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3. The Skull
The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure,
formed by two sets of bones;
❖Cerebral Cranium:(Larger, postero-superior part)
• contains and protects the brain,
• provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles.
❖ Facial Cranium:(Smaller, antero-inferior part)
• Provides framework of face, sense organs and teeth
• Provides openings for the passage of air and food
• Anchor the facial muscles of expression
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint
4. □ Bones of Cerebral cranium / Calvaria (8)
■
■
■ Single bones(4): include
frontal bone ,
ethmoid bone ,
sphenoid bone ,
occipital bone.
Paired bones (4): include
temporal bones
parietal bones
Middle Ear Ossicles (6)
malleus (2)
incus (2)
stapes (2)
The Skull (Cranium)
7. □ Bones of facial cranium (15)
■
■ Single bones (3) include
mandible,
vomer,
hyoid bone.
Paired bones (12): include
maxilla,
nasal bone,
lacrimal bone,
palatine bone,
zygomatic bone,
inferior nasal concha.
The Skull (Cranium)
8. Facial bones - Mnemonic
□Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra
Laugh!
□ Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic
Lacrimal
a mind memory and/or learning aid.
9. □ from above (norma verticalis)
□ from below (norma basalis),
□ from the side (norma lateralis),
□ from behind (norma occipitalis),
□ from the front (norma frontalis).
Exterior of Skull (Terminology)
13. SUTURES
▪Suture - A line formed by
the junction of two skull
bones
CORONAL SUTURE: juction
between frontal & parietal bones.
SAGITTAL SUTURE: juction
between two parietal bones.
LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE: juction
between parietal bones & occipital
bone.
SQUAMOUS SUTURE: juction
between parietal & temporal bones.
14. FONTANELLES
Anterior fontanelle (soft spot.) –
•The junction where the two frontal and two parietal
bones meet.
•The anterior fontanelle remains soft until about 2 years
of age.
Posterior fontanelle –
•The junction of the two parietal bones and the occipital
bone.
•The posterior fontanelle usually closes first, before the
anterior fontanelle, during the first several months of an
infant's life.
20. Anterior cranial fossa
□Formed by orbital
part of frontal bone,
cribriform plate of
ethmoid, and lesser
wings of sphenoid
□Structures:
■ frontal crest
■ foramen cecum
■ crista galli
■ cribriform plate
■ cribriform foramina
21. Middle cranial fossa
□Formed by the body
and greater wings of
sphenoid, petrous part
of temporal
□ Structures:
■ body of sphenoid bone
■ hypophysial fossa
■ optic canal
■ anterior clinoid process
■ tuberculum sellae
■ dorsum sellae
■ posterior clinoid process
■ sella turcica
25. Bones of the Skull (inferior view)
□alveolar arch
□bony palate
□median palatine
suture
□incisive foramina
□incisive canal
□greater palatine
foramen
□posterior nasal
apertures
□pterygoid process
26. Bones of the Skull (inferior view)
□occipital condyle
□external opening of
hypoglossal canal
□external opening of
carotid canal
□styloid process
□stylomastoid foramen
□mandibular fossa
□articular tubercle
27. □ Cranium is divided into cranial vault and the base
□ Internally, prominent bony ridges divide skull into
distinct fossae. The skull contains smaller cavities
■ Middle and inner ear cavities – in lateral aspect of
cranial base
■ Nasal cavity – lies in and posterior to the nose
■ Orbits – house the eyeballs
■ Air-filled sinuses – occur in several bones around
the nasal cavity
□ The skull contains approximately 85 named openings
■
■
Foramina, canals, and fissures
Provide openings for important structures
□ Spinal cord
□ Blood vessels serving the brain
□ 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Overview of Skull Geography
28. FRONTAL BONE
□Forms the forehead and roofs of the
orbits
□Forms superciliary arches
□Internally, it contributes to the
anterior cranial fossa
□Contains frontal sinuses
□Articulates posteriorly with the
parietal bones via the coronal suture
29. FRONTAL BONE
. Major markings:-
➢Supra-orbital margin :arch of
bone above he orbital opening
➢Superciliary arch :the ridge of
bone above the orbital margin
➢glabella :midline point
between the paired superciliary
arches
➢supraorbital notch :notch in
the supra-orbital margin
30. OCCIPITAL BONE
□Forms the posterior portion of the
cranium and posterior cranial fossa
□Articulates with the temporal bones and
parietal bones
□Foramen magnum located at its base and
communicates with the vertebral canal
31. OCCIPITAL BONE
Consists of a Squamous, Basilar, and
Two Lateral (Condylar) Portions
Major markings:-
➢
➢
➢
➢
External occipital protuberance :
Superior nuchal lines :low
transverse ridge on the external
surface of squamous part
Inferior nuchal lines
Occipital condyles
Anteriorly:-
➢ Hypoglossal Canal (l2th C. Nerve)
➢ Condylar Canal (Emissay Vein )
33. Parietal Bones and Sutures
□Form superior and lateral parts of skull
□Four important sutures of the cranium
■Coronal suture – Junction between frontal and
parietal bones anteriorly
■Squamous suture – Junction between parietal
and temporal bones inferiorly
■Sagittal suture – Junction between right and left
parietal bones superiorly
■Lambdoid suture – Junction between the
parietal and occipital bone posteriorly
34. PARIETAL BONES
Cover much of the top
and sides of the brain
Major markings:-
Superior temporal line:
attachement point of the
temporal fascia.
