ill health;
economic dislocation; maltreatment by public agencies; and exclusion from key decision-
making processes and resources in society. Poverty, can be seen as the product of economic,
political, and social processes that constantly interact uncontrollably with each other and frequently
reinforce each other in ways that exacerbate the deprivation in which people live.
Poverty in Nigeria
Introduction
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 Income inequality
 Long-term ethnic conflict
and civil unrest
 Political Instability &
Corruption
Poverty in Nigeria
Primary Consequences
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 Income inequality worsened from 0.43 to 0.49 between
2004 and 2009. This is correlated with differential
access to infrastructure and amenities. In particular,
there are more rural poor than urban poor.
 This results from the composition of Nigeria's
economy, especially the energy (oil) and agriculture
sectors. Oil exports contribute significantly to
government revenues and about 15% of GDP, despite
employing only a fraction of the population. Agriculture,
however, contributes to about 45% of GDP, and
employs close to 90% of the rural population.
Poverty in Nigeria
Income inequality
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 Nigeria has historically experienced much ethnic conflict. With the
return to civilian rule in 1999, militants from religious and ethnic
groups have become seriously more violent. Civil unrest might
also have contributed to the adoption of populist policy measures
which work in the short-run, but impede poverty alleviation efforts.
 While this unrest has its roots in poverty and economic
competition, its economic and human damages further escalate
the problems of poverty (such as increasing the mortality rate).
For instance, ethnic unrest and the displeasure to local
communities with oil companies has contributed to the conflict
over oil trade in the Niger Delta, which threatens the productivity
of oil trade.
Poverty in Nigeria
Long-term ethnic conflict and civil unrest
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 Nigeria's large population and historic ethnic instability
has led to the adoption of a federal government. The
resultant fiscal decentralisation provides Nigeria’s state
and local governments considerable autonomy, including
control over 50% of government revenues, as well as
responsibility for providing public services.
Poverty in Nigeria
Political Instability
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 The lack of a stringent regulatory and monitoring system has allowed for rampant corruption.
 This has hindered past poverty alleviation efforts, and will continue to do so, since resources
which could pay for public goods or directed towards investment (and so create employment and
other opportunities for citizens) are being misappropriated.

There have been attempts at poverty alleviation, most notably with the following programmes:
 1972: National Accelerated Food Production Programme and the Nigerian
Agricultural and Co-operative Bank.
 1976: Operation Feed the Nation: to teach the rural farmers how to use modern
farming tools.
 1979: Green Revolution Programme: to reduce food importation and increase local
food production.
 1986: Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI)
 1993: Family Support Programme and the Family Economic Advancement
Programme
 2001: National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): to replace the previously
failed Poverty Alleviation Program.
Poverty in Nigeria
Government Programs
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 Poverty remains endemic in Nigeria despite the
introduction of several anti-poverty programmes
by successive governments. According to
statistics, the incidence of poverty has significantly
increased in Nigeria since 1980.
 These increases are strongest among the most
vulnerable groups. In 2012, for example, the
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reported that
the poverty crisis in Nigeria varied by region,
sector and gender, and impacted Nigerian youth,
children and mothers more than the adult male
population.
Poverty in Nigeria
Government Programs
1980
6.2%
1985
12.1%
1992
13.9%
1996
29.3%
2004
22.0%
2010
38.7%
Extremely Poor
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Poverty in Nigeria
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Poverty in Nigeria
 These statistics contrast sharply with the country’s positive macro-economic
performance. The Nigerian economy is reported to be 1 of the 10 fastest growing
economies in the world, with a growth rate averaging about 6-7 percent in the last
10 years.
 As should be expected, such rapid growth in GDP has been accompanied by other
positive economic developments. First, Nigeria’s per capital income moved from
approximately $500 USD in 1999 to $2,500 at the end of 2013.
 Secondly, the size of the country’s middle class grew. Various studies state that by
2010 between 16% and 30% of the population were considered to be middle class
(Ibid) . Given that the country’s middle class had almost vanished by the end of the
90s, this represents significant progress.
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WAY FORWARD ?
…………..SOLUTIONS

