Textbook for optional English classes. Student book.

1. Elizabeth Sharman
across cultures
Literature l
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.11.
Iltll
...,
Longman
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-.language

2. Elizabeth Sharman
across cultures
culture Iliterature Imusic Ilanguage
"'"
.a.
ala
....
Longman
---
,

3. What's in your book?
Across Cllltllres is divided into eleven modules looking at eleven different aspects
of life in the English-speaking world.
Modules 1-10 are each divided into 6 main units, plus a language practice page.
In each module
you vvill find:
FIVE DOUBLE PAGE SPREAD UNITS a-e) ~
These contain reading, listening, speaking
and writing activities connected to a
different theme for each unit.
AN OPENING PHOTO PAGE ~
This acts as an introduction to the theme of the
module, presenting the topics that will be featured
in the units that follow. It includes warm-up
activities to help you discover and express what
you already know about the subject.
it1i~~?
~~~14
In Modules I, 3, 5, 7 and 9 you will also find:
....An ENGLISH EVERYWHEREspread (unit f)
These give information about an English-speaking
country outside of Britain and the USA.
---
. ~ -
---
....ALANGUAGE & CULTURE PAGE (unit g)
Another text relevant to the module presents grammar
and skills connected to the general theme.
In Modules 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 you will also find :
Module 11- Links to literature ~
Module 11 looks at extracts from plays, poems
or novels written in English, from Shakespeare
to the modern day. The texts connectto the themes
of the units in Modules 1-10.
A SOUNDTRACKspread (unit f) ~
These look at music and song lyrics from the
English-speaking world.

4. " This is the numberofthe module
(1-11) and the unit(a-g).
" This boxtells you the topic ofthe unit, the
countries you will look at, and the vocabulary
that you will practise. There is also a list of
linksto other unitsconnected to this one.
" This is the title
ofthe module.
" This is the topic
ofthe unit.
" This tells you the meaning
ofdifficult words inthe texts.
L-_ _ '" Exercises with an EP symbol give
useful'practice in exam-styletasks.
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L- ... Listening activities are recorded on
CD and cassette.
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...There are at least two readingtexts in
everyunit. There are lots ofdifferent types,
and many are real-lifetexts that have been
publishedinthe English-speaking world.
...Reading, listening,speaking and
writingactivities help you to explore
the texts, and to compare life inthe-
English-speaking world with your
own culture.

5. Table of contents
Unit page
• • • 7
la Twoordinarydays Daily routines UK and USA Cultural differences 8
lb Home swap Houses UK and USA Facilities in a house 10
Ie Modernfamilies Families UK, USA and Australia Family members 12
ld What's in your basket? Foodshopping UK and USA Food 14
Ie Time out Leisure activities USA Leisure activities 16
11 English everywhere: South Africa 18
19 Language & Culture: Diana's day 20
• • • • 21
2a Four nations British nationalidentity UK Nationalsymbols 22
2b British Islands The geography of the UK Features of a landscape 24
smallerBritish islands
2c The seven natural wonders Natural wonders USA and Canada Adjectives 26
of America of America ofmeasurements
2d Climate extremes Extreme weather Australia and USA Weather and 28
natural disasters
2e Town... andcountry Urban and rural UK The city 30
lifestyles
2f Soundtrack: A world of music 32
2g Language & Culture: Oldor new, big or small, Oxford's got it all' 34
~lTJr.r. mr:'l1ID1 I rrm~i;n.'n-~ .t'"l-
.... ~ 35
3a England: a historical tour English history England and Scotland Historical events 36
3b Britain's colonial past British colonialism Britain, Ireland,India, Wordbuilding 38
Singapore, Hong Kong,
USA, West Africa,
West Indies
3c The British at war British history UK Militarywords 40
3d Historyat the movies Americanhistory USA Historical events 42
3e The USA: makingthe news American history USA Historical events 44
in the20th century
46
48
3f English everywhere: Jam
::a::.:lc
::a'--- _
].g language & Culture: A shorthistory....:o....:f....:A....:us
....:t....:ra
....:li....:a -r-r- -r-' r-~
49
Module 4 - States and systems
4a UK parliament: tradition... British politics UK Politics 50
andchange
4b The upsand downs The Britishmonarchy UK Monarchy 52
i ofthe British monarchy
4c Theland ofthe free The USConstitution USA Historical documents 54
4d US law: show business... The US legal system USA Crime 56
andbig business ..
4e National celebrations National days Scotland, Ireland, National celebrations: 58
USAand England food, drink, songs
,
4f Soundtrack: Protestsongs 60
4g language & Culture:TheUS government 62

6. Unit page
• • 63
5a Too much too young? Educating very UK Education and exams 64
young children
5b Students at home... and abroad Higher education UK Education and exams 66
5c Highschool culture Belonging to cliques USA and Canada Aspects of American 68
and being popular highschoollife
at school
5d Cyber High On-line education USA Words connectedtostudy
ing 70
5e Starpupils Specialist performing UKand USA Performing arts 72
arts schools
5f English everywhere: Canada andWales 74
5g Language & Culture: Choices, choices... 76
77
Module 6 - Global markets
6a Overworked andunderpaid Workinglifeinhospitals UK and USA Employment/Hospitals 78
6b Downshifting Escaping from UK Words connected 80
a stressful lifestyle with breadmaking
6c The global supermarket Supermarkets USA, UK and Kenya Business/ 82
asbusiness Food cultivation
6d Whenthe tourists stayed away Crisis in the tourism UKand USA Tourist attractions 84
industry
6e UK +EU = OK? The UK's relationship UK Metric and imperial 86
withthe EU measurements
6f Soundtrack:Themusic business 88
6g Language & Culture: Business letters 90
91
----!:.~~~
Module 7_'~~~Sport and leisure
~"~" '_'T~" , ~,'
7a The FriendlyGames The Commonwealth Britain and its Names of countries/Sports 92
Games ex-colonies
l--- -- --
7b Extremesports Extreme sports Australia Sports equipment 94
7c Mall rats Leisuretime spent Usa and UK Leisure facilities 96
I--
in shopping malls
7d Popular television Reality TV programmes UK Words connected 98
and soaps with television
i--- - - --
7e Holidays Holidays UK and USA Types of holidays 100
7f English everywhere: Australia 102
7g Language& Culture: FitzGym 104
105
Module 8 - The arts
8a A child could dothat Modern art Scotland Art 106
8b The Lord ofthe Rings The Lord of the Rings UK Literature andmyth 108
and otherepic myths
8c West End musicals Musicalsin London UK The theatre 110
theatres
8d Hollywoodkids Child stars USA Filmstars' 11 2
of Hollywoodfilms
8e Dancing in the streets Breakdancing USA Movement 114
Sf Soundtrack: Cinema music 116
8g Language & Culture: I capturethe castle 118

7. Unit Topic ICountries IVocabulary Ipage
tt9
9a The UK press UKtabloid Heat and hot weather 120
and broadsheet
~
ws p a p e rs
I I
9b Texting Sendingtext messages UK Telecommunications/ 122
The language
I
of text messages
9c Internetinnovations New internet USA Telecommunications/ 124
technology
__
IUSAand UK
Computers
9d Internetcheats Internet plagiarism Wordbuilding 126
by students
~
- l lnternetlThe language
ge Language change How newtechnology World 128
has affected oftext messages
the English language
9f Englisheverywhere: The Republicof Ireland 130
9g Language & Culture: Thenetworked home 132
t33
Module 10 - Society
lOa Positivediscrimination Positive discrimination UK Education/Discrimination 134
in education
lOb Immigration Citizenship USA and UK Immigration 136
I and citizenship
'10c G1obalisation Globalisation and the USA and world Protest/Marketing 138
anti-globalisation and advertising
movement
10d Working mothers Working mothers, the USA, UK and Australia Children and childcare 140
birthrate and childcare
10e Caring for the elderly Institutions UK Care of the elderly 142
for old people
101 Soundtrack: Changing societies 144
tO
g Language & Culture: TheSaga story t46
147
• • Links to literature
lta William Shakespeare Henry, England and Saint George (from Henry V) 148
ltb William Wordsworth Composed uponWestminster Bridge, Sept. 3. 1802 149
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 149
- -- ----
ttc Jane Austen Emma passes judgement (from Emmal 150
-----
ttd JamesFenimore Coope
.!..- Maguademandsjustice (from The Last of the Mohicans) 151
t t e Harriet BeecherStowe Property and possessions (from Uncle T
om'sCabin) 152
ttl Charles Dickens An English lesson at Dotheboys (from Nicholas Nickleby) 153
-- --
ttg George Bernard Shaw Eliza enters society (from Pygmalion) , 154
l.tt h WiIfred Owen Parable ofthe Old Man and the Young 155
lt ~irginia Woolf Shakespeare's sister (from A Roamof One'sOwnl 156
--
!.1L John Steinbeck A crimethat goes beyond denunciation (from The Grapes of Wrath) 157
tt ~ylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle IntoThat Good Night
,
158
ttl Zadie Smith A clash of cultures (from White T
eeth) 159

8. Everyday life
I)Which of the photos on this page do you think
were taken : in the USA? in the UK? in South Africa?
ElWhat do you know about homes. schools and
food inthose countries? Howarethey different to
life in your own country?

9. Everyday life
Topic a Daily routine s
Countries a UK and USA
CUltural differences
Vocabulary a
Links a lb. re. 5( . IOd
Two ordinary days
33, Regent Avenue
l eeds
West Yorkshire
lE3 SOX
UK
3rd March
Dear Tracey
Thanks for your letter - f 've finally found an American penfriendl To ansWer some
of your questions: I 'm 16 . My dad 's a computer technician and my mum works in a
afad ory. I 've got two younger siste rs - Kirsty and laura. You say that you don't
kno w anything about life in th e UK, so I'm going to tell you about a typicai da y in
Our house.
My mum gets up really early, before 6.00, because she has to leave the house at
6.45. The rest of us get up at 7.00. We don 't sit down together for breakfast _ it 's
too chaotic. We ieave the house at 8.15. Dad drives to the centre of town, and I
waik With my sisters to the bus stop. School starts at 9.00. We have lunch at school
at 12 .30, and lessons fini sh at 3. 30. SOmetimes we walk home. We get home at the
same time as Mum - 4.00. She gives us sOmething to eat at about 6.00, because
we're astarving, but Dad doesn't get home until after 7.00, because the traffic can
be really bad. She and Dad eat a meal at about 8.00, while we're watChing IV or
doing our hom ework. Mum and the girls go to bed at about 10.00 and Dad and
I astay up watching films On aSKY
. I have to go to bed at 11.00. I don 't know why
Dad doesn't go to bed the n too, because he aiways falls asleep in the middie of a
film and goes to bed at about lam!
Tell me about a typical day in your house,
You can ema il me on ssmith.3@freemaiLco.uk
Best wishes
Simon's mum Simon's dad
Simon
.........
.........
Get up .........
.........
.........
Leave the house .........
.........
.........
Get home .......
.........
... .. ....
Have dinner .. .......
.........
.......
Goto bed .........
r ead .
Before you L Ie and their houses. W~lch
nLookat the photos of the p.eo~ ? What time do you think
countries do youl~hin~~~~~~~ m.
they: start schoo . co
e ; d complete the tahle with
ElRead Sim~n's letter to Tracey an
the correct times.
(iHte?
. '&itab< 6M th-1iM.t
5" q=''U ~ 1ollowour
Make sure~::V1VAl GUIDE!
EVERYDAY ldn't have any
5 1.Y
ou shou log your
. t before you eros problems chang anks stay
1. Look n~_ British traffic money because ~ don't
the roa
on the left. open all day _ ;~
driveS're travelling by bus, close at lunch t s a;e open
2.If you 't have to buy a 8 Most large shop d 4pm on
you do." advance. Just pay . between roam an
ticket 10 Sundays.
on the bus. mething to
f ou orderso ,
3. J Y . k in a cafe,
eat or dnnt pay for it
member 0 •
re . givenIt.
whenyou re'ntraducesyou
4. If someone lnew, greet
to someone. "HeUo".
them by saylOg ,
, ki s them. "
Don tIS" d "thank you
"please an .
5. Use .d soundlOg
a tot, to avci
rude. a send
6. If you want t need to look
Postcards, you
d Postbox.
for a re

10. factory a a bulldin
prett y III quite q w here th ings are manufactured
SKY III a sate lli te TV company
starving III extremeI hu
10 stay up III to not y nqr y (literally . dyinq of h
go to bed unqer ]
- 21 8
<garofalot@aol.com:>
<: ssmith.3@freemail.C1J.uk>
from Tra~Y GarofalO
10 . 1il Simon Smith
'.