Iferior temporal line :
attachment point for the
temporal muscle
35. Temporal Bones
□Lie inferior to parietal bones
□Form the inferolateral portion of the skull
□Term “temporal”
■Comes from Latin word for time
□Specific regions of temporal bone
o Squamous,
o temporal,
o petrous,
o Mastoid.
37. TEMPORAL BONE
Major markings:-
➢Squamous (flat portion of the
bone that projecting superiorly
toward the parietial bone )including
its Zygomatic Process
➢Tympanic Bone (External
Auditory Cana) around the ear
➢Mastoid (Mastoid Air Cells
) behind the ear
➢Petrous Bone (surrounds the
inner ear), containing Otic Labyrinth
and Internal Auditory Canal (IAC )
➢Styloid Process
39. The Sphenoid Bone
□Butterfly-shaped bone that forms part of
the floor of the anterior, middle, and
posterior cranial fossae.
□“Keystone” of the cranial floor because it
articulates with all the other cranial
bones.
□Consists of a central body, greater wings,
lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
41. SPHENOID BONE
Body:
❖central part of the sphenoid
bone
❖ sphenoid air sinuses
Three pairs of
projections:
Lesser Wings, the more superior
(contains Optic Canal )
Greater Wings , the intermediate
(contains Foramina Ovale,
Rotundum, and Spinosum )
Pterygoid Processes, the most
inferior
43. Parts of Sella Turcica
➢Dorsum Sellae: the back wall
➢Hypophysial Fossa: central
depression in which pituitary gland sits.
➢Posterior Clinoid Proces: samll
lateral extension
➢ Tuberculum Sellae: horizontal ridge
, along the anterior portion
Major Openings:-
foramina rotundum,
ovale,
spinosum;
optic canals;
superior orbital fissure
SPHENOID BONE
44. ETHMOID BONE
□Lies between nasal and sphenoid
bones
□Forms most of the medial bony region
between the nasal cavity and orbits,
the ethmoid sinuses
46. .ETHMOID BONE
Major markings:-
•Horizontal Cribriform Plate; (
passage olfactory nerve)
•Two Lateral
Masses( Labyrinths);
•Perpendicular Plate Ethmoidal
Labyrinths consist of Air Cells and
•Superior and Middle Nasal
Conchae,
•Uncinate Process (one on each
side)
•Crista Galli, for the attachment
of FaIx Cerebri
•Orbital Plate forms the medial
wall of the respective eye
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54. ■
□
□
❑
■
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
Single bones (3): include
mandible,
vomer,
hyoid bone.
Paired bones (12): include
maxilla,
nasal bone,
lacrimal bone,
palatine bone,
zygomatic bone,
inferior nasal concha.
Bones of facial cranium
55. Mandible
□U-shaped bone forming the lower jaw
□The largest and strongest facial bone
□Composed of two main parts
■Horizontal body
■Two upright rami
56.
