S5c10 chapter 10-reticular canal system (rcs).

Contentsof Section5: Reticularcanal system forInterlinkingIndianRivers.
Chapter10-Reticularcanal system(RCS).
10.1-This wasmy initial plansforRCS.
10.2-My past effortsforRCS.
10.3-IntroductiontoRCS and DefinitionsinRCS.
10.4-Principles of RCS.
10.5-Modular explanationforthe principle of RCS.
10.6-Comparisonbetweendeclining(Unidirectional flow)andflat(Bidirectionalflow) canals.
10.7-Communicatingcanalsbetweenwestandeastflowingrivers.
10.8-RCS survey.
10.9-The riversurvey.
10.10-Estimationof the axisof the Coastal area and the River.
10.11-Estimationof the areaof Land betweenthe coastal border,adjacentriverandthe future
primarychannel:
10.12-Estimationof the flowof waterinthe River:
10.13-Estimationof the requiredwaterperunittime andthe flow inthe primarychannel:
10.14-Estimationof the Primarychannel size basedonthe waterrequirement:
10.15-Data collectionbeforethe survey:
10.16-Componentsof the survey:Historyandfindings.
10.17-The coastal and riversurveyteam.
10.18-The coastal and riverSurveyprocedure.
10.19-The Central,Coastal & Zonal divisionsforthe purpose of workdecentralization.
10.20-Utilizationof presentworkingsystemtodecrease the National economicburden –
Engineering,Navy,Army andothers:
10.21-The Surveyteamtraining.
10.22-Duration of the project.
10.23-The Definitions&NomenclaturesinRCS:
10.24-Data compilingtoidentifythe PCsite.
10.25-The secondstage surveyforidentifyingthe Primarychannel site/course andtestingthe
channel patency:
10.26-The Electroniccontrol systemof RCS:
10.27-Utilizationof these surveyfindingsforfurtheractivities:
10.28-The standardizedgate systemforRCS:
10.29-Safetymeasuresinthe projectforthe workingpeople.
10.30-Advantagesof the reticularcanal system.
10.31-Disadvantagesof the RCS:
10.32-Siltinganderosioninnatural and artificial waterpathways:
10.33-The Stepsof National Irrigationproject(NIP):
10.34-The national irrigationproject-reticularcanal system (NIP-RCS)- Administrative committees
10.35-NIP- RCS-Scientificcommittees.
10.36-Administrative activities.
10.37-Rehabilitation.
10.38-Finance for the survey.
10.39-Finance for Creationof RCS.
10.40-Total expense forRCS.
10.41-Finance for maintenance perannum.
10.42-Annual income of the RCS .
10.43-Expense – Income balance sheet.
10.44-NIP Intelligence.
10.45-The RCS law.

Chapter 10: Reticular canal system (RCS).
10.1. This was my initial plans for RCS.
Map: This was my one of the initial plan for interlinking Indian rivers, with little science in it.
10.2. My past efforts for RCS.
These were my past efforts towards making my nation a developed nation.
This was the letter I had written in the past along with the book on ‘RCS for Interlinking Indian
Rivers’, and it was sent to some of the leaders to consider my project.
Manual on Reticular Canal System for Interlinking Indian Rivers .
Prepared by Dr. Shivu.
To, (Mentioned at the end of this letter)
From,
Dr. P. Shivu. MBBS, DCH.
Ramapura Post – PIN 571444.
Kollegal taluk, Chamarajanagar district,
Karnataka,