"
....
.-;.-' : our day
c
,. .
Tracey:)
OK _ yOU asked for it! Here is a normal day with my family.
My mom and dad get up at 6. 30, and Mom makes breakfast
for us all. My brother Tom and I get up at 7 .00. We're lucky,
because the school bus stopS right outside our door! We
leave the house when we see it coming around the corner!
That's at eight o'clock . our school day starts at half past
eight, and we eat lunch at school too - at 12 o'clock.
Lessons fini sh at half past three, but we don't usually get
home until 5.00 , because Tom and I stay at school to do
sport and music after the lessons. Dad leaves for work at
7. 30 (he's a dentist), and he gets home at 6 .00. My mom
doesn't work. We all eat dinner together at about half past
seven. Then we do homework , play computer games or surf
the Internet until bedtim e (10 .00) . We don't watch much TV
in our house.
So that'S it - apretty boring, huh?
Hi Simon!
ID Now readTrace 's .
1. four ways in whi~h t~~~'1 to Simon andfind:
2. other ways in which the"sch~ol days are the same
ir sc 0 01 days are differeni
Vocabuw "
[] Read Ihe Everyday survival . .
1. to askfor food or drink in gu~de. Findwords thaI mea .
2.to tell someone wh a cafe, restaurant etc n.
3.to speakto sam 0 another person is ' .
h
" eone or m k .
t e first time. , a e a gesture, when you m
4.the opposite of' I' • eet for
5 th po rte .
. e box that you put letters in when
"' Wh' h you want to send them
... tc of Ihe tips in h .
a. buying things and t e text dealts) with:
b. how to behave Wit~SI~~ money?
c. how to use publi t a er people?
d h c ransport?
. owto avoid an accident? .
e. the postal system? "
L;sten;n
iii E p (DUsle t
stayi . . ~ 0 a conversation b
survi~~I';u~~:~~a:~d his h?st.Tick t~':;::~~:~~eigthn student
e mentions, m e
1. driving
~. k
Paying for things in cafes 0
. rssmq 0
4.talking politely 0
5.finding a postbox 0
~. ~UYlng bustickets -
, 0
. ank opening hours 0
8.shopping on a Sunday B
a CD ~isten again. Note do
exercise 6 are differenl in t~:f~~~ the topics youlicked in
S . e'gn student's country.
_ Qe a k '" q
~ How is life in the UKand
In your country?Discusswi:~~h~S~ differenl or similar to life
ass.

11. Everyday 'ife
Topic a Houses
Cou nt ries a UK and USA
vocabulary a Facilities in a house
li nks a la. re
I Home swap
Our 'Home Swap' this month concentrates
on the Keane family from England,
and the Millerfamily from south Carolina, USA.
As usual, our families had a two-week holiday
in each other's houses, and we interviewed them
at the end of the stay. So how did they D
cope?
wewere pleased to find thattherewere three
bedrooms," said George. But the kids
eweren't impressed. "Mum and Dad'sroom
was OK, but our bedrooms were really
George and SandyMiller and their children,
Helen(17) and Daniel(8), had a shockwhen
they first saw the Keanes' three-bedroom
aterraced house in Gloucester. "It's 50
smallI " said Sandy. Where will we all
sleep?"
Butinside, the house wasmoreDwelcoming.
"It'sbiggerthan it looksfrom the outside,and
small!" acomplained Daniel. The Millers
found it difficult to live in a housewith only
one bathroom . At home they have two
bathrooms and three toiletsI "And we have
a study,where we keep the computer, and
a playroomin the basement," saidHelen. "In
Gloucester we had to all stay in the living
room together or go to our bedrooms." So
was there anything positive about the
experience? "The house was beautifully
decorated," said Sandy, "and it was very
DC
O
S
Y
. It was April when we stayed in the
house. but theweather wasterrible. Wewere
very grateful for the carpets, the central
heating and a real fire in the living room."
Another good point for George was the
garden. "Wewere verysurprised by the large,
B efore ypY read
g Whichthings arecommon in houses inyour country?
o a study
o a basement
o carpets
o central heating
o a real fire
o a garden
o a barbecue
o a swimmingpool
o an air-conditioningsystem
o a security system
Beading
El e p Read the.magazine article. Which house (the English
one or the Amencan one) has got:
1. other houses attached to it?
2. the most bedrooms?
3. small bedrooms?
4. a room justfor games?
5. a feeling of warmth inside?
6. lots of colours inside?
7. a pretty garden?
8. a lot of electronic systems?
I!l
t e P
d
~atch the people w ith their opinions of the house they
s aye m.
~. ~ eo~g eM~:lIer a. "It was strange not having separate
3' Hanl YM·'II er rooms for using the computer and
. e en I. er playmg games."
~. ~~n~1 Mill er b. ::1loved playing and eating outdoors!"
6' K ty ~ane c. The house was so big it looked like it
. a eane ~el ong ed to a famous person!"
7. Bethany Keane d. I was really impressed by the
garden."
e. "Two of the bedrooms were too
small."
f. "The house was warm and colourful"
g. "I didn't like the garden orthe decor'
much."

12. to be impressed D to be have a positive reaction
to cope D to succeed in do ing something difficult
to compl ain a to protest
cosy III warm and co mfortable
du ll Q plain and bor ing
en -suite (bat hroom) a a bathroom t hat is attached to a bedroom
and not shared with the rest of the house
to fid~le with D to try with dif f iculty to operat e somet hing
complicated
huge D very big
terraced. house D a house that is joi ned to gether w ith oth ers in a row
welcoming a pleasant. making you want t o st ay
yard D the open a.rea around an American hou se. consistinq of
lawn. qerue n. patio. etc
long garden at the back of the house. We
couldn't really enjoy it because of the
weather, but it was obviousthat the Keanes
had put a lot of work into it. It was well
designed and full of beautiful plants and
flowers. Actually, I think British people have
abit of an obsession with housesand gardens
_ there are so manyN programmes about
them !" •
Tim and Katy Keane and their children,
Bethany (8), Charles (9) and Joe (16),
couldn't believe their luck when they arrived
at Washington Drive,Greenville. "The houses
were allenormous," saidTim. "Iexpected to
see film stars coming out of them!"
The Millers' ho use has five bedrooms, a
stu dy, tw o bathrooms and an extra
downstairs toilet. "OUf bedroom was
a huge, and it was lovely having an aen-
suite ," said Katy. " It was like staying in a
hotel !" "We didn't see mu ch of the
children for two weeks I" saysTim . "They
were either in the computer room, in the
basement or outdoors." The weather was
fin e for the Keanes' visit to South Carolina,
so th ey made good use of the Millers'
a yard. "Th e Millers had sports equipment
and a perma nent barbecue in the ir yard,"
said Joe. "And their neighbours had a
swimming pool, which we used once. It
w as greatI" "The children really enjoyed
the yard," said Katy, "but I found it a bit
adull. I like nice English gardens w ith lots
of fl owers. All the Millers had we re a few
trees." And Katy didn't think mu ch of the
decor, either. " It was all very smart and
clean," she said. "but it wasn't very
colourful. It's obvious that Americans
spend more time outdoors than the
British! We had good weather, but luckily
we didn 't need to use the air-conditioning
system. The Mi llers had lots of security
systems and alarms that we had to afiddle
w ith every night and morning - that was
complicated enough! " •
4/10
[] Look allhe lables of scores for the two houses Which
house scored the mosl in each calegory? '
The Millers' scores for the Keanes' house
Space:
8/10
8/10
7/10
6/10
10/10
6/10
28/40
--- --
Decoration:
Garden:
Tota:-I-"---
Comfort:
The Keanes' scores for the Millers' house
Space:
Comfort:
Decoration:
Garden:
Total
S peaking
IIIDis.cuss Ihese questions with a partner,
1, Which house sounds nicerto you - the English house orthe
American one?
2, Wou ld you like to try living in another family's house for two
w eeks?
3. How do the Millers' and the Keanes' houses differ from
homes In your country?
[;I Think abou~ your ideal house, How many rooms would il
have? Would .1be old or new?

13. / 1
~
.I LC I TOpic a Families
Countries a UK. USA and Australia
Vocabulary a Fam ily members
Links a IOd. IDe. ttc. IIi. 111
I Modern families
W hat is a "traditional" family nowadays? Wit h mo re and
more couples choosing not to get married, and with the
number of divorces end second marriages increasing. the idea
of the "traditional fam ily" (two married parents, an average
of two children, grand pare nts living nearby) is rapidly
disappearing in some countries. Here arc some personal
examples and statistics from the English-speaking world.
Families in the USA in the UK
Marriages thatend indivorce 50% 33%
F
amilies with only one parent 25% 25%
Children wholiveina 50% 33%
single-parent home atsome time
Children whose parents 33% 40%
aren't married
Singleparents whoaremen 10%
109 I
'm Callum, and I live with my
parents in Cambridge, in the east
of England. We moved here when I
was five because of Dad's job, but
my mum comes from the north of
England, and Dad comes from
Scotland I've got a grandma in
Edinburgh and a granddad in
Yorkshire. And I've got two cousins
who live near London, because
that's where Dad's sister and her
husband live. We see my cousins
about three times a year, and we
go up to Edinburgh every New Year,
but I can't remember when I last
saw my granddad in Yorkshire. He
always sends me presents, though!
Vocabulary
EJ Matchthe wordsto the definitions.
M
y name's Meera, and I live in Wolverhampton, near
Birmingham, in England I live with my parents, my
brother and my sister. My grandmother lives next door.
My mum was born here in Britain, but my grandmother
moved here from India in the 1960s when my dad was
a little boy. My dad has two sisters - Auntie Sunita
and Auntie Rani. Auntie Sunita lives in the same street
as us, and Auntie Rani lives in Birmingham, which is
only 15 miles away. They're both married, and I've got
live cousins. We see them almost every week.
Someone is always visiting our house, or we go to
Birmingham to see them. And two years ago we all
went to India to see our family there.
1. ex-wife/ex-husband
2. latewife/late husband
3. second wife/second
husband
4. stepmother/stepfather
5. stepsister/stepbrother
6. half-sister/half-brother
a.someonethat is marriedto
oneof your parents, but
isn'tyour parent
b.someone who hasthe same
mother. orthe same father. as
you. but not both parents
c.someonethat you were married
to inthe past who is now dead
d.thechild of someone that
is marriedto oneof your parents
e.someonethatyouwere married
to inthe past but arenow
divorced from
f. someone that you marrywhen
you have alreadybeen married
to someone elsebefore

14. every other a alte rnate
I
'm Ben, from Portland, Oregon,
and my family is a bit
complicated! I've got a sister
called Ella, but three years ago my
parents got divorced and now both
of them are re-married. We live
with my mom, Julie, and my
stepfather, Bob. Bob's got a
daughter called Daisy, but she
doesn't live with us, she lives with
her mom. My father's name is
Pete. He and his second wife have
just had a baby boy, Charles, so
I've got a new half-brother!
ead"n
Bl Read the texts andfind out how manypeopleCallum,
Meera,Ben andTrudisharea house with.
[) ~ Underline thecorrect alternatives to complete the
sentences.
1. Callum's aunt anduncleI grandparents live near London.
2. Callum oftenI sometimes seeshis cousins.
3. Meera's auntsboth live nearI far away.
4. Meera oftenI rarely sees her cousins.
5. Daisy is Ben's half-sisterI stepsister.
6.Julie is Pete's ex-wifeI stepmother.
7.Trudi's mum and dad live in different placesI together.
8. Trudi never sees her dadI sees her dad regularly.
Speaking
oRead the statistics aboutfamilies in the USA and the UK.
Which of the children in this unit lives:
, in a single-parent family?
, in a stepfamily?
suburbs a residential areas around the eeqe of a tow n or city
M
y name's Trudi, and I've got a sister
called Beth. Our mum and dad are
divorced, so we live with just our mum in
the a suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Our
dad has an apartment in the centre of town,
and we spend a every other weekend there.
After school every day we go to our
grandma's house and have a meal there,
because our mum doesn't finish work until
six o'clock. She collects us at half past six,
except on Wednesday evenings when we go
swimming with our dad,
oHow do youthink that the same statistics would be different
in your country?
~ What arethe advantages and disadvantages of the four
family situations inthetexts? Discuss with a partner.