57. Mandible
Figure 7.8a
•Major markings:-
•Body: the anterior part of the
mandible
•Rami: the angled portion
that joins the posterior portion
of body
•Condylar Process: posterior
extension of ramus
•Coronoid Process: anterior
extension of the ramus
•Mental Symphysis: union
point of the two halves
58. Mandible
•Mental Foramen: transmits the
mental neurovascular bundle
•Alveolar Process: where the
teeth are embedded
•Mandubular Condyle: rounded
head of condylar process ,
articulate with madibular fossa of
the temporal bone.
•Mandibular Notch: concavity
between codylar and coronoid
process
59. Maxillary Bones
□Second Largest Facial
bone, forming the midface
□Articulate with all
other facial bones
except mandible
□Contain maxillary
sinuses – largest
paranasal sinuses
□Forms part of the
inferior orbital fissure
61. Maxillary Bones
Major markings:-
□ Body
□ Four Processes
• Zygomatic: projects toward the zygomatic
bone
• Frontal: toward the frontal bone
• Alveolar : inferior extension that contain
sockets for teeth
• Palatine: form hard plate
□ Incisive Foramen : passageway for nasopalatine
vessels
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65. Other Bones of the Face
□Zygomatic bones
■Form lateral wall of orbits
□Nasal bones
■Form bridge of nose
□Lacrimal bones
■Located in the medial orbital walls
□Palatine bones
■Complete the posterior part of the hard
palate
66. Other Bones of the Face
□Vomer
■Forms the inferior part of the
nasal septum
□Inferior nasal conchae
■Thin, curved bones that project
medially form the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity
67. Palatine Bones
•Horizontal and Vertical portions
•Irregularly shaped (L-shaped) bones forming the;
o posterior part of the hard palate,
o the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the
medial pterygoid plate and the maxilla &
o the posterior part of the floor of the orbit.
o The horizontal plates form the posterior part of
hard palate, separating the nasal cavity from oral
cavity.
74. ❑A roughly triangular,
single, thin bone,
❑Joins with the
perpendicular plate of
ethmoid to form bony
septum that divides the
nasal cavity into right and
left.
Vomer Bone
76. Lacrimal Bones
❖Anterior portion of the
medial wall of the orbit .
➢Lacrimal fossa;
depression at the junction
of the lacrimal and maxilla
bones that hold the lacrimal
sac.
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80. Special Parts of the Skull
□Orbits
□Nasal cavity
□Paranasal sinuses
□Hyoid bone
86. Paranasal Sinuses
□Air-filled sinuses,lined with mucous
membrane
□ Located within
■Frontal bone
■Ethmoid bone
■Sphenoid bone
▪ Maxillary bones Secrete mucous into nasal cavity
▪ Lighten the skull
▪ Resonate the voice
90. □ Ethmoidal cellules
□
■ Lie in ethmoidal bone,
■ Large number of air cells,
divided into anterior, middle
and posterior groups
■ Anterior and middle, groups
drain into middle nasal
meatus, while posterior group
drains into superior nasal
meatus
Sphenoidal sinus
■ Lies in body of sphenoid bone
■ Drain into sphenoethmoidal
recess
91. HYOID BONE
Small & U-shaped bone
located between the
mandible and larynx.
Made of 5 parts:-
-Body : central portion
-2 Greater horns:
posterior extension from body
-2 Lesser horns:
samll superior extension from the
body
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94. Malleus
□Two main parts:
□Manubrium- adheres
to the tympanic
membrane,
□Head- articulates with
the incus.
□Also has two
processes: one anterior
and one lateral
95. Incus
3 principal parts:
□ body
□ two processes ( short
and long).
□Head articulates with
head of the malleus
□End of the long process
(lenticular process)
articulates with head of
the stapes.
□Short process attached to
the cavity wall.
96. Stapes
□looks like a stirrup.
□four components:
•
•
•
•
•
footplate,
two crura (posterior
and anterior),
head.
The head articulates
with incus.
footplate covers the
oval window.
100. The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
□Membranous bones begin to ossify in second
month of development
□Bone tissue grows outward from ossification
centers
□Many bones of the face and skull form by
intramembranous ossification
□Endochondral bones of the skull
■Occipital bone
■Sphenoid
■Ethmoid bones
■Parts of the temporal bone
101.
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