Phone: Mobile (BSNL): 9448477380, 9449885998.
Residence: 08225-274312.
Respected Sir,
Subject:Requisitionfor implementing my project called “Reticular Canal System “for “Inter linking
Indian Rivers “and to give me an opportunity to work for the same by providing me a suitable
“Placement or Appointment” in the “Committee on Water resources of Government Of India” as a
full time job to reach my target of making the entire nation to get sufficient water (Irrigation) for
agriculture, industry and for domestic purpose as early as possible.
I had preparedaprojectcalled“Inthe pathof makingIndiaa developedcountry”tomake ournation
a developedcountryafterseeingand facing many problems related to the socioeconomic status of
the people andbymyself throughoutmylife.InthatprojectI had gone throughmanyaspectsof the
nation like irrigation, agriculture, industrialization, education, business, health, model village –
model nationconcept(A CDof that projectissent along with it). And I had discussed that project in
brief with many of our leaders and commissions like
1. Sri Samba Shivarao, Chairman, and the Committee members, Standing Committee on Water
resources, Room no 609, sixth floor, Parliament house annex, New Delhi -110001. And I had
appeared and presented my views on ‘Inter linking of Rivers’ on Jan 18, 2006 after noon in
committee room D. (Letter No 13/1/ (i)-WR/2004).
2. Sri M. V.Rajashekaran.Ministerof statesforplanning,Governmentof India,Planningcommission,
Yojanabhavan, Sansad marg, New Dehli [Letter dated 26th
sep 2005–No. 3576/VIP/MOS (P)/05] and
he forwarded the project for discussion with Sri. Shekaran, Member planning commission of India
(For Irrigation), and I had a short discussion with him at his office at planning commission of India.
3. Sri. RajashekaraMurthy,Rajyasabhamember,Governmentof India.Ihada discussionwith him at
hisresidence atBangalore andhe gave a forwardingletterto consider my project to Sri. A. S. Chera,
Director, Parliament secretariat office, Room number152, 1st
floor, Parliament house annex, New
Dehli.
4. Sri. Dharam singh, Immediate past chief minister of Karnataka, had given the forwarding letter
(No/CM/HO/123/2006) to Sri. M.V. Rajashekaran, Minister of states for planning, Government of
India to consider my project.
5. Smt. Parimala Nagappa, MLA, Hanur constituency, Chamarajanar district, Government of
Karnataka,had giventhe forwardinglettertoSri.M.V.Rajashekaran,Ministerof states for planning,
Government of India, to consider my project.

6. Sri. Chidananda. MLC, Government of Karnataka, had given the forwarding letter to Sri. M.V.
Rajashekaran, Minister of states for planning, Government of India to consider my project;
All appreciated the effort of mine to make my country a developed country.
The Standing Committee on Water Resources, also appreciated the work, and told me in the
presentationtoprepare some more details regarding Reticular canal system for Interlinking rivers;
and said that, ‘we may need to discuss the project in detail in the coming days’.
Now I had prepared the details regarding my project sufficient to start the work for Interlinking of
rivers in the form of this book by name “Manual on Reticular canal system for Interlinking Indian
Rivers”andI am sending this project book and the CD of the project to you waiting for the positive
answerformy requisition.EventhoughIama pediatricianbymyprofession,mygreatambitionis to
eradiate the word hungry/poverty for a man with a good mind to work and in this process the first
stepisto create landequalitybyprovidingirrigationtoall the landavailable for agriculture and thus
to increase the production in agriculture with equality in the lands like today’s dry, semi irrigated
and irrigated lands. I wish you will give (or recommend the concerned) me a full time placement/
appointmentinthe Committee onWaterresources so that I can work for all the time and complete
my workas earlyas possible bybecomingone of the working member in the team by involving the
government to the full extent as explained in the book.
Yours sincerely,
(Dr. Shivu. P.)
Date: 08.08.2006.
Place: Chamarajanagar, Karnataka.
And the copies were sent to,
Sri. A. P. J. Abdul kalam, President of India, India.
Sri. Manmohan Singh, Prime minister of India, India.
Sri.Samba Shivarao, Chairman, Standing Committee on Water resources, Room no 609, sixth floor,
Parliament house annex, New Delhi -110001.
Sri M. V.Rajashekaran.Ministerof states for planning, Government of India, Planning commission,
Yojanabhavan, Sansad marg, New Dehli – 110001.
10.3. Introduction to RCS and Definitions in RCS.
It isa newconceptinIrrigationinvolvingall the present technologies related to irrigation proposed
with the aim to eradicate the drought from ‘most of the parts of this world’ in general and from
‘India’ in particular and to prevent the flood to the possible extent.