Lisfe -n
o(DListento Jamesdescribing his family situation and
answer thequestions.
1. Who are: Rachel?Louise?Richard?
2. What is James's opinionof Richard?
3.Who is the oldest child inthe house?
4. Why doesn't James like Louise's behaviour?
5. What does their mum saywhen James and Rachel complain
about Louise? •
6. What happens whenthey havean argument with Louise?
Spe a k in a
11) Discusswhat youthink Jamesshoulddo abouthis family
situation.

15. Everyday life
TOpiCa Food shoppinq
Cou ntries a UK and USA
Voc abulary a Food
Links a 3b. 6b. 6(. 7( . IOc
I What's in your basket?
Nevv markets - shopping for food in the 21st century
M aking a long trip to the supermarket
and queui ng for hours used to be th e
normal weekly routine for British and
American shoppers. But since the 19905,
there is .1 better '(1 )' to get your
a gron -rics. Supermarket shopping on
the Internet has eboomed in the UKand
till' USA.
The major supermarkets have their own
wcbsitc s. and if y O ll order on- line with
them, for a sma ll ex tra slim such as
Sa/ £5 the superma rkets will do you r
sho pping for you and deliver it to your
do or. If y Oll shop with them regularly,
they'll 'remember' your favo urite items
so y O ll ca n o rder the m next time
without scorching for them!
These days th ou sands of
people in the UK and the
Stat es reg ularly do the ir
supermarket shopping in this WilY.
In contrast, in many rural areas of Britain
there has been il return to the traditional
outdoor market. Farmers' markets. where
fanners sell their products direct ly to the
customer, had practically ed icd out in
Britain because of the attraction of the
large supermarkets, but they have been
e rcsurrcctcd recently, both to help
far mers make more profit s, and to
provide customers with 'real' food again,
such i1S fresh meat, eggs, vegetables and
A stall at afarmer's
market.
Home deliveries are
common these days.
a prcserves. Organic food has become
very popular, and some producers a run
a 'box service'. wh er e the)' deliver a
weekly box of fruit and vegetables to
yo ur doo r. Cus to me rs ca n't select the
food - they just receive whatever is a in
season- hu t it is aguarantccd to he fresh
end free from chemicals, and now you
can often order these on-line too!
r
Before you read
D Who shopsfor food in your family? How often dothey go
shopping?Where dothey buythe food from?
Reading
EJ Read the text about food shopping.Which different ways of
shopping for food doesit mention?
El E P Underlinethe correct alternatives in these sentences
about the text.
1. It is cheap I expensive to order your supermarket shopping
on-line and have it delivered.
2. Supermarket websites canI can'trememberwhat you have
ordered in the past.
3. Farmers' markets have always been well-supportedI have
recently become popular again.
4. Organic food has a lotofI nochemicalsin it.
5. The customerl producerdecideswhatfruit andvegetables
are used ina 'boxservice',
o Look at the websites and answer the questions.
1. From how manydifferent countries dothe frozen ready
mealscome? What doyouthink a readymeal is?
2. How muchdoes a boxfrom the organic food companycost?
3. What sort of food does it contain?
4.What food is depicted on the delicatessen web page?
5. Imagine you are having a picnic at the weekend.Which of
thefoods would you like to order?

16. to boom a to grow very quickly
to die out a to disappear co mpletely
qrccenes a everyday items of shopping
to guarantee a to promise
In season a gro w ing natu rally at a particular time of year
preserves a preserved fru it and vegetables. particularly jam
to resurrect a to make alive aqain something that was dead
to run a to cr qentse
Virtual shopping
OolL
_
.
:.i 0?!-
r....... It"d hlQ.ld Homt s._
J&,lhttp:/ / w_ .betterway.co.ul<.
The best
on- line deli
you can find!
.:.Cooked beef
and ham
.:. Fresh dips
and salad
.:. Olives
.:. Pate
.:.Salami
.:. Sandwiches
.:.Sushi
D __
··~·. -
"'.,
1cucumber
4 lemons
1bunch of spinach
1lettuce
1box of beansprouts
3 apples
4 oranges
4 pears
1avocado
Zucchini
3 :.i ....
d Jt.lINcl Hootnt k irWl
,&. Jhllp:/1"'.......betterwa y.( o.l,I
k
$35 regular box content s
Frozen foods
00 To:
.....
Organic food delivered to your area
.&1
M!" I www.OI'9anidood.CO.uk
o
Red potatoes
1yellow onion
1bunch of carrots
1red cabbage
1bunch of bananas
[J
: :: ~:eu~rsee~:~:dsorbets t o re ady meals and snacks,
n from Our superb range of frozen food
.:.Chickenand turkey_
burgersandsteaks
.:.Chips, waffles
and potato shapes
.:.Cream cakes anddesserts
.:.Fish breaded/battered
.:.Fish cakesand fish fingers
.:.Ice cream and sorbets
.:.Party food
.:. Pies
.:.Pizza
~ .:.saus
ages and sausage rolls
.:.Readymeals American
and MeX
ican
.:.Readymeals - Chinese
.:. Readymeals Indian
.:.Ready meals - Italian
• .:.Readymeals Vegetarian
~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::= ::::---- ---
m
Which of the foods on the websites can you put under these
categories?
Meat and fish:
Vegetables:
Fruit:
§peakjng
EiI Discuss in pairs. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of getting your food from: a) a supermarket b) a
smaller shop or a market? Think about:
>price.
>choice of products .
>quality of products.
>convenience.
) service.
) ecological reasons.'
>w ho gets the profit.
Bread and pastry:
Sweets:
Ii!Write a shopping list in English of twelve of your favourite
items of food.
Spe a k in a /Bea d in g
mHave you ever tried to do virtual shopping?
Are there any supermarkets in your area where it is possible
to buy on-line?
With your teacher's help visit an English-language
supermarket website with the shopping list that you compiled
in exercise 6.

17. Everyday life
Topic a Leisure activities
Countries a USA
vocabulary III leisure activities
lin ks a la. 5c. r c. Be
I Time out
..
LEISURE USA QUESTIONNAIRE
1 How often do you do these activities? write ofteJl,sO
lflelilJlfS
or new,.,
• Aerobics
• Computer activities
• Cooking
• Cycling
• Dancing
• Going to the movies
• Readi ng
• Shopping
• Swimming
• Walking
• watching TV
2 Now n umber th e acti vities that yo u do in order, w ith
nu mber I as your favourite.
3 Which ot her activities do y Oll do in your free time that aren't
listed above?

18. b~dy -mo ldinq a that make the bod . sedentary a sittinq dow n
set a qroup
skinny a very thin
stationa ry a not movinq . fi xed
workout a a session of .
physical exercise usuer .
• Y In a gy m
12
10
8
6
4
- - Ages 6-11
- - Ages12-17
The New York Times
Kids need exercise,
but what kind?
by Rand! Hutter Epstein
1963-70 1971-74 1978-80 1988-94
Percentage ofyoung people
whoareoverweight (1963-1994).
100
90
80
70
60
J 50
40 ______
30 ____________
20
10
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Haley Moran-Wollens is not an aelite
athlete. She is a 13-year-old who, like lots
of other teenagers, wants to be fit. And,like
a growingnumberof teenagerswhose parents
can afford it, she has a personal trainer.
In her case, the trainer is Rodi ca
Vranceanu- who charges $75 an hour for
after school a workouts at Radu Physical
Culture, a gym in Midtown Manhattan.
become Teen Fit members. They tend to
go for the astationary bicycles and weights,
said Cindy Breakfield , sports manager,
who added that personal trainers were
available for the younger a set.
The Eastcoast Athletic Club in Port
Washin gton, NY, has a program called
Excel, which offers personal training at
$45 an hour to children aged 12 to 17, said
Christopher Patti, the fitness director.
"It's a sad a precedent," said Richard
Killingsworth, a scientist at the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention in
Atlanta. "We are teaching a behavior that
it's O.K. to be asedentary all day except
for the one-hour exercise class. In the past
decade, our children have lost the idea of
what it is to enjoy being young and
physically active."
Some health experts ahail the trend ,
saying that too many children do not get
enough exercise. But others disagree.
Re din
m
Read the newspaper art' I
1. When does Halev go to t~Ceega~~ answer the quest ions.
2. Howmuch does h V .
3. Howald are the T:;~~rsonal trainer cost?
4. Howald are the memb~~:embers ofthe Spectrum Club?
Eastcoast Athletic Club? 01 the Excel program at the .
5. How much does a . .
Athletic Club? personal tramer cost at the Eastcoast
~' ~h
ho is Richard Killingsworth?
, Vdoes he disagree with .
8, Do all health experts thi ~ ttersonal trainingfor kids?
a bad idea? n a~person a l trainingfor kids is
5 e kin
t)With a partner, write five '
v
our
classmates enjov sport~ues~,~ns designed to find out if
get each week . Ask our ' ~n ow much exercise the
everyone's answers VThenquest,ons to the class and note d~wn
graphs or diagrams: present the results in the lorm 01
--
At the Spectrum Club in Valencia,
California, children aged 13 to 17 can
Though personal training is by no
means the norm for American children, a
small but growing number of their parents
are paying the membership efees to private
gyms for aerobics, weight lifting, and
abody-molding activities once considered
for adults only.
"I don't want to be the askinniest," Haley
said. "1just want to work out. But a lot of
people do it for the nice bodies, even at
my age."
Befere you listen
EJ look at the questionnaire A - - -
popular in your country? . re the activities on the list
El Complete the questionna ire lor vourself.
I!IWork with a partner 0 -d
teenage girl would co';'p~e~~:hhow v
ou
thin~ an American
e quesncnnarre,
Liste i n
[] Iml(j)li sten to Kirsten A .
completing the questionnai an mencan 16-v
ear
old,
answers the same as you e~~::t:~I~11n her answers. Are her
Sgeaking
m,lml look at the graphs Wh
leisure activities of voung' A atdo theVsuggest about the
mencans?
Perc:ntage ofteenagers taking daily
physicalexercise.

19. A crowded
pedestrian street .
~
Vocabulary III Everyday activities
Links III 21. 7a
Reac:ling
El Lookat the mapandreadthe Information File on South
Africa, then answerthe questions.
1.What isthe second biggest ethnic group in South Africa?
2. Howmanycapital cities does South Africa have?
3.Which is the largest of the capital cities?
4.Where is it inthe country?
5.Which part of South Africa getsthe mostrain?
I!lRead the website. Complete the table with the correct
information aboutlzak.
Before ypu read
D Doyou know anythingaboutSouth Africa? Can you name
anySouth African cities or anyfamous South Africans? What
sports is the countryfamous for?
Topic III Ever yd ay life in South Afri ca
Countries III Sout h Af ric a
Everyday life
Total area III 1.2 million sq. km
Total population III 43 million
Ethnic mix III75%Black
147
, White Afrikaans
3'1
0Indian
Capital III Pretoria (qovernment)
Cape Town + Bloemfontein (law)
Populo of capital III Pretoria: 650,000
Cape Town: 1.000.000
Bloemfontein: 150.000
Government III A republic with a president
Climate III West coast: dry and arid
East coast: wetter, with forest
veqetation
Dm~eGJ(ij)eDDem ~DI!J~
South Africa
EnglisheM
South
v-
-
--- J
I
~I 1f
I.
18

20. .aparthe-id 0 the- political syste-m In
multi -racial D involvin
sUburbs 0 re-side-ntial :r~:;~'e-tf',om di.ffe-re-nt e-thnic qroups
u s de ctnes
:.i .;i!. e wl
Stet 4 R.1ooIo:l HiomIt S.... ch ~t so... lmi9t'
00To: ..&. Ihttp://www.swanepoel.co.za
H
·IMy name's Izak Ford. I go to Swanepoel Boys School in
the asuburbs of Cape Town, and this is my school's
I.website. Here's a picture of one of our classrooms. There
are 25 students in my class. Before 1994, when we had the aapartheid
system, black students and white students were educated separately,
but my school is now amulti-racial.
We go to school from Monday to Friday. Our school day starts at
7.40 am, so I get up at about 6 o'clock, but that's OK, because it 's
hot and sunny then . We have to wear a uniform . I hate it! We study
the usual subjects - Science, History, Geography, etc., but we also
study Afrikaans (which is our first language), English and Xhosa, a
local African ianguage. We have two short breaks, one at half past ten
and one at half past twelve. The school day finishes at 2.15. After
lessons we can do sports such as rugby, hockey and swimming, or
artistic activities like music and photography. In the evening we do homework and watch TV.
