The Role of developing countries in achieving Climate protection goals

The Role of developing countries in achieving
Climate protection goals
IMRE Seminar Prof. Dr. Magnus Frohling
3rd July 2017
Adu Ohene Emmanuel (60814)

The Role of developing countries in climate protection goals
I. Introduction
II. Climate Change and Adaptation
III. Impact of Climate Change on developing Countries
- Africa
- Asia
- Latin America
I. Mitigation & Adaptation to Climate Change(Ghana as a Case study)
II. Conclusion
III. Discussion
Content
TUBAF | IMRE SEMINAR | Adu Ohene Emmanuel| SS2017 | 03.07.17 2

Introduction
 One of the most recent debate over global climate change is the interests and
obligations of developed and developing countries.
 Equity demands that developed countries which is the source of most past and
current emissions of greenhouse gases act first to reduce emissions.
 Embedded in 1992 UNFCCC and 1997 Kyoto Protocol
 Over the next decade, it is predicted that billions of people particularly in
developing countries , face shortages of water, food and greater risk to health
as a result of climate change .
 Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change impacts.
 Action is needed to enable developing countries to adapt to the effects of
climate change which is happening now and might worsen in the future.
1.0 Introduction
Source: Pew Center on Global Climate change 2002, UNFCCC 2007

2.0 Climate Change and Adaption
 Climate Change is the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth mainly
due to rising burning fossil fuel burning land use changes.
 The Fourth assessment report in 2007 from IPCC clearly stated that Global
warming is due to man -made emissions of Green house gases( Co2).
 Over the last century, concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere increased from
278 parts per million to 379 parts per million in 2005.
 The average temperature has also risen by 0.74ºc.
 According to Scientist, this is the fastest and largest warming trend they have
been able to discern in history of the earth
Climate Change
Source: UNFCCC(2007). CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS, VULNERABILITIES AND ADAPTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Climate Change
Source: IPCC (2007).

 As a result of global warming, extreme events such as hurricanes, typhoons,
floods and droughts are expected to rise even with small average temperature
increase.
 Melting of glaciers can cause flooding and soil erosion.
 Also, rising temperatures will cause shift in crop growing seasons which affects
food security. More people are at risk from diseases such as Malaria and
dengue fever.
 Temperature increases will potentially severly increase rates of extinction for
many habitats and species( UP TO 30% with 2ºC rise).
The Need for Adaptation

3.0 Impact of Climate Change on developing countries
 Africa is already under pressure from climate stresses and highly vulnerable to
climate change.
 It is predicted that there will be increase in Water scarcity as almost all the 50 river
basins in Africa are transboundary.
 National cmmunications report that climate change will cause a decline in most
subsistence crops eg. Sorghum in Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritea and Zambia;maize in
Ghana; Millet in Sudan and groundnuts in Gambia.
 Also up to 50% of Africa‘s total biodiversity is at risk due to reduced habitat and other
human induced pressures.
 Again , Lower lake levels have been observed in Malawi, Zimbabwe and Malawi
Africa

 In Asia, the Grassland productivity is expected to decline by as much as 40-
90% for an increase in temperature around two degrees.
 Tens of millions of people in low-lying coastal areas of south and Southeast Asia
affected by sea level rise and an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones.
 Global warming is causing the melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. In the short
term, this means increased risk of flooding, erosion & mudslides in Nepal,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, and north India
 Throughout Asia one billion people could face water shortage leading to drought
and land degradation by the 2050s
Asia

 Latin America includes much of the world’s biological diversity, as well as a wide
variety of ecosystems, climatic regions.
 Increase in the number of people experiencing water stress – likely to be 7–77
million by the 2020s.
 Decrease in annual precipitation in most of Central America and in the southern
Andes.
 By the 2050s, 50% of agricultural lands are very likely to be subjected to
desertification and salinization in some areas.
Latin America

4.0 Mitigation & Adaptation measures ( Ghana as a Case Study)
OVERVIEW OF GHANA
 Ghana lies along the Gulf of Guinea in West
Africa with an area cover of 239,000 square
Kilometers.
 Ghana has a population approximately 27 million
people.
 The two major biomes represented in Ghana are
tropical high forest and Savannahs( two-thirds of
the country).
 The climate is tropical with eastern coastal belt
been warm and dry, southwest been hot and
humid and the north been hot and dry.
 Ghana become part of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate change after
ratification in 2005.
TUBAF | IMRE SEMINAR | Adu Ohene Emmanuel| SS2017 | 03.07.17
10
Source: GEF Small Grants Program 2007
http://www.ghc-ca.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/map-ghana-africa-imp.gif

 Ghana’s total GHG emissions stood at 33.66 million tons CO2 Equivalent in 2012.
Source: TNC 2015. Report to the UNFCCC
Table :Ghana’s net GHG Emissions by Sectors under UNFCCC
National Greenhouse emissions footprint

 Agriculture, Forestry and other Land use( AFOLU) significant in GHG emissions.
12
Table :Ghana’s net GHG Emissions with and without AFOLU from 1990-2010
National Greenhouse emissions footprint