It isthe methodtoutilize the available surface water to the maximum extent on the land in an eco
friendly way before it becomes salty as it reaches the sea.
Deforestation (For example - The roots of the trees will not get sufficient water to survive with
decreasing underground water level), desertification, less rain, malnutrition/nutrition related
diseases, poverty, animals dying of dehydration, pollution, global warming are the ongoing
ecological disasterandwe will ‘landupingrave disaster’if we are notthinkingaboutthe solutionfor
the same. Such expected disasters needs to be addressed with reforestation, soil conservation,
preventing rural to urban migration by preventing repeated loss in agriculture, preventing
uncontrolledurbanizationand so on. All these depend on improving the rural economy, education
and infrastructure.
Majority of the India is agriculture based rural population and this industry need the water as the
basicneed.If we are notgettingwaterfor thisindustrythenwe will allow presentongoingecological
disaster to progress and the present one third nation which is covered by the drought prone areas
may progress to more than 50% in the next one or two decades.
So it is the crucial time that we need to think how we can eradicate this problem of drought,
increase the rural economy and make them involve in the process of reforestation and soil
conservation. Irrigation (Water) is the backbone of life in general and agriculture in particular. It is
alsonecessarytokeepinmindaboutthe ‘knowledge,skill and the profession of the majority of the
Indian population’.
It is my heart full effort to prevent the expected disaster in the near future like deforestation and
desertification expanding to the larger area of the nation and the idea born out of this problem is
the conceptcalled‘reticularcanal systemforInterlinkingIndianrivers’.Mypresent writings may not
fulfillall the technological criteria’s, but I am sure, it will be an eye opening for the solution of the
problems like drought and flood.
RCS isthe systemof collectingthe waterfromthe higherlevel atmultiple pointsanddistributing the
water to all the drought prone areas at multiple points. As RCS is collecting the water at multiple
points from the higher level, it also prevents the genesis of flood to certain extent at the present
flood prone areas.
RCS will actlike a ‘bridge’ina‘reticularfashion’betweenfloodanddroughtprone areagivingjustice
to both.
It isthe systemof collectingthe waterfromvariousriversstartingfromGangaand ending at Chittar,
and distributing the water according to the need for the entire India (J&K is not focused at this
stage).
All the naturallyflowingwaterpathways,the canalsthatwe create to interlinkthe rivers,the various
canals that we create to distribute the water from these water pathways will look like the web of
canalsin the formof reticuluminaerial view with all the major - minor and natural - artificial water
pathways, thus the name Reticular Canal system for this system of Interlinking Indian rivers.
(Note: Presentations on this new concept of RCS are uploaded in the net at
‘www.slideshare.net/drshivu’.)

Every drop of water is accessible by all the states which comes under the particular PC.
Water will automaticallydistributesequallyasthe water level changes in the primary canal, thus all
the states coming below that primary canal will get the water and no state need not ask another
state to release the water.
RCS is like a post office; it receives letters from various post boxes and distributes it to various
houses. RCS is like a college, new batch of students enters the college and the students who
completes the course goes out of the college, RCS is like a bank, credit comes from one side and
debitgoesonotherside,RCSis like abus,new passagesgetsinand few passengers gets down from
the bus.
RCS is a system of collecting and distributing the water, which is,
1. Simple in creation,
2. Surface in situation (so, it is available for use all along the course),
3. Safe,evenif itbreaksdown (Imagine the difference between breaking the tank on one side and
the pipe on the other side),
4. Secure even in the absence of monitoring,
5. Synergistic to the present irrigation system,
6. Saves money in creation and maintainace still irrigates ‘larger surface’.
7. Sustainable in long run in the service of irrigating the land,
8. Sufficient in volume (TMC), thus ‘Say’ no to disputes.
Existence of the life basicallydependsupon‘waterandAir’.We needwaterandfoodforour survival
and the food are generated from the plants, plants need water for their growth.
Whenwe lookat the history,inthe pastmost of the humanpopulationwere residingat the bank of
the rivers. This indicates that they depend on river for their water source. May be because of
populationovergrowthorbecause of the bad experienceswithnatural calamitieslike floods,people
started living away from the river, also in the plain land.
We know earth has got plenty of water over it, but it is very much unequally distributed.
‘If all of us make up our mind, it is definatly possible to irrigate the entire land and the nation’- to
grow the crops andto drinkgood water.God iskindenoughtogive plentyof wateron the earth; we
have to put our effort to get the water to the places where we live.
Good and potable water is very much essential for maintaining good health, continuous and
adequate water supply over all the 365 days is essential for agriculture and industry, so there is a
need to improve irrigation. When irrigation improves, Agriculture improves, and it is possible to
create more agriculture relatedindustries.Asthe productionin the field of agriculture and industry