My favourite shows are ER and Friends. For dinner we always have meat or chicken with rice
and veget ables such as sweet potato. At the
weekends we go to Tyger Valley, which is a huge
shopping mall in Cape Town, and we often have
braais (barbecues). South Africans eat a lot of
meat!
Tell me about your typical day!
You can email meatiJord@netmail.co.za
Usual dinner;
.
Evening activities: - ..
oAnswer the questions
~:~~~~~;~~c~~~~f,~~~~~:ust~dents only?
3. What does h thOk . p.
4. When does h~ h~~e~ hls
k
school uniform?
5. What can stUdents do
rea s at school?
6. What is a braai? at hiS school after lessons?
W; Of;
m
Fill in th~ table in exercise 3 f .
and what dIfferences are there bortwyourself. What SImilarities
e een yOU and 'zak?
0 1
n g.raups,write a text to a on . '
Desc"be your school and th~ d .,. website for your school.
mentIOn everything that mi al y r~utme there. Remember to
a student from another cou~tht Sound mteresting or different to
ry.
..............
.............
Town/City;
Name;
Nationality;
Name of school;
Number of schooldays per week;
Schoolday'
-..
First I .
From .........a m to
anguage;
" ......... p.m.
Other languagesstudied;
.
Favourite TVprogrammes; .
Weekend actiVities'
..
= .

21. Gram ma r III Present tense review (present simple. present continuous. present perfect )
Skills III Using sequencing words to order sentences in a paragraph
I Langua
•
e& Culture
I!JPresentsimple, presentcontinuous or presentperfect?
Complete the text with the correct formofthe verbsin brackets.
GRAMMAR
DRead the text quickly. How is Diana's daydifferent to yours?
B Lookat the verbshighlighted in the text. Write them in the
correct column in the table.Then saywhy eachtense is used
each time.
Presentsimple
live
Present continuous Presentperfect
SKiLLS
oRead the text and underline the sequencingwords IFirst ...,
etc).What doyouthink the man's job is?
Mfj dad gets "1'eve'1J dafj at 4.00a.,.,.
Ftr-st l1e l1~s ~ sl10wer ~~ puts 0"'" I-1ts
u"",tfot1"ll.. "'rt1e"", l-1e goes dowv...statrs ~~ l1~s
brett R.fttst. t-te ~lwa tjs l-1 ~s a coo~d brettR.fttst
wttl1 baccw eggs, s~usttges tt"",d bea"",s!
Next, l-1e cl-1ecRs itlts bt~ ~"",d v.<..~ R.es sure
tl1ere ~ re ""'0 problev.<..s.
A.ftertl1~t, l-1e ctjcles to worR. tt"",d sorts
eve'1JtI'1L
....g for tl'1e dafj.
FtLIIA lltj, l1e ctjcles rou"",d lots of l-1ouses ~~
deltvers tl-1t~s to people.
~ Put thesentences a-e inthecorrect order to make a
paragraph.Thenrewrite the paragraphusingthese
sequencers to improve it.
My school day (1) starts (startl at 8.00am but I (2) ...... (get up) at
6.30am. First. I (3) ...... [qet dressed) and then I (4) ...... (have!
breakfast. Every day I 15! ...... (catch) a bus to school. It 161 ......
(leaveI at 7.30am.
Thisyear I'm in 10th grade and 1(7) (study! a lot of subjects.
I (81 ......(just start) Italianthisyear. It (9! (be) reallyinteresting.
School(101...... (finish! at 1.00pm and I always(11 )...... (have) lunch
with my friends.
Sometimeswe (12) (play)football whilewe (13) ......(waitl for
the schoolbus. I (14! (justwinl afootball competitionwith my
schoolteam.
After that Finally First Next Then
a. I go to bed at midnight.
b. I driveto work.
c. I get dressed andhave breakfast.
d. I get up at 7.30am.
e. I work until 5.30pm.
(J Choose your favourite popstar
, film star or sports star.
Imaginetheir daily routine andwrite a paragraph about it.
Rememberto use sequencers.

22. o the four nations of the United
Kingdom
o small and remote British islands
o the natural wonders of the USA
and Canada
o extreme weather in the USA and
Australia
o life in London and in an English
village
o popular music in the USA,
Ireland, Jamaica and South
Africa
o a British city
Habitats
and hOnJelands
[J Look allhe pictures ofthedifferentenvironments.
Which onedoyou think is of:the USA? Australia?
England? Scotland?
El Ingroups, make a list of asmany British cities
and American slatesasyou canthink of.
Then compare lists. Which group hasthe most?
2t

23. Habitats and hOnlelands
/~ rcprc III British national identi ty
Countries III UK
Vocabulary g Nationa l symbols
Links III zb. Sa. 4a . 4e. Sf . 6e. 9f. tte
I Four nations
. DOl:Jm ~Ol!~
England
Total population a 49 million
Capital a London
National day a April 23rd
(St Georqes Day )
Nat ional symbols a Red rose. lion.
bulldog
Total population a 5 million
Capital a Edinburgh
National day a November 30th
(St Andrew's Day )
National symbols a a Thistle. a tartan
om~l:Jm(ijJeD
Scotland
Wales
Tota l population a 2.5 million
Capital a Cardiff
In 1922 the south of Ireland was made
independent from Great Britain
(England. Scotland and Wa les) and
became the Republic of Irela nd.
Northern Ireland remained joined
politically to Britain. and the United
Kingdom was born. While this was a
popular decision with most Irish
Protestants. it was unpopula r with
most of the Catho lic population. who
wished Ireland to remain a united
country. Conflict between these two
groups came to crisis point in the 19705
with the terrorist activities of the IRA
and the arrival of British soldiers. Even
today. the Northern Irish population
remains divided between Unionists (or
Loy alists ). who wa nt to remain a part
of the United Kinqdom. and
Republicans. who oppose it.
r
Before ou read
D What's the difference between England, GreatBritain and
the UK?
Vocabulary.
E) List the national symbolsfrom the Information Files under
these categories.
Plants:
Real animals:
Mythical animals:
Abstract patterns:
[] Read the text about NorthernIreland and answer the
questions.
1. How manycountries aretherein Great Britain?
2.When didthesouth ofIreland becomeindependent fromBritain?
3. Howmany countries arein the UK?
4.Whatdo Northern IrishRepublicanswant?
5.Whatdo Northern IrishUnionists want?
5 eakin
IIILookat the photosin the magazine article. What specific
countries dothe people in each photo comefrom?How can
youtell ?
Rea ing
ID ~ Read the Information Files on England, Scotland and
Wales. Which of the countries:
1.hasthe largesVsmaliest population?
2. has a national day in the spring?
3. has a national day in the autumn?
4. has a blue and white flag?
5. has a red, green and white flag?
Reading
rn~ Read the article. Match the beginningsandthe endings
ofthe sentences.
1. Welsh and Scottish sportspeople get annoyed when
2. If England andScotland playa rugby match,
3. People enjoy StAndrew's Day and St David's Day now, but
4. Some buildingsin England used to display the Union Jack,
but now
22

24. " Hi13 ,
~~ r ~a::odiJ ~ yellow sprlnq flower (narcissus) tartan a checked. colour
thistle a plant with h e~ pattern used on text iles 1
Union Jack a the re~ ar~. eaves and a purple trower
. W rt e and blue f1aq of the United Kinqdom ...- .....
•
symbols of England.
Scotland and Wales -
and there often isn't a
" Union Jack to be
seen.
Away from the sports
apitch. the national
saints' days of St
David in Wales and St Andrew in
Scotland are starting to be marked with
large celebrations in the same way that
St Patrick' s Day has always heen
celebrated in Ireland. And the nag of St
George can be seen in Englandon
public buildings and churches where
the Union Jack used to be. With
Scotland and Wales now having their
own parliaments. there is
even extremetalk of an
'English Independence
Movement'. and some
people arewondering if
the United Kingdom will
last into the next
century.
Who are
the British?
T
he UK is a
confused nation
when it comes to
national identity,
especially in relation to
major sporting events.
Commentators proudl y
refer to thecountry's
internationally
successful sportspeople
as 'English' if they
come specifically from
England. Welsh and Scottish athletes,
however, areusually given the general
label 'British' without any recognition
of their individual homelands.
But it's when the countries compete
individually. especially
against each other. that the
idea of a 'united kingdom '
becomes completely lost.
At football and rugby
matches ther
e has been a
strong revival of the
individual flags, songs and
a. they display their own symbols d
b. they show the English II an flags, not British ones.
c t h ' ago
d' th:Y~r~n,t referred to as 'Scottis h' or 'Welsh'
. Y in t use to cele brate them much. .
Listening
EI ~(J) listen to leenagers f
Note down where they co f rom each o! the four countries.
me rom and their ages.
0 (J) lislen again. Who feels that they are:
British?
Irish?
English?
Name Country A Scottish?
Dean European? .........., ~ .
Claire
Welsh?
Jason
Emma
Writing
I1lWrile a paragraph about ' .
national flag, Ihe national d~our ~o~ntry. ~nte about the
your country 'united' a yan I e national symbols. Is
separate idenlity? ' r are there some parts of it that have a

25. Habimts and ho....e.ands
TOpiCCI The qeoqr.aph v of the smaller British islands
Countries CI UK
I British islands
Vocabu lary a Features of a landsca pe
links a 2a. 3c. Sf. 6b. 7e
D id )'ou know that 'the British Isles' doesn't just mean the two large islands of Britain and
Irela nd . but hu ndreds of other small islan ds around their coasts? J
lan)' of these islands are
inhabited , and a lot of them are popular touri st destinations.
Jtan, Isle of
Location: In the Irish Sed betw een
Great Britain and Ireland.
Area: 572 sf). km.
Cltma tc: Cool summers and a rnild
winters.
Gl'ograph)': Hills in north and
south, valle,' in centre.
POpUlilliol;: 73,873.
Nalionalit,,: j
larix (a uorsc-ccltic).
languagc~: English, but the
ancient Manx language is being
revived.
Coverument: gBritish dep endency
with its own parliament called the
Tyn wa ld, Elections every 5 years.
Daily flights
to the Scilly Isles
TheScilly Isles,withtheir subtropical
climate and exoticflowers, areonly
28 milesfromCornwall, andarethe
most southwesterly point of the
BritishIsles. Enjoy the 20-minute
flight from Penzanceto StMary's,
the largest island, in one of our
helicopters.
Why not make a day of it?
After exploring St Mary's, you could
takeaboat tovisit the famous tropical
gardens and gshipwreck museum on
the island ofTresco.
Flight ttmes
gF
ares
Penzance-St Mary's: every hatf hour from 7.30 to 18.00
St Mary's-Penzance: every hatf hour from 8.00 to 18.30
£80 adult, £60 chitd/ gOAP (day return)

26. ~ ). j J{ British depende ncy a a te rritor y that has its ow n elect ions and
• , governme nt. but th at is ruled by Britain
- tare a the price of a journey
m ild a w ar m and comforta ble
norse a fr om ancient Scandinavia
OAP II old aqe pensioner
shipwreck a the ruins of a ship th at has been dest roy ed at sea
to slope a to have an Incline fro m a high poin t to a low poi nt
unm issable a som ething t hat you mu st definit ely see
8ack
: 00 To:
:3 :.i
(",., R.1otd Homt
.&. ~ :" Www.channelislands.co,uk
Pr int $toe", ily
( h a n n e I I I s s
The Orkney Islands
ill Travel informat ion: Be warned - the Orkney Islands.
off the north-east coast of Scotlan d, are very remote I
Air: Flights opera te from Glasgow (90 rnins),
j. Edinburgh (90 mins) or Aberdeen (45 mins). There are
plenty of internal flights within the islands.
1 Sea: Ferries leave Abe rdeen in the evening and arrive
IoooioI in Lerwick in the morning.
~ The geography of the Orkneys is flat and rather
uninteresting , and the climate is wet, but the islands'
ancient history make them an eunrnissable
destination. There are 1,000 prehistoric monuments
here - the most in Europe. And rare birds and flowers
are a popu lar attraction in spring and summer too.
Before y'o u read
El ~ Look at the texts quickly. Which text has come from:
t. an encyclopedia? 3. a postcard?
2. an advertising 4. a guidebook?
leaflet? 5. a website?
Reading
IDReadthe texts. What are the names of the islands, or
groups of islands, that have been enlarged on the map (1-5)?