 Create jobs
 Raise the minimum wage
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 Education
 Invest in affordable, high-
quality child care and early
education
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Nutrition, Especially in Infants Gender Equality
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Access to Medical Care
The President of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim,
says that he believes “universal health insurance
coverage in all countries can help achieve a goal
of ending extreme poverty by 2030.”
He says that because about 100 million people are
pushed into extreme poverty every year by having to
spend money on health issues, and that
because health issues push about another 150
million into severe financial hardship, universal
health insurance could greatly relieve poverty,
globally.
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Microfinancing
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Provide paid leave and paid sick days
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 Access to Clean Water and Sanitation
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Transparency in
Government
Spending
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Review the Criminal Justice
System
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What Opportunities are
there for Environmental
Consultants
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Pro-poor environmental
management
Challenging orthodoxies that blame the poor for
environmental degradation, and challenging
policies that protect the environment at the
expense of poor people’s livelihoods.
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1. Improving governance
2. Enhancing the assets of the poor
3. Improving the quality of growth
4. Reforming international and industrial-country policies
Key areas for policy action
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1. Integrate poverty-environment issues into
national development frameworks.
2. Strengthen decentralization for environmental
management
3. Address gender dimensions of poverty-
environment issues
4. Strengthen anti-corruption efforts to protect the
environment and the poor
5. Reduce environment-related conflict
6. Improve poverty-environment monitoring
and assessment.
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Improving
governance

1. Strengthen resource rights of the poor
2. Enhance the poor's capacity to manage the
environment
3. Expand access to environmentally-sound
and locally appropriate technology
4. Reduce the environmental vulnerability of
the poor.
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Enhancingthe
assetsofthepoor

1. Integrate poverty-environment issues into
economic policy reforms
2. Increase the use of environmental valuation
3. Encourage appropriate private sector involvement in
pro-poor environmental management
4. Implement pro-poor environmental fiscal reform.
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Improvingthe
qualityofgrowth

1. Reform international and industrial country trade
policies
2. Make foreign direct investment more pro-poor and pro-
environment
3. Enhance the contribution of multilateral environmental
agreements to poverty reduction
4. Encourage sustainable consumption and production
5. Enhance the effectiveness of development cooperation and
debt relief
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Reforminginternational
andindustrial-country
policies

“Poverty is a man-made
affliction that must be
eradicated. It will take sacrifice,
discipline and commitment at all
levels of society and there is no
better time to engage this social
cancer than ………..NOW” -
EGUAKHIDE Obehi
Conclusion(s)
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 “Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like Slavery
and Apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome
and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Sometimes it falls on a
generation to be great. YOU can be that great generation. Let your greatness
blossom.” ― Nelson Mandela
 “On this International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, let us recognize that
extreme poverty anywhere is a threat to human security everywhere. Let us
recall that poverty is a denial of human rights. For the first time in history, in this
age of unprecedented wealth and technical prowess, we have the power to save
humanity from this shameful scourge. Let us summon the will to do it.” - Kofi
Annan, former UN Secretary-General
Words of Wisdom
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 “Because there is global insecurity, nations are engaged in a mad arms race, spending
billions of dollars wastefully on instruments of destruction, when millions are starving.
And yet, just a fraction of what is extended so obscenely on defense budgets would
make a real difference in enabling God’s children to fill their stomachs, be educated,
and be given the chance to lead fulfilled and happy lives.” - Desmond Tutu, South
African social rights activist
 “Poverty is the worst form of violence.” - Mahatma Gandhi, Indian independence
activist
 “It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both
morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance
restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and
technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of
us.” - Bill Clinton, former U.S. president
Words of Wisdom
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 Deuteronomy 15:11 - "For the poor will never cease to be in the land; therefore I
command you, saying, 'You shall freely open your hand to your brother, to your needy
and poor in your land.'
 Deuteronomy 15:7-8 - "If there is a poor man with you, one of your brothers, in any of
your towns in your land which the LORD your God is giving you, you shall not harden
your heart, nor close your hand from your poor brother; but you shall freely open your
hand to him, and shall generously lend him sufficient for his need in whatever he lacks.
 James 2:15-16 - If a brother or sister is without clothing and in need of daily food, and
one of you says to them, "Go in peace, be warmed and be filled," and yet you do not
give them what is necessary for their body, what use is that?
Words of Wisdom
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 Do not exploit the poor because they are poor and do not crush the needy in
court, for the Lord will take up their case and will exact life for life. —
Proverbs 22:22-23
 Do not withhold good from those to whom it is due, when it is in your power to
act. Do not say to your neighbour, "Come back tomorrow and I’ll give it to
you"—when you already have it with you. — Proverbs 3:27-28
 A generous person will prosper; whoever refreshes others will be refreshed.—
Proverbs 11:25
Words of Wisdom
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