improvesthe economyimprovesandthe povertydecreases,andwe canexpectimprovement in the
field of education, transportation, housing and health.
Definitions in Reticular canal system:
It isthe systemof collectingthe waterfromvariousriversstartingfromGangaand ending at Chittar,
and distributing the water according to the need for the entire India (J&K is not focused at this
stage).
All the naturallyflowingwaterpathways,the canalsthatwe create to interlinkthe rivers,the various
canals that we create to distribute the water from these water pathways will look like the web of
canalsin the formof reticulumwithall the major - minorand natural - artificial waterpathways,thus
the name Reticular Canal system for system of interlinking Indian rivers.
Picture: RCS of India.
The entire nationwill be irrigatedbythese canals,excluding the areas like those forest areas which
acts as the feedingareasfor these canals, and at present the I have not covered the area of J&K for
the present RCS, but not for VPA – MV – MN.
Theoreticallyspeaking,itispossible tointerlinkanyriverinone continent, if the catchment areas of
the different river basin are having continuity with land. But the cost involved in interlinking the
rivers, the length, the structures we need to construct to bypass the geographical variation and so
on,needto be consideredanditshouldbe environmental friendly,economicallyfeasibleandshould
be practical.

Picture: RCS of India in the world.
The canals created in this system will be classified as
1. Primary canal.
2. Secondary canal.
3. Tertiary canal.
4. Quaternary canal.
Types of canal that we are going to create in this system;
1. Primary canal : The canal which connects two adjacent rivers.
A. Natural primary canal, e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal) .
B. Artificial primary canal , e.g. Created canals.
2. Secondary canal : The canal which drains water from the primary canal.
A. Natural secondary canal e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal) .
B. Artificial secondary canal , e.g. Created canals.
Types of canal that we are going to create in this system;
3. Tertiary canal : The canal which drains water from the secondary canal.
A. Natural tertiary canal, e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal).
B. Artificial tertiary canal, e.g. Created canals.
4. Quaternary canal: The canal which drains water from the tertiary canal.
A. Natural quaternary canal e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal).
B. Artificial quaternary canals, e.g. Created canals.
Some terminologies we use in this system:
River elevator: To elevate the top flowing level of the river, to make the river to flow down in the
course we require. This is constructed across the river.

Picture: Natural river pathway.
Picture: River elevator across .
Canal elevator: To maintain the needed top water level in the canal at places where we do not get
the required earths height. This is constructed along the course of canal on one side.
Picture: Canal elevator – side view.
Picture: Canal elevator top view.

Directcanal connectors:These are the canal createdbydigginglittle deep toavoidcircumscribingan
elevated area and thus saving large length of the unnecessary canal.
Picture: Direct canal connector.
U tube: This is a closed canal system in the shape of U with water receiving end at a higher level
than the water discharging end thus the water is going to flow from one end of the U tube to
another end by Gravity.
Picture: U tube.
Bi dam:(twodam) the wall like structure constructedalongthe course the canal at places where we
do not get the required earths height. Mostly they are the parallel walls constructed on either the
sides of the future water flowing path.
Picture: Bi dam.

Picture: Bi dam - FPC1 start to Gambhir500-D1-431.
Y Bi dam: Bi dam with the diversion path in the shape of Y.
Picture: Y – Bi dam.
Aqua duct: Water path way sitting on the pillars, so that the water from another side will flow
beneath or for other uses.
Flow based canals (Unidirectional flow of water): Where the starting point of the canal will be at a
higherlevel than,the endingpoint,thusthe waterwillbe flowingfromthe higherlevel to the lower
level in one direction.
Flat canal system (Bidirectional flow of water): This is the canal with the same level on either the
ends. Here the active flow from one end of the canal to another end is not targeted, but filling of
water from any point (by any river /source) will raise the level of the water all along the course of
the canal, so that we can discharge the water from any part of the canal all along the course
according to our requirement based on the principle of bidirectional flow.

10.4. Principles of RCS.
Today almost all our irrigation projects are based on Dams / bounding. We create a dam across a
river or a bounding across a valley and we store water there, we create main channels from the
Reservoir,fromthe mainchannel we create subchannels,like thatmanymore channelsare created.
At all the levels a controlling gate will be there.
Now in this system, we will consider the river itself as the main channel and we will be creating
multiple ‘primarychannels’ from the river itself and a controlling gate (Barrier wall – bw) between
the river and the primary channel.
From primary channel the secondary and thus the tertiary and quaternary channels arises.
Here importance for storage is not given. Nature will take the responsibility of supplying water
continuously through raining, continuous flow of rivers, etc. So, we can save lot of construction
chargesand responsibility of protecting these reservoirs. And, in case we need to store the water,
we can store it ineach village panchayatbya Reservoir,thatmayalreadyexistorneedtobe created
newly.The basiclogicis,insteadof storingthe waterina bigway inone place,we will be storing the
water in small scale at multiple places according to our need.
Reticular Canal System (R.C.S.):
The primarychannel arisesat multiplesitesfromthe riverand theyinterconnectthe entire nationin
a reticular fashion. The channels may interconnect one river with the other, one primary channel
withthe other,one riverwith another primary channel, or one primary channel with another river.
In the followingpicture the channelsinterconnectingrivertoriver(R-R), primary channel to primary
channel (PC-PC), river to primary channel (R-PC) and primary channel to the river (PC-R) is shown.
Picture: RCS with PC.
All the Primary channels that arises from one river, should end either at the same river or at
another river or at another primary channel or at any water pathway which may be artificial or
natural or at the sea.
Like that the secondarychannel arisesatthe primarychannel andendsat the same primary channel
or at another primary channel or at the river or at any water pathway which may be artificial or