[) ~Which texts mention:
1.the history of the islands?
2. the climate of the islands?
3.the wildlife of the islands?
4. transport to the islands?
5.the government of the islands?
III~Are these sentences true or fals e?
1. Thehelicopter flight from Penzaneeto the Scilly Isles is short.
2. Tresco is the biggest of the Scilly Isles.
3.The Isle of Man is to the east of Great Britain.
4.The Isle of Man has its own language and culture.
5.The Channel Islands are in Scotland.
6. Guernsey has a lot of mountains.
7. You can fly between the different Orkney Islands.
8.There are many ancient sites on the Orkneys.
51? aking
eWhich of the islands you would most like to visit and
why? Which other places in Britain would you like to visit?
I'd liketo go...
I'd also like to visit...
Writing
Ei Write a postcard to an English-speaking frien d from one
of the islands you've read about, or from any other island
that you know.
25

27. Habitats and homelands
1 ; - -
i 2c
I
Topic III Natural wonders of America
Countries a USA and Canada
Vocab ulary a Adjectives of measurem ent
Links III 2d. Sf . 7e
I The seven natural wonders
of America
2 Giant Redwood
and Bristlecone Pine Trees <California)
General Sherman, a giantredwood tree intheSequoia National Park
measuring 84metres tall, isthe largest plant intheworld.It isalso 3,000
yearsold,butit isn't the oldest tree inthe worldIThat's alsoinCalifomia.The
bristleconepinegrowsintheWhite Mountains, and it isthe oldest living
thing onearth.Themostfamous, named Methuselah,isover 4,000 years old.
1 Death Valley
<California)
Death Valleyisa 250 km valley between two
Californian mountainoranges. It isthe hottest
and thelowestplace in the US
A, and at one
famouspoint- Badwater Basin - youarrive at
the lowest place inthewestern hemisphere
(86 metres below sea level). S
ummer
temperatures inDeath Valley canreach 54°C,
andfor severalmonths oftheyeartheaverage
night-timetemperatureisover 27"C.
3 The Grand Canyon
(Arizona)
TheGr
and Canyon,eroded over
thousands of years bythe Colorado River
and itsetrlbutaries, is400km long. Itis
2,000 metres deep at itsdeepest point
and30kmwide at itswidest point. It is
oneofthe mostimportant geological
sitesintheworld (some of therocks are
over 1,800 million years old) and it is
home to a great diversity ofwildlife.
r
Before y-o u read
D Look at the photos. Doyou recognise anyof these places?
Can you locate numbers3,5, 6 and7 on the map?
Vocabulary-
El Putthe adjectivesinto six pairs of opposites.
deep high large long low narrow shallow short short small
tall wide
Reading
IDillE)Read the texts quickly. Which of the natural wonders:
1. are partly in Canada?
2. are further north than Canada?
3. are in California?
4. consist entirely of water?
oRead the texts again. Complete the tables with the correct
statistics.
Length Depth
Death Valley: ................. Death Valley: .................
Grand Canyon: ................. GrandCanyon: .................
Height Width
General Sherman: ................. GrandCanyon: .................
Old Faithful: .................
Niagara Falls: .................
Age Size
General Sherman: ................. Lake Superior: .................
Methuselah: .................
Oldest rocks in
the Grand Canyon: .................

28. • •• to erupt a to eject something viole ntly
geyser CI a spr tnq that eje cts steam and hot water
glacier D a large mass of ice
ra nge D a group of mou nt ains
spring a w here water comes up from below th e ground . f orming
the start of a riv er
tr ibutary a a small river th at flow s into a lar ger river
w ilde rness a a wild . nat ural place
5 The Great Lakes
(Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota and Ontario,
Canada)
The Great lakes (lakes Superior
, Michigan,
Huron, Erie and Ontario) form the larges
t
systemof fresh water onearth,containing
18%of theworld'ssupply. lake Superior is
the largest and thedeepest. It hasthe
largest surface area of anyfreshwater lake
intheworld (81,000 sq.km) and holds
enoughwater to cover theentirecontinents
of North and S
outhAmerica witha third of
a metre of water.
4 Old Faithful
(Idaho)
Much of the
Y
ellowstoneNational
Park(whichextends
into Idaho, Montana
and Wyoming) is
volcanic rock, and
thereareover 10
,000
ageysersand hot
asprings inthe park
- the biggest
concentration in the
world. The most
famousgeyser, called
Old F
aithful, aerupts
about every 75
minutes. The
eruptionslast for1-5
minutes, andshoot
hot water upto 50
metres intheair.
6 Glacier Bay <Alaska)
aGlacier Bay is a awildernessof mountains, glaciers, estuaries,
beachesand lakes whichwas covered by iceonly200 years ago.
The glaciersof Glacier Bay arestill retreating, revealing new
landscapes every few years. Glacier Bay is now a nature reserve and
is usedextensively for scientific research.
7 Niagara Falls (New York State
and Ontario, Canada)
The Niagara Falls are formed wherethe Niagara River flows between
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.There are two main waterfalls:the
Horseshoe F
allsin Canada andthe American F
allsinthe USA.The
fallsare 55 metreshigh, and 160,000 cubic metresof water flows
overthem everyminute.
5 eak ing
Ii) How can humans posea dangerto natural featuressuch as
the onesin this unit?
Listening
o~(!)You are going to hear a rangertalking aboutthe
negativeeffects 01 tourism onthe Grand Canyon. Guess which
of the following environmental problemshewill talk about,
then listen andsee il you were right.
o litter
o fires
o danger to animals
o erosion ofpaths
o noise
o traffic
o vandalism
~ (I)listen again andanswer the questions.
1. How many people visit the Grand Canyon each year?
2. What two problems can pollution cause in the canyon7
3. Whichtwo months does the ranger say are particularly hot
and dry?
4. What are two ways in which visitors start fires?
5. Why should visitors not feed the animals in the canyon (two
reasons)?
Sp-eaking
m
Discuss in pairs. Whatarethemost-visited attractions in
your country (natural or man-made)? Are they being damaged
by tourism? Is anything being doneto preservethem?
27

29. Habitats and ho....e.ands
Topic Q Extreme weather
Countries Q Australia and USA
Vocabulary a Wea th er and natural disas ters
Links a zc. 7f
I Climate extremes
H ow does the weather affect your day-to-day life? Docs it influ ence wh at
clothes you put on? Whether you put an umbrella in your bag or not? In
certain parts of the world, people's actua l survival depends on the way
th at they adapt their lives to the extreme weather conditions of their
enviro nments.
Extreme heat
Temperatures in the Austra lian outback -
the central desert area of Australia - can
often exceed 50 U( for the slimmer
mo nths. New houses are sometimes
specifically situated toward s the east or
west, to avoid the summer sun.Their roofs
are insulated to stop heat getti ng in, and
their wood is specially treated to resist the
heat. Due to the strength of the sun over
this part of the world. Austra lia has the
highest fate of skin cancer in the world.
Since 1981, there has been an official
campaign by the Australian government
to encourage Australians to protect their
skin from the sun. Forest fires arc another
result of consistently high temperatures.
These have become more and more
common in the past few years, even
happening aro und the city of Sydney.
Snovv and extreme
cold
Valdez in Northe rn Alaska is used to
battling aga inst the elements. The town
was relocat ed in 1964 after an
earthquake and tidal wave completely
destroyed it, and it currently has the
record snowfall for the who le continen t
of North America - 7.7 metres per year.
Snow and ice are part of daily life for
Alaskans. Ma ny tow ns, including th e
state cap ital Jun eau, are accessible only
by sea or by air, as roads eithe r do n't
exist or are blocked for most of the yea r.
Some houses are b ui lt witho ut
excavating any found ations, and most
have special stro ng roofs to support the
snow, and features such as windows that
only open e inwards so tha t th ey aren't
a rippcd off by the Arctic wind.
•
7100
I 7050
]
~
g!
7000
4
Change in sea level
in Nevvlyn, Cornvvall, UK
Global temperature rise
due to greenhouse gas emissions
2000
1980
1970
1970
6950 +'--~-""'-~"""""-~""T''''''-~T'"
1960
2000
1950
1960
-1
28

30. :; ... ,
~fi'Jj~ cellar a underground room
concrete a cement > sand· water
crust a hard outer covering
funnel a a utensil with a wide mouth that gradually reduces to a
small hole
inwards a towards the interior of something
on average a normally
to pun down a to destroy
to rip a to tear one thing vtctentty from another
to shelter a to cover and protect yourself
shutter a a cover for a window
to spina to turn quickly
worth a value
Hurricanes
Thanks to itscoastal location and tropical
climate, Floridais the American state most
regularly hit by hurricanes. aOn average
a hurricane happens along the Florida
coast every 3 years. Most cause some
damage to buildings and vehicles but
some, such as Hurricane Andrew in 1992,
can cause devastation. Andrew was the
worst hurricane in America's history and
caused 65 deaths and $26 billion aworth
of damage to property. Not surprisingly,
Floridans spend a lot ofmoney protecting
theirhomes from hurricane damage.They
prefer e concrctc walls to wooden or metal
constructions, and most windows and
doors have hurricane eshutrers. Some
new houses are also being built with
special reinforced rooms for esheltering
from hurricanes.
Tornadoes
Tornadoes happen during storms when
warm air and strong winds begin to
aspin upwards. These distinct afunnel-
shaped wind s can cause great damage
along their paths. Central states such as
Kansas and Oklahoma sec the majority
of the USA's tornadoes. In fact, there is
a famou s tornad o 'route' through ten
midwestern states which is known as
'Tornado Alley'. IIomcs in that area often
have storm acellars where families can
shelter from the weat her.
Earthquakes
11
1e San Andreas Fault is a break in the
Earth's e crust that lies underneath
California, causi ng several small
earthquakes eve ry year. Most of the
earthquakes are not even noticeable,and
the last large one happened in 199..J..
However; a catastrophicearthquake nearly
destroyed San Francisco in 1906. Scientists
say that it is possible that another
massive earthquake may happen in the
future. but the)' predict that the)' will
recognise the warning signs years before
it happens. As a precaution against
earthquakes, some older buildings in
Californian cities arebeing apulled down.
and there is very little new building along
the fault line itself.
El Read the text quickly and note downall the words that you
can find connected to weather.
a. Australia
b.central USA
c. northern USA
d.southeastern coast
ofthe USA
e. western coast ofthe USA
Reading
I!llmJReadthe text again and matchthe weather conditions
to the geographicalareas.
1.earthquakes
2. extreme heat andforest fires
3. hurricanes
4. snow and extreme cold
5.tornadoes
[) Answerthe questions about the text,
1. What healthproblem does the sun cause inAustralia?
2.Whywas Valdez rebuiltinthe 1960s?
3. Can youdrive tothe state capitalofAlaska?
4. How often do hurricanes hitthe Florida coast. on average?
5.Wheredo most ofthe USA's tornadoes happen?
6.Whenwas the last serious earthquakeinCalifornia?
7. Whydo scientists say that peopleshould not panic about
a future major earthquake inCalifornia?
oHow are houses and house-building incertain areas ofthe
USA and Australia influenced bythe extremeweather
conditions there?
S/?eaking
0 look at the graphsshowingclimate change overthe last 60
years and answerthe questions.
1. Which graph shows informationaboutthe world, andwhich
graph shows information about Britainonly?
2. Whatdothe horizontal axes ofboth graphs indicate?
3. Whatdoes the verticalaxis ofthe first graph indicate?
4.Whatdoes the verticalaxis ofthe second graph indicate?
5. Whatdoyou thinkmight have causedthese changes?
Writing
Eil Write aboutthe climate inyourcountry. Whichregionsget
which type ofweather? Do anyregionsget extremeweather?
Hasthe climate changed overthe last 100 years?
29

31. Hab;ta~ and homelands
/~ TOpiC a Urban and rural lifest yles
Countries a UK
Vocabulary a The city
links a 3a. ee. 8e. llb. lie
II Town...
My home - love it or hate it!
by Ali KJ,QZQI'l
A I live inf3lackheath inSovth L
ondon. London's one of th e large5tand mo5texcitin9
cities inth e world, and there are advantages and disadvantagesto livin9 here.