 Ghana has developed two future projection options: Business as usual( BAU) AND
Scenario with measures
13
Overall effect on mitigation on BAU emission scenario
GHG Mitigation assessment

Economic and Fiscal instrument relevant to Climate Change
 Ghana is currently formulating national legislation to setup “ Ghana Green Fund”.
 The Objectives are:
- Facilitate and Channel investments required to implement environment and climate
change policy & law in Waste management, industrial pollution& resource use, biodiversity
and natural protection etc.
- Develop Capacity of stalkholders in areas of project preparation, appraisal and
Finance.
- Support through Investments the sustainable development of Ghana.
 The initial capital of the Fund will be Ghs 5 Million approx. 2 Million dollars
14
Environmental Fiscal reforms( Green Ghana Fund Act)

 The Objective was to establish local institutional capacity to support Ghanaian
entrepreneurs involved in developing profitable and locally appropriate solutions to
climate change mitigation and adaptation.
 Main Sectors of focus includes Energy efficiency, Solar Energy, water supply
management and Climate smart agriculture.
 Initial fund of $17.2 million is expected to be committed with mentoring, training and
funding facilitation for up to 100 companies over 5 years.
 This initiative is expected to create 10,720 jobs , assist up to 304,000 people increase
their resiliency to climate change through access to cleaner energy and efficient sources
of agriculture.
 It is also expected to mitigate 661,598 tons of co2 equivalent .
15
Ghana Climate Innovation Centre

 This is one of Ghana’s major initiative to reduce emissions from the Forestry sector.
 The FIP deals directly and Indirectly with key drivers of deforestation.
 In 2010,there was an aim to restore the Forest cover of degraded land by reducing the
wood deficit which currently stands around 20,000ha/yr.
 In 2011,10,000 ha of degraded lands were re-planted and 57,000ha of established
plantations were maintained
16
Forest Investment Plan(FIP)

COLLABORATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
 The production of electric energy from
Renewable sources in Ghana is expected to
increase by 10% in 2020 especially Solar,
wind and Landfill gas.
 These targets are suppose to be achieved
through 2 programmes
- Renewable energy development program
- Solar PV Electrification and Mini- grid
Electrification program.
This initiative has resulted in over 6,000 solar
systems with an installed capacity of 3.2 MW
been put in place.
 Also government recently launched a
200,000 rooftop solar system project in
homes which aims to save nearly 120 MW of
electricity daily.
 China- Ghana South-South cooperation on
renewable energy technology transfer
 Access to information by the Public
17

Constraints, Gaps, Technical and Capacity needs
 Institutional challenges relating to
tracking Climate Finance
 Inadequate financial allocation in National
Budget
 Assessment also taken by Global
Environmental Management in 2005
revealed that, monitoring of capacity and
technical assistance was low and also the
absorptive capacity of the knowledge
transfer still needed some improvements.
Breakdown of climate change financial inflows

 Climate change will prove to be a serious challenge to developing countries and is likely
to encumber its socio-economic well- being. Developing countries are most exposed to
climate change. They are also directly reliant on climate-sensitive natural resource for
income generation and survival
 Some Developing countries ( E.g. Ghana) are putting in Good measures & policies in
order to achieve Climate protection Goals.
 In many developing countries there are difficulties in integrating adaptation concerns into
national policy due to low staff capacity for planning, monitoring and evaluation; Financial
constraints and limited awareness of adaptation among stakeholders and the population
5.0 CONCLUSION

Chandler, W. (2002). Climate change mitigation in Developing countries. Pew
Center.
Lalthapersad-Pillay. (2010). The reality of climate change and Africa's
development agenda. African Association of Agricultural Economist.
Neil, e. A. (2003). Adaptation to Climate Change in the developing world. In
Progress in Development studies 3 (pp. 179-195).
Parliament, E. (2007). Climate Change impacts on Developing Countries- EU
Accountability.
Ruck, A. (1999, October). The role of developing countries in the climate regime.
Retrieved 07 2, 2017, from https://germanwatch.org/en/2881
TUBAF| International Business & Development|Adu Ohene Emmanuel, Mohammad Narjespourfaragheh|SS2017|20.06.17 20
References

TNC. (Report to the UNFCCC: 2015 Climate change report).
Tokle, S., & Danso, E. (2007). Joint Evaluation of the GEF Small Grants
Programme.Country Program Case Study: Ghana.
UN. (2008). CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE MOST VULNERABLE COUNTRIES :
THE IMPERATIVE TO ACT.
http://www.iopgc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/climate-change-action-ghana
www.google.com.gh/search?q=THANK+YOU+CLIMATE+CHANGE&source
TUBAF| International Business & Development|Adu Ohene Emmanuel, Mohammad Narjespourfaragheh|SS2017|20.06.17 21
References

DISCUSSION
 Will Developing countries be capable of reaching their target with respect to Climate
Goals? Share experiences from your country and measures been taken
 How can development agencies help vulnerable countries adapt effectively?

The Role of developing countries in achieving Climate protection goals

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