natural or at the sea. In the similar manner the starting and ending pattern is maintained for all
other channel systems like tertiary or quaternary channel systems.
Picture: RCS with PC, SC, TC & QC.
Thisis verymuchessential formaintainingsafety.Wheneverthere isbreakdownof the gate system,
eithernaturally(oldgates) or manually (evil force, etc) the water should reach its ultimate destiny
without giving any trouble to the people.
Utilization of nature for reticular canal system:
We need not dig the entire canal system. We may have to create channels for few kilometers at
some points, where there are obstruction for the proposed flow, may be a hill or height between
two points.
So that the nature is not disturbed to the maximum extent, the work in creating the channel is
reduced to very minimum, creation cost is decreased, can irrigate more area and the people can
actively involved in channel creation.
Most of the canals will be created between 150 to 700 meters above the mean sea level (MSL).
We may have to create different sets of primary canal system at different sea levels, for example
one setof channel betweenthe sealevel 150 to 200 meters,anothersetbetween200 to 250 meters
and so on.
Water alwaysflowfromahigher level to the lower level in its natural path, so if we need to utilize
the watercompletelyitisbettertodivertthe directionof flow ata higher level only, where there is
sufficient water available for irrigation and the excess volume of water simply entering the sea
withoutanyuseful contributiondecreases,andthuswe can utilize the watertothe maximumextent
at the upper sea levels.
An example is given here,
In the followingpicture River- A isshown,whichisflowingatthe level of 300 metersabove sea level
(In figures) between Hill A (320) and Hill G (330).

It flowsforward, has a ‘Falls’ of height 25 meters and again flows at the land of 275 meters above
the sea level between Hill F (310) and Hill E (310).
NexttoHill A (320), valleyA (310) ispresent,nexttoit,isthe Hill B(340), nexttoit isthe plainland A
(260), suitable for agriculture.
To the east of planland A (280), Hill C(320) ispresent,nexttoitis the rift / valley B (290) is present,
next to it is the hill D (300), next to it is the plain land B (270), suitable for agriculture.
Picture: Utilization of Nature for RCS.
Utilization of Nature for reticular canal system in this example:
We can connect river A (300) with valley B (290) by creating a PC-A (Primary channel A) with the
controlling gate (GA1).
The water starts flowing in the valley (rift) B (290), down and down (VL-280).
From this valley B (290 – 280), which is acting like primary channel A, secondary cannels – SC – A
(Gate 1), SC – B (Gate 2), SC – C (Gate – 3), SC – D (Gate-4) can be created.
Plain land – A (PL – A- 260) can be irrigated with SC – A, SC – B, SC – C and,
Plain land-B (PL – B) can be irrigated with SC – D, PL – B can also be irrigated from SC – E (Gate-5)
which is the branch of PC – B (GA2).
Valley B acts as the natural PC.
Filling and the draining system of the Primary channel:
For a primary channel water is filled from the natural and artificial water paths at different points
fromthe higherlevel,andonthe otherside,waterisutilized/drainedatdifferentpointsintovarious
artificial and natural flow system. The quantity of water at any point/place in the primary channel
dependsonthe quantityof flowof waterinthe primarychannel itself fromthe proximalcanal at the
higher level, the quantity of flow from the filling system from the upper level, the quantity of
outflowfromthe canal itself atthe distal canal and the quantityof outflow fromthe drainingsystem