13 The "lain advantage isthat there's a lotto do and see. In the centre of London
there are touris"t attractionS' like Madam TVHQlIdJralld the Science Morev"",
and th ere are all kinds of parksand historic bvildin9S. I sv ppose that We don't
alwaysamakethe "lOst of it.We onlyvisit places like the Tower of London when
One of our relativeS' COmeS'to v;,it{
C Secondly, London isa 9reatplace for enterta inment. All the neWf,lms Come here
first, and if We wantto 90 to a popconcert or a bi9 sports events, there's always
somethin9 ri9ht aonovr doorstep . And of cevrsethe shoPpin9 isqrec't - there's
everythin9 from department stores like Harrods to Camde n Market.
D Another advantage of livin9 in London isthat yov can traveleasily and qvickly
acroSS the city onthe vnder9rovnd. Andwe've 90t railway stations and airports
to ta ke yov anywhere inthe world.
E La5tly, London istrvly cosmopolitan. ~ids at my school are from lotsof different
cvlt vres, bvtthat doesn't5top vSbein9 friends. It's900d to mix withpeople from
differentabac k9rov nds.It stops yov from becomin9 anarrowminded.
F f3vtthere are SOme major problemsif yov liveinL
ondon. L
ikemo5t other ca pital
cit ies, it is noisy, pollvted and congested with traffic. The t raffic problem is So
bad thatthey have recently introdvced a conge5tionacharge for cent ral London.
Drivers noWhave to pay if they wantto ta ke th eir car5to the
city ce nt re. Hopefvlly thatwill improve the sitvation.
G Secondly,thin9sare veryexpensive here - apparently it 'smore
expel1 S'ive t o live here than to live in any A meric an city. for
example, if yov 90to the cinema inthe centre of Londol'l it can
cost yov £12. And to 90 jv5t one stop on the vnder9rovnd can
co5tyov nearly £1.
H f3vt the worst problem ebect livin9 in London isthat, in general,
people aren'tveryfriendly. Nobody will talk to st ran9ers or help
peopleinthe 5treetifthey are intreoble.They don'ttrv5teach
other, and I thinkthat's beca vse they are scared of becomin9
victimS' of crime. LOl"ldof'l J,ar the J,i9hert crime rate ill the
country.
J f3vtain spite of these ne9ative points, I still wovldn't want to
live ovtside of London. It's myhome -r lcve it or hate it'

32. ....... Leisure Choices
....... Multicultural London
....... The Cost of Living
....... Famous Sights
.......Transport
backqround a the type of hom e and family that someone has
_ _ _.. charqe a dema nd fo r money
in spite of a Iqnorinq
...and country
Before y'o u read
O The placesin the photos onpage JO areall in Lnndon. Can you
identilyanyofthem? Can youthink of anyotherfamous placesin
london?
Reading
El lmJRead Ali's essay. Match the paragraphs A-I with these
topics.
....... Conclusion
....... Crime and People's Attitude
....... Environmental Problems
....... Introduction
I!JFind the namesof all the places in the photographs in Ali's
essay.
olmJComplete the summary of the essay. Usethese words:
activities expense home multicultural principal shops
unfriendliness variety
For Ali,the (11advantageof living in London isthe (2)
ofthingsthat there are to seeanddo. He thinksthatthe 1
31.
the choice of leisure (41 andthe transportaregood. and he
likesthe fact that Londonis a (51 city.The disadvantagesfor
himarethetraffic. the 161. people's (71 andthe crime.
but he doesn't want to leave his (8).
make the most of somethinq a use some thinq fo r your benef it
narrowminded a conservative and prejudiced
on your doorst ep a very near to your home
m
Read the postcard andfind out:
1. the name of the village.
2. where it is.
3.how manypeople live there.
4.what facilities it has got.
Sneaking
rnIs living in the country better than living in the city? What
are the advantages anddisadvantages of living in a small
village?
Listening
ElI (1) Listen to Alice talking about her life in Gladwell. Findat
least two advantages andtwo disadvantages of living there
that shementions.
0 (1) Listen again and answerthe questions.
1. Why didthe village shop have to close?
2.What other facility inthe village might close?
3. Does Alicethink that everyone inthe villageis friendly?
4. What time doesthe last bus leave fromthe village?
5. How many buses are there on Sundays?
Writing
I1lWrite a paragraphaboutthe contrast between rural and
urbanlife in your country. What problemsare there for people
wholiveinthecitiesorinthecountry?

33. Hab;m~ and hOnlelands
Topic III Popular music styles
Countries III USA. Jamaica. Ireland. South Afr ica
Vocabulary a Types of music
links III If . 31. Be. 9f
No woman, no cry
No woman, no cry
little da rlin' don't ashed no tears
No woman , no cry
No wo ma n, no cry (repeal 4 li"u's)
Ev'rything's gonna be alright (repeal 8 limes)
No wom an, no wom an, no woman, no cry
No wo ma n, no ery
Oh, my little da rlin' please don't shed no tears
No woma n, no cry, yeah
Said, said, said I remember when we used to sit
In the government yard in Trenchtown
And then Georgie would make the fire ligh t
al .og wood burni n' through the nigh t
Then we would cook acorn mea l porridge
Of which I'll sha re with you
'Cause I remember when we used to sit
In the government yard in Fren chtown
Observing the hypocrites
As they would a mingle with the good people we meet
Good friends we have had, oh good friends we've lost
alon g the way
In this br ight future yOll can't forget your past
So dry your tears I say
So, no woman, no cry
No, no woman, no wom an, no cry
Oh, little da rling. don't shed no tears
No wo ma n, no cry
1
1)' feet is my onl y ecerriagc
So I've got to push on th rough
But while I'm go ne...
Eminem
~~ Lose Yourself
Urban USA .
These styles of music evolved in the 1970s in
New Yorkand Los Angeles. Black youths started
to mix rhythms and melodies from existing
records and then add poetry about their lives on
the streets. The lyrics of their records are often
aconfrontational and competitive, and most of
them deal with modern social problems. Eminem
is one of the few successful white artists in this
type of music.
Bob J
"lade)'
~~ No Woman No Cry
Rural USA
Jamaica ..
Popular music is a key part of everyday life in
Jamaica, even forming a
part of the island's
Rastafarian religion. Its
superstar was Bob Marley
who came to world
recognition in the 1970s
and 80s, and today
Jamaican music has
evolved into 'dancehall',
an electronic form of
dance music.
Sha nia Twa in
~~I You're Still the One
This type of music developed in
the 1920s from the folk music of
the midwestern states of the
USA, and it has a distinct
'cowboy' feel to it. Nashville,
Tennessee, is the official home
of this type of music, and it is still
growing in popularity today. Garth Brooks, one
of its top artists, has sold over 100 million
albums, and is the most popular solo artist of
all time. In recent years Shania Twain has
given this music a stylish modern look.
Soundtrack
A world of music
3Z

34. ballad a a slow . romantic sonq
,I:O~_-I ceerteqe a horse-drawn transport
confrontational a anqrily opposinq scmetnmq
corn meal porridqe a flour made from corn. cooked with a liquid
loq wood a wood cut for a tire
to rninqle a to be mixed with
to rely on a to depend on
to shed a to release
unaccompanied a without any musical instrum ents
whistle a a simple cheap metal instrument. like a flute
Enva
,
~~ Orinoco Flow
IreIand """"""""""""""""""""".,.""""""",."""...""..""",
Irish folk music has
evolved over hundreds of
years and arelies on the
voice and traditional
instruments such as the
harp, violin, drum and
ew hlst le. The two different
sides to Irish music are
energetic dance music and
haunting aball ads with
lyrics that tell a story.
Eny a, from County
Donegal, came to fame in
the 1990s, Her melodic
vocals keep the traditional
Irish feel to her songs, but
she uses electronic
sy nthesisers widely too.
Ladvsmith Black Mambazo
,
~~ Ra i n , Rain, Beautiful Rain
South Africa ..".""""" " """""." """" "".
Black South African m iners, fo rced t o work far away from
home, developed a style of competit ive, aunaccompanied
singing to help pass t heir days, ladysmith Black Mambazo , a
choir who sing in this style and who took t heir name from their
home tow n of Ladysmi th, came to inte rnational notice in the
1980s. Their m usic m ain t ains the traditional African sinqinq
st yle and uses lyrics with a religi ou s t heme, sometimes in their
native Zulu language and sometimes in English.
Vocabulary
EJ look at the map. Which countries do you associate with the
following types of music? Insert them in the correct text.
traditional Celticmusic rap traditional Zulumusic reggae
countryand western hip-hop
Reading
!!l 1!IDReadthe texts. Match the eventsto the decades.
1920s 1970s 1980s 1990s
1.Enya became popular.
2. Bob Marley was most famous.
3.Hip-hop music began.
4. Ladysmith Black Mambazo became world-famous,
5. Country and western music began.
oAnswer the questions about the texts.
1.Which town is the country andwestern capital of the USA?
2.Who is the biggest-selling solo recording artist of all time?
3. In which two American cities did hip-hop begin?
4.Why is Eminem's success unusual?
5. Which instruments arecommon inCeltic music?
6. In which industry did l adysmith Black Mambazo's style
of singing originate?
7. Which languages do l adysmith Black Mambazo sing in?
Listening
m
(!)l isten to the song No Woman No Cryby Bob Marley, then
look at the lyrics. Saywhich of these features youthink are
important in a reggae song.
a. Romantic lyrics
b. Political or social message
c. Use of a lot of different instruments
d. Beat and rhythm
Se.eaking
rnDiscussin pairs. Doesyour country havea traditional form
of music? Doyou like it? What are the most popular forms of
musicin yourcountry?
33

35. Habitats and ho.nelands
Gram mar Q Comparative and superlative adjectives. prepositions of place
Skills a Speaking: giving directions
Language & Culture
HIGH STREET
~
"
::i ~
~ ~
Post. §: • CllristChurch MERTONSTREET
Office ;:;:l College • •
en CorpusChristi Merton
College College
Old or nevv, big or small,
Oxford's got it all!
The city of Oxford is situated 50 miles west of
London. The Cotswold hills are just beyond Oxford
wh ere yO ll ( all gel some lovely views over the west
Country from the high er points, and the River
Thames starts its journey near the city. Oxford is
fam ou s for its University and its colleges.
One of the best ways to sec the beaut iful buildin gs
and architecture is to do a walking tour around the
cen tre. You can visit the university's largest college,
Christ Church, and visit England's smallest cathedral
there! Go to Merto n Street where y O li can see some
of Oxford's most beautiful architecture. Merton
College is one of the three oldest colleges in Oxford
with the oldest library in the country. If you want
to sec some bigger colleges, Balliol and Saint John's
are further out of town, so taking a bus is a better
idea. If it's more modern architectu re you prefer then
go to sec the new Busin ess School nea r the railwa y
stat ion.
Asllmolean
Museum
Calfa"
Towef
QUEEN STREET
• Trinity
College
• Tourisllnformalinn
BROAD STREET
GRAMMAR
(J Readthe description of Oxfordandfind the places that it
mentions on the map.
8.The river Cherwell passes Magdalen bridge.
9. From Saint Giles, Balliol College is Trinity College.
10.If you walk down Beaumont Streetfrom Saint Giles, the
PlayhouseTheatre is .....
El Complete the table with words from the text.
BlLookat the map. Complete the sentenceswith the correct
prepositions of place.
1. The main post office is ChristChurch college.
2. Corpus Christi college is Merton College.
3. If youwalk down Cornmarket Street,Carlax Tower is .
4. The covered market is the High Street and Market
Street.
5. Fromthe High Street, Lincoln College is Brasenose
College.
6. The cinemaon George Street is the Playhouse
Theatre.
7.The smallestcathedral in England is Christ Church
college.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
(1)......
...... older (2) ............
(31 newer newest
1
41 (5) ............ biggest
161 smaller (7) ............
181 ...... lovelier loveliest
high (9)............ highest
1
10) ............ more famous most famous
good (11) ............ best
large larger 11 2) .....
far 1
13) ..... furthest
modern (14)............ most modern
Excuse me. 1
1) Canyou tell mewherethe nearest post
offi ce is?
Yes, of course.
(2) ?
Well, nottoo far. You can walk there in aboutfive
minutes.We're in Broad Street just now. You need to
walkto the crossroadswith George Street and (31 .
Cornmarket Street. 141 Cornmarket Street, (51 .
all theshopsuntil you cometothetraffic lightsatthe
bottom.16) the traffic lights onto Saint Aldate's.
171 and after a short distance, about 50 metresdown
Saint Aldate's,you'llseethe main post office. (8) .
19) .
Good luck!
