introduction to skull, paired and unpaired bones of the skull, different normas of the skull, norma frontalis, norma occipitalis, norma verticalis, norma basalis, details of norma frontalis and verticalis, bregma, lambddoid suture

1. NORMA FRONTALIS
&
NORMA VERTICALIS
DR SANA YASEEN
ANATOMY DEPARTMENT
KIMS

2. INTRODUCTION
TO SKULL

3. ■ Skull: skeleton of the head is called skull
■ It is divided into two parts:
– Calvaria: brain box
– Facial skeleton including the mandible
 BONES OF THE SKULL:
■ Skull holds 22 bones of which:
– Calvaria : 8 bones
– Facial skeleton : 14 bones
■ These bones are divided in to paired and unpaired bones.

4. CALVARIA / BRAIN BOX :
8 bones
PAIRED UNPAIRED
Parietal Frontal
Temporal Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
FACIAL SKELETON: 14 BONES
PAIRED UNPAIRED
Maxilla Mandible
Zygomatic Vomer
Nasal
Palatine
Inferior nasal
concha
Lacrimal

5. METHODS TO STUDY THE SKULL
■ We can study skull from out side / outer view and from inside /inner view.
■ External features can be studied from different views:
– ANTERIOR VIEW / NORMA FRONTALIS
– POSTERIOR VIEW / NORMA OCCIPITALIS
– SUPERIOR VIEW / NORMA VERTICALIS
– LATERAL VIEW / NORMA LATERALIS
– INFERIOR VIEW / NORMA BASALIS

6. NORMA
FRONTALIS
NORMA
OCCIPITALIS
NORMA
LATERALIS
NORMA
VERTICALIS
NORMA
BASALIS

7. NORMA
VERTICALIS

8. ■ Bones include: from front to back
– Frontal bone (upper part)
– Paritel bone (paired)
– Occipital bone (upper most part)
■ Sutures formed :
– Coronal suture : formed between frontal and two parietal bones
– Sagittal suture: between two parietal bones
– Lambdoid suture: between occipital and two parietal bones

10. FEATURES
■ VERTEX: is the highest point on the sagittal suture
■ BREGMA: is the meeting point between coronal and sagittal suture, also known
as anterior fontanelle which closes at 18 months of age.
■ LAMBDA: is the meeting point between sagittal and lambdoid suture, also knwn
as posterior fontanelle which closes at 2-3 months of age.
■ PARITAL TUBER: its the eminence, is the area of maximum convexity of the
parietal bone. It is also the commonest site of fracture of skull
■ PARIETAL FORAMEN: small opening on either side on the upper part of the
parietal bone. They transmit the emissary veins of scalp into saggital sinus
■ OBELION: Is the point between two parietal foramen
■ TEMPORAL LINES:

12. NORMA
FRONTALIS

13. ■ BONES INVOLVED:
– Frontal bone : forms forehead
– Maxillary bone : upper jaw
– Nasal bones : bridge of nose
– Zygomatic bones : forms superiorlateral part of cheek
– Mandible: forms lower jaw
■ It is studied under different regions;
– Frontal region
– Orbital opening
– Nasal apperture
– Lower part of face

14. FRONTAL REGION
ORBITAL REGION
NASAL APERTURE
LOWER REGION

15. FRONTAL REGION
■ Superciliary arches
■ Glabella
■ Nasion
■ Frontal tuber / eminnence:

16. ORBITAL OPENING
■ Supra orbital margin
■ Lateral orbital margin
■ Medial orbital margin
■ Infraorbital margin
Supra orbital
foramen

17. NOSE:
■ Is pear shape
■ Boundaries:
– Above: lower border of nasal bone
– Below: maxilla ( nasal notch)
■ Nasal bone is the most commonly ractured bone of the face.
ARTICULATION:
■ Anterior: with opposite bone via internasal suture
■ Posterior: with frontal process of maxilla
■ Superior: with frontal bone by frontonasal suture
■ Inferior: upper nasal cartilage

18. INFERIOR
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
SUPERIOR
Nasion
Inferior nasal spine

19. LOWER PART OF FACE
■Maxillary bone
■Zygomatic bone
■mandible

20. ■MAXILLA:
NASAL NOTCH
ANTERIOR NASAL
SPINE
INFRAORBITAL
FORAMEN
INCISIVE FOSSSA
CANINE FOSSA
FRONTAL PROCESS
ZYGOMATIC
PROCESS
ALVEOLAR PROCESS

21. ■ ZYGOMATIC BONE:
■ Forms the prominence of the cheek
■ Zygomaticofacial foramen is seen on its surface. It transmits zygomatico
facial nerve which is the branch of maxillary nerve.

22. THANK YOU...