Local:
Tourist:
Local:
Tourist:
Local:
Tourist:
[J Someone is asking for directions at the Tourist Information
Office. Complete the dialogue with the correct expressions.
Usethe mapto help you.
Gostraight across Thankyou very much ~1J"tIfIrm;
Keep on the right hand side turn left into
Walk straight down Y
ou can't miss it
Is it far from here? go past
oYou're outsidethe main post office in Oxford. In pairs, use
the mapof the centre to ask for and give directions to these
places:
1. The Randolph Hotel
2. The PlayhouseTheatre
3. Christ Church College
4. Thebus station
5. The cinema in George Street
6. Thetourist information office
near next to
under
in lront 01
opposite
behind between in
on the left on the right
34

36. I.inks vvith the past
D Look at the photosonthis page. Doyouknow anyofthe people? Can youputthem in chronological
order? Whatpartdidtheyplay in British and Americanhistory?
• the history of Britain fromthe
Roman occupationto Elizabeth I
• thestoryof Britishcolonisation
from Elizabethanto Victoriantimes
• ordinary British people's
experience of thetwo WorldWars.
• the history of the USA fromthe
17th to the 19th century
• ways of reporting the news in the
USA in the 20th century
• piracy and the slavetrade in
Jamaica
• the early history of Australia
a Matchthese dates with the events in Britishand American history.
1066
1534
1776
1914
1929
1945
1969
a.The USA declares independence from Britain.
b.The Second World War ends.
c.The beginning ofthe Great Depressionin the USA.
d. The Normans invade Britain.
e. An American man walksonthe moon.
I. England breaks awayfrom the Catholicchurch.
9. The FirstWorldWarbegins.
35

37. Links vvith the past
Top ic a Enqlish history
Cou ntr ies a Enqland and Scotland
Vocabu lary a Historical events
Link s a ze. ze. 4b . ae. 6d, lla
I England: a historical tour
Discover England's fascinating early history
on our exclusive non-stop one-week tour.
DAY 1 ~
Hastings, East Sussex
Ourfirst stop is the beach at Hastingswhere
William the Conqueror's armies arrived from
d
' 1066 then we visit Battle Abbey,
Norman Ym , d
built byWilliam to celebrate his victory, an
watch actors in period costume a re-enact the
battle and the death of the English King Harold.
DAY 2 ~
Tilbury Fort, Essex
Elizabeth I's reign was a golden age ?f sea
exploration, discovery and military victory,
On the second day of our tour wevisit the exact
, 1588 ELizabeth gave her famous
spot where, in ,
speech to her troops on the day beforethey
faced the much superior SpanishArmada - and
defeated them!
DAY 3 ~
The Tower of London
London's most famous a landmark w~s built by
William the Conqueror in 1078, bUt,ltS best- r
known historical connections are with the Tude
h T
wo of H
enryVIII'ssix wives, Anne
monarc s. h d d
Boleyn and Catherine Howard, were a be ea e
here at his command. Afterhis death, his
daughter ELizabeth wasimprisoned. her.e by her
older sister Mary. But when Mary died in 1558,
she was obligedto make Elizabeth her successor.
DAY 4 ~ . .
, Stonehenge, Wlltshue
mornmg ·
aft ernoon - Bath, Somerset
On Day 4 we visit the WestCountry, sto~ping at.
mysterious Stonehenge, buiLt by the nat1:,e CeltlC
, d 2000 BC and then spendmg the
Britonsaroun '
afternoon at Bath - once the Roman a spa town
5 l' (fhe waters of the a qoddess
of Aquae u 1S
SuUs'). Thetour includes a visit to the famous
hot a springs and Roman baths.
I'
Vocabulary
a Write thesewords in the correct column of the table,
Military action
abbey army battle tort
monarch monastery navy
successor defeat troops
invasion kingdom
occupation reign
victotv
Religion
R eading
El lmlComplete the table with the missing datesand names
from the text
Date Event
--- ----
Stonehe
!:!ge built by nativ_
e_B_
ri_
to
_
n
_
s_ ---,-__
Roman invasion of Britain under Julius Caesar
. -
Norman invasion of Britain under ....."..
Before you read
El The people and places in the pictures are all important in
Englishhistory. Can you identify any of them?
1509-1547 £leig.!:! ~King..:::.:.,..,,",..,~" ,..,~
England breakswith Rome andformsthe Church of
___.:.:E
:;.:
ngland __~_
1553-1558 Reign of Queen :::: 1
1558-1603 Reign of Q':'.':e ~ 1
==_-=
D..:
e.:.:
fe..:
at of the Spanish Arma da

38. q
• ••
1lt'
ru;,~ to behead a to ki ll some one by cutting t heir head off to re -enact a to re-create by using drama
dissolution a breaking up spa a a tow n where there is a mineral spring
goddess a a female qod spring CI w here wa ter comes up from under the ground
landmark a a prominent feature in the landscape tribe a an et hnic group of people
Ie ion a a division of the Roman arm y (consisting of about 5.000 men) to wail a to make a sound like a miserable cry
DAY 5"f
Stratford-on-Avon,
Warwickshire
N~ tour of England is com;te w~thouta ~~i~h~O
Elizabethan Stratford-cn-Avon, blrt~~Lace
most famous writer of that age - W~Lha~
Shakespeare - and home to ma~y hlstonc
buiLdings. In the evening we W1U see a playat
the world-famous Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
DAY6"f .
Fountains Abbey, Vorkshtre
On Oay 6 we travel north and visit the majestic
ruinsof FountainsAbbey. perhaps the best
exampleof the destruction caused ~Y Henry -40
VIII's a D
issolution of the Monastenes (1536 )
when Henry sold all the buildings ~nd land t,hat
belonged to the Catholic monast~nes. The ~mg
had broken away from the Cathollc church 10
1534 and madehimselfthe Supreme Head of the
Church of England.
DAY 7"f
Hadrian's Wall,
Northumberland
A
final day we visit the most famous~y~bol
n our ., H dnans
of the Roman occupation of Bntam - . a
Wall Although Julius Caesar led the first
inva~ion of Britainin 55 Be.it was un?er the
Emperor Hadrian that the Roman ategl~ns .
reached the most northern point of then gmptre
and built a wall from coast-to.coas~ as
protection against the Scottish atobes.
(Days 8-11)
Why not extend ~our holiday
and take our optional four-day
tour of Scotland too?
You
'll learn all about the origins of these
famoussymbols of Scotland: .
• the haggis: some say that this Sco~tl~h
favourite (meat and cereal cooked inside
a sheep's stomach) originally camefrom
Scandinavia . .
• whisky: was it made accidentally 10
medieval times. when wet cereal was left
to ferment? . .
• bagpipes: used to frighten enernles with
their terrible a wailing sound. perhaps
these musical instruments werebrought
to Scotlandby the Romans.
• the kilt: worn by Scottish tribes because
it allowedthem to move easily.it was
warm, and it could also be used as a
blanket.
[JAnswer the questions.
1. Why did the Romans build Hadrian's Wall?
2, What was the Roman namefor the city of Bath?
3,What famousRoman site can you still visit there?
4. Who foughtthe Battle of Hastings, andwho won?
5. Who built the Tower of London, and when?
6. Name three famousfemale prisoners at theTower of London,
7, What happened to the Catholic monasteries during Henry
VIII's reign?
8.Who was the monarch during Shakespeare's lifetime?
Vocabulary
(11 Read the text about the Scottish tour.Name:
1. a Scottish musicalinstrument
2,an article of Scottish clothing,
3, a Scottishdrink.
4, atype of Scottishfood,
o ~Which of the things from exercise 5:
a, could be usedto sleep in?
b.were used as protection from enemies?
c. might have originatedwithoutthe help of humans?
d. gavefreedom of movement?
e. might havecome from a country outsideScotland?
Speaking
ElIWhat was happening in your country during these periods
of history?Who were the key people and which places are
associated w ith them?
Writing
O Write a table of key datesfor your country, like the one in
exercise 3.

39. Links vvith the past
Top ic a British colonialism
Count ri es a Britain . Ireland. India. Sinqapore. Honq Konq. USA.
West Afr ica. West Indies
Vocabulary a Wordbuildinq
links a ld . 3d. 31. 4c. 4e. 6c. 7a. 91. lid. li e. 111
I Britain's colonial past
Food from the Colonies
H ow did the following everyday foods sha pe the history of Britain , Irela nd and the USA?
Spices
In 1600 the East India Company was formed
"'; . . under Elizabeth I to compete with Dutch traders
".,oC':-.::"~ in the oriental spice trade. The company was
;~ .... given a monopoly on all egoods imported to
ft.. England from Asia. From the 1750s the company
became more ambi tious, starting to invade and conquer parts
of India. It was now the biggest company in the world. and
also an un official ar m of the British government. w hen Queen
Victoria came to the th ron e in 1837, the whol e of India was
un der British rule, and she was made Empress of India. when
she died in 1901, the British Empire had expanded so mu ch
thai it includ ed one fifth of the total population of the world .
QueenVictoriawith Indianservants.
Sugar
As tea and coffee grew in po pularity in Britain
in the 18th century, the demand for sugar to
esweeten them also grew. Suga r planta tions in
~ the west Indies owned by Euro pean colonists
..- needed more workers, so their owners imported
slaves from westAfrica. A circular trade develop ed and islands
such as Jamaica and the Bahamas became British colonies. Ships
from Britain carried cotton and metal goods to Africa, where
they were traded for slaves, VI1O were taken on a three- month
voyage to the -Vest Indies.They were traded with the plantation
owners for sugar, and the sugar return ed to Britain.aGeorgian
Britain, especially the ports of Liverpool and Bristol, gre v rich
on the profits of the slave trade, a turning i.l blind eye to the
cruelty and the suffering involved.
The slave trade.
Healing the past
In recent years Bristol City Council has
begu n to publicly ack nowledge the
con tribut ion that the slave trade made
10 the city's wealth. In 1999 a foot bridge
na med Pcro's Bridge was ope ned,
na med after an African slave wh o was
the se-rvant to a rich Bristol family, and
the plaque below can be seen on the
Wil li of the city's Industrial Muse um.
T his letter ap pea red in the Bristol Evening Post about the possibility of
building a new conce rt hall to repl ace the city's old one. The old concert
hall is named after Edwa rd Colston, a business man who became rich from
the slave trad e in the 18th century.

40. q
q
q
mwm
~J~ cro p III plants grown for human use to sweeten Q to make sweet
to forg ive III to pardon to turn a blind eye a t o igno re somethinq t hat you kn ow is w rong
the Georgian period III the per iod 1
714-1830 in Brita in. w hen Georg es to wrong D to hurt or off end
I. II and III were t he kin gs yield III the amo unt produced in a cro p
oads III thin 5 t hat ar e bou ht and sold
Tea Potatoes
The East India Company also held a monopoly
on the import of Chinese tea, which became
popular and fashionable in the 18th century.
Trad ing posts around China such as Singapore
and Hon g Kong soon became colonies. At th e
same time, people in America, whi ch the British had colonised
in Elizabetha n times, were protesting about high taxes on the
impor t of common goods from England. A revoluti onary
group called the Sons of Liberty began tu rning bac k British
tea ships from American ports, an d in 1773 they threw tea
worth thousands of pounds into Boston Harbour. The 'Boston
Tea Party' was the first of many acts of rebellion tha t quickly
led to war with England and, in 1776, to American
independence.
.·/lIu'rtrrm., tl
urJw;,!l/ tlu (;'-(1!llt'J III 'tltl' I~ J'Iuiv Into thr I&Vrr,
(1' Hurtnn
The Boston Tea P
artyin 1773.
Potatoes, originally from Colombia, were
introduced to England by Elizabethan exp lorers.
Sir Valter Raleigh grew them on his land in
Ireland, which in those days was under British
rule. The Irish, poor and con stantly at war
interna lly or with the English, began to n-lv on this e r-rop.
wh ich was easy to grow an d produced a go od e yicld. The
poorest families ate nothing else. But in the IH
40s a fungus
infect ed the crops and more tha n one million people died of
hunger. Another two million emigrated, mostly to Nort h
America. and d de-populated In-land remained un der British
ru le until 1922.
The Irish potato famine of the1840s.
r
Before you read
(] Lookquickly at the English everywhere units in this book.
Which countries dothey deal with? Why do youthink that
there are so manyEnglish-speaking countries in the world?
How did the English languagetravel sofar?
El Lookat the photos of the foods.How could these things
havehelpedto spread Briti sh influence aroundthe world?
2 became a British colony as a result of the
sugartrade in the 18th century.
3 became a British colony as a result of the
spice trade in the 18th century.
4 was a British colonyfrom medieval times
until 1922.
5 was a British colonyfrom the 16th century
until 1776.
6 was nevera British colony.
1 and became British colonies
as a result olthe tea trade in the 18th century.
Vo c a b u lary
I!J Complete the table with wordsfrom the texts.
Sl?eaking
oDoyouthink that Britain shouldfeel guilty about its
involvementin the slave trade? Dogestures li ke the ones
made by Bristol City Council help to heal the past?Discuss
with the class.
IIILookat the texts about Bristol on page38and answer the
questions.
1.Who was Pero?
2.What is significant aboutnaming a bridge after him?
3. Why was 1997 an appropriate yearto put up a plaque in
memory of African slaves?
4.What position did Ian White havein 1997?
5.What do youthink Philippa Gregory's bookis about?
6.Who was Edward Colston?
7.What doesthewriter of the letter think aboutEdward
Colston?
Ireland
settlement
noun(the place)
_
India
--_.c
..;.:: .
- _ _ -
noun(the person)
China Hong Kong
Singapore
verb
to colo
::n
.::i::se
:.-__ .
to .
to trade
Reading
[] ffif) Insert the names of the countries in the correct
sentences.
America
Jamaica
39

41. ,- 1
I
/ 3c I
Links ""ith the past
Topic a British history
Countries a UK
Vocabulary III Military words
Links a 2b. 3e. ue. llh
II The British at war
40
•
The:J h/l.yt. I:u" tuLkL"a v~ w.:J0Yt.~ fLakK"a
~od<I.:J AAd 1CM l-m :JOV L~ _Itu :J0lH" "''''''
aM.ke, l.lke" :JOV aw..ae M "'~ "'" L_aLMr:J
eJt.lo<:JwL~k ~ rLflt- "'~ ",,,,,'~ It-''a~. 1~"lt
wL~ ~ h/l.ni ~"'""""a ~ke:J will. eL~kU _Itt
'" """" of Me 0(' ltLu Me. YOV ovak~ ~o =Me L"
"':J ~"'pltL kt.tMe~ AAd a"'~ _~, L~ o..lOVld
_Itt :JOV lllVak, upeWill.:J U ~ke kt.tMe~
awobblu fro... ~ ~o ~ evt.r:J KMe llJlUll.
Yu, 1ao!- "':J food W'Lak~ ••• AAd :JOV CM be~ I
llUJ<l:J~ ao fO(' wppu. 1"'''' ~",ltL"a :J0lH" ...o.v<a.
AAd t"-K"a oJ.!. 1CM.
Yu, 1dL.d rtMe",bu 'DoU.:J'~ bLr~:J, AAd I
h/l.yt. ~,,~ kU '" l<.Hlt- b<Ul.ae of "':J ~eaLMe"~
uhd.k ~ "'~ fO('.
IlopL"a :Jov "'rt 'lIae welL
fro... :J0lH" lovL"a_
r" .
Before you read
£) How was your country involved in the first and the Second
World Wars? What dates do you give to those wars in your
country?
B ~ Match these captions to the texts A-D.
1. British public information poster from World War II.
2. Extract from the diary of Thomas How es, an English soldier
who fought in World War I in France and Belgium.
3. Government leaflet delivered to every house in Britain in 1940.
4. Letter to his father from Ted Poole, who joined the British
army in 1918 and w as killed at the age of 18.
Vocabul ry '
111 Match the military words to thei r definitions.
1. shrapnel a. exploding missile
2. Cavalry h. the point on a battlefield where
3.shell soldiers meet the enemy
4. bayonet c. sharp point fixed to a gun
5. Infantry d. soldiers on foot
6. front line e. soldiers on horses
f. pieces of metal - the results
of an explosion

42. •
f ake a non genu ine
fellow III man
to get mixed up III t o be co nfused
t o keep w at ch III to be obse rvant
to lunqe out III to make a sudden forward movem ent
to st ay put a to not move
to w obble III to move dangerously. as if going to fa ll
A.R.P. warden III mem ber of the Air Raid Patrol who qe ve
inst ructions to the public about bomb attacks fr om t he air
to ache III to hurt
beyond description iii impossible to describe
blizzard III bad snowst orm
cellar a und erground room
to cl ear out III to remove
...,.-----------------------------------------....
w;m:~
WHAT TO DO
. ith the War Office
Issued by the Ministry of lnfo.m.lation in co.(:~raU~~yWI
and the Mini stry of Home ecun
If the
INVADER
comes
AND HOW TO DO IT
Part of London in ruins.
I
V
Be ready to help the military in any way.
but do not block roads Ul1l1l ,o.rdered to
do so by the military authonues.
VI
In factories and shops. ~l managers.and
workmen should orgamse some system
for resisting a sudden attack .
vn
Think before you act. but think ~lways.
of your country before you think of
yourself.
IV
Do not give any Gennan.anything..Do
not tell him anything. HIde your toad
andyour bicycles. Hide your maps. See
that the enemy gets no petrol.
If the Germans come, by purachutc .
'eroplane or ship. you must remat~
~'here you are.The order is a 'Stuy put.
n
Do not believe rumours ~nd do n~t
s read them.Vhen you recelve an order.
I~ake quite sure that it is a true order and
not a efake order. Most of you know
.our policemen and your a A.R.P.
~'ardens by sight. You can trust them.
ll
aKeep watch. If you see anything
suspicious. note it carefully and go at
~I~ce to the nearest police ~f~cer or
station. or to the nearest nnlttary
officer.
Reading
C Answer the questionsaboutthe two First World War texts.
1.What was the weather like nearthe front line in France in
April1917?
2.What reference doesThomas Howes make to newspaper
reports of the war?
3.What did Ted Poole think about his militarytraining?
4.Whattwo questions do you think his father had asked himin
an earlier letter?
m~Match these commands to the instructions I-VII in the
Second World War leaflet.
a. Be observant.
b. Hide thingsthat the invader needs.
c. Make a planfor your place of work.
d.Don't move.
e. Put the needs of your country first.
I. Don't follow false orders.
g.Wait for commands before you act.
rnWhat is the intention of the poster?
Before you listen
fjl Were anymembers of yourfamily directly involved in the
First or Second World War? Doyou know anyone who
remembers the Second World War?
Listening
o(j)Listen to Betty remembering what it was like to be a
teenager in England during the Second World War and answer
the questions.
1. Howald was Betty duringthe war?
2. What does she remember aboutthe daythat Britain entered
the war?
3.What was her father's job?Didhe go to war?
4.What happened to her home town duringthe war?
5.What did she do in 1945? _
6.What are her feelings about thewar now?
Speaking
oDoes the British experience of the First arid SecondWorld
Wars seem similar or different to people's experience in your
country?
41

43. Vocabulary a Historical events
Links a 3b. 3r. 4( . ae. lOb. lid. lie
TOpic II American history
Countr ies II USA
Links ""if:h f:he pasf:
History at the movies
Amistad (1997)
Steven Spielberg'sAmistad
reveals theterrible treatment
that slaves received during
their transportation byship to
America. It concentrates on the
real-life atrial of agroup of
African slaves who, in 1839, revolted on ship and
killed theirmasters.
The Scarlet Letter (1995)
Set ina community of early
esettlers ineast-coastNew
England, the film stars Demi
Moore as Hester Prynne,whose
husband is in England andwho
hasababy thatcannot be his.
Hester is punished by the villagers, buther story shows
the ahypocrisyofthe religious community she lives in.
~2000)
Mel Gibson stars in thisstory
ofAmerica'sfightfor
independence from British
rule. Gibson playsaplantation
owner whoisat first
_ ...111 ereluctant to fight against the
British, butwho gradually realises that his country's
freedom and future depend on it.
Through thE' summer, thE' Arts cinerne presents a season of
films basE'd on Arnortcen history in thE' lr", ts" and 19th
cE'nturiE's.
The Last of the Mohicans (1992)
Based on Cooper's
classic book, Daniel Day Lewis
plays Hawkeye, a white
man eraised bythenative
Mohicans, who fights on the
side of the British against the
French in their colonisation of North America
and Canada.
How the West was Won (1962)
A classicwestern starring
some ofAmerican cinema's
biggest names, including John
Wayne, Henry Fonda and
James Stewart. This epic story
shows us three generations of
a 19th-century family as they travel from theeast
coast to eestablisha new community in thewest.
Gone with the Wind (1939)
We open ourseason with this ,..---,
popular classic. aSet in Georgia
during the south'swar against
the northern states, Gonewith
the Wind tells the story of how
Scarlett O'Hara sees her
traditional way of life destroyed, and howshe
rebuilds a life for herself and her family.

44. • •• to ban a to make illegal
to est abl ish a to buil d from nothing
hypocrisy a telling people what to do. but not doing it yourself
to raise (a person) a to help and look after someone as they grow
re luctant D not wanting to
to set (a story) a to locat e in ti me or place
settlers a t he first people to build a community somewhere
to surrender a to st op l ighting and agree to lose
trial D a leg al proc ess of judgement
!1IlmlComplete the table with the missing dates and the names of the films.
. .
The historical accuracy
©
G
8
[3 The Civil War
In the 19lh century, states were created in the wcsl,
whe re settlers took lan d from the Native
American s and farmed it. The so ut he rn states used
man y slaves from Africa and th e Caribbean on
their plantations, but the northern statt-s wan ted to
a ban slavery. In 1861, eleven southern states left
the USA and set up their own Confederacy. A civil
war lasted until 1865, when the southern states
a surrendered and their slaves were freed.
1776, thirtee n states declared independe nce from
Englan d. A war be tween th e English ar my and the
Ame rica ns lasted unt il 1781, wh en the United
States of America beca me an ind epen dent counlry.
l eft: Declaration of
Independence,
4 J
uly1776.
byJohnT
rumbull.
Right:Artilleryunit
onparadeat their
camp duringthe
American
Civil War.
Film
..........................................................................................................
............................................................., .
. .
. .
......, , .
The camerawork
e
G
8
The dialogue
e
G
8
The story
c
G
8
Event
English Purita~ettlers move to America
The use of slavery in the south
:-- _
The French Wars
-'---'--
The D ecl arati o ~f Independen
_c
_
e _
Settlement in the western states
The American Civil War
The main character
e
G
8
Date
17
th century
__
17
th - 19th century
....... century
17 .......
....... century
18 ....... - 18 .......
oQ) listen again and note down the reasons for his opinions.
Reading
El lml Read the paragraphs about American history and the stories olthe films. Which period of history lA, B or C)does each of
the films deal with?
Before you read
(J Do you know any of the films in the photos on page 42? Do you know who the stars are or whatthe films are about?
l:l European Settlement and the French Wars
In the 17th century, settlers from England and
from Hollan d started to make th eir home in
America. 1lany of them were from sma ll religious
grou ps wh o suffered persecution in Europe. In the
18th century, France fought England for control of
Canada and the nort he rn border. Both sides used
the help of Native Americans, but Engla nd won
the war in 1763.
Listening
0 lml(j)Listen to someone giving his opinion about The Patriot. Circle his general opinion of the following things.
oAnswer the questions about paragraphs A, Band C.Who:
1.won the French Wars? 4. was King of England in 1776?
2.won the War of Independence? 5.helped the Europeans in the French Wars?
3.won the American Civil War? 6.were forced to work on American plantations?
o The War of
Independence
After th e French
'ars, so me US
states began to
rebel egeinst
control and
laxation by
England and its
king, George I II. In
.ttI'-
landmarks
in American history
Speaking
Ell If you have seen any of these films, tell the class your opinion of them. Talk about: the characters, the story, the camerawork,
the music.

45. r· I
/ 3e I
I.inks vvith the past
TOpic a American history
Cou nt ries a USA
Vocabulary D Historica l events
Links a 3( . 9a. lI j
In 1999 the Newseum, a museum of journalism in Virginia, USA,
asked journalists and historians to select the top 100 news stories
of the 20th century. Here are their top 10.
(
The USA: making the news
in the 20th
century
1 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki
2 First man walks on the moon
3 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. USA enters World War II
4 The Wright brothers fly the first powered aeroplane
5 Women in the USA given the right to vote
6 President John F. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas
7 Nazi concentration camps exposed
8 World War I begins in Europe
9 The end of racial segregation in US schools
10 The US e stock market crashes. Beginning of the
Great Depression
1945