to the lower levels. The water level rises in the primary canal, if the input is more and the output
(utilization)islessandvice versa.The waterlevel/flowwillbe maintained steady if the input equals
the output.Any excess flow in the Primary channel will be flown in to the natural system or it may
reach the other primary channel at a lower level.
Picture4: Filling and the draining system of the PC.
Source of water:
The Source of water is Rain water, underground water, and surface water.
The rain water is very much unpredictable, both floods and droughts are seen in the past.
The undergroundwaterlevelsare variable atdifferentplaces.Itneedsthe surface watertosinkin to
the deeperlayersof the soil.Andwe all know that the ground water level is decreasing day by day,
and most of the open/bore wells are empty today.
Surface water is water of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, sea.
So,when we are creating RCS it is better to depend on the water source that is continuous over all
the 12 months, potable for drinking, sufficient for irrigation and industry.
INDIA is blessed with plenty of rivers that are flowing all the 12 months, and most of the water is
reachingthe sea without any useful utility, for example 70% of the water of GANGA RIVER reaches
the sea.
Nowit isbetterto create the channel systems in such a way that it utilizes the surface water to the
maximum extent, so that least water reaches the sea directly.
Need for continuous and adequate water supply:
The water source should be continuous and adequate then only we can expect good production in
agriculture andindustrial segments.A farmerputsinvestment over the land expecting a good crop.
If the waterisinsufficient,the plantmay dry and die, and no farmer can see the drying plant, and if
he is nearthe water source he will utilizeiteitherlegally or illegally, either by hook or crook, either
by strike or by fasting, either by breaking or retaining the gate. A factory that needs water for its

work may not function properly and may run under loss and the employees, owner and the
costumers are the sufferers.
If we dependonasource whichisnotcontinuous,andwe investlotof money over it in creating the
channel system,the channel mayremainemptymostof the times,and later we may need to create
a new set of channel system with a different flow dynamics based on continuous and adequate
water supply, the previous set of channels becomes a waste and it is a national burden.
Picture 1: Need for continuous and adequate water supply.
In the above picture, an example of Village- A is given in which a stream is flowing and only the
lands on either the sides of the stream are irrigated, and the lands away from the stream are dry
lands. Sometimes the stream dries up during summer and the so called irrigated land also suffers
loss.Relativelythe production from the unit area of irrigated land is more than the unit area of dry
land.
10.5. Modular explanation for the principle of RCS.
The land has different/uneven contours/ levels. This is shown in a prismatic modular form in the
followingpicture.Inthispicture the landwithdifferentlevelsabove the meansealevel isshown,the
lowerarea(seaside) isshowningreencolor,andthe upper area (hill side) is shown in brown color.
For the convenience of our work, we can divide this land in to different contours/levels, like 0-150
meters above mean sea level (meters AMSL) shown in green color, 150-300mts AMSL shown in
parrot green color, 300-450mts AMSL shown in light yellow color, 450-600mts AMSL shown in dark
yellow color, 600-750mts AMSL shown in brown color.

Picture: The land has different/uneven contours/ levels.
The river flows for a short distance with a rapid fall in their natural course:
Rivers always flow in the same natural path. Minimal change in the direction of flow can occur in
certainsituations.Riversmaychange theirflow towardsone borderif there is erosionof the land, or
can shift away from one border if there is deposition of silt at the border. Gross changes can occur
only if there is complete erosion of one border during floods, or when there are changes in the
deeperlayersof the earthlike earthquake. The river is shown in blue line, originating at the upper
level at about 600-750mts AMSL and flowing towards the sea (0mts MSL).
Picture:The Riverflowsfor a short distance with
a rapid fall in their natural course.
In the same way all the river flows, both east and west flowing rivers.

Picture: All the river flows for a short distance with a rapid fall.
It is possible to create the canal system (example; primary canal – shown in red line) directly from
the river. The canal created directly from the river runs for a longer distance and there is a gradual
fall inthe same contour/levelrange byinterlinking/interconnectingthe rivers(example; from Ganga
to Vaigai),andthatprimarycanal will be irrigatingall the land that lies below the level of the canal,
thus, we can irrigate almost all the land suitable for agriculture, by creating suitable and required
numberof primarychannelsatdifferentcontour/levelranges.Andthere isnoneedtodig very deep
canalssince it isflowinginthe same contour/levelrange overthe surface of the land. In this picture
we can see the PC1 meets the first river at 300mts AMSL, and the second river at 150mts AMSL. In
the natural pathway there is a fall of 150 meters with in 100kms, where as in the primary channel
the same 150 metersfall will make the water to flow for 400kms and all the land coming below the
level of that canal can be irrigated with this canal. Similarly the PC2, PC3 also works at different
levels.
Picture: The Primary canal created directly from the river runs for a longer distance and there is a
gradual fall in the same contour/level range.
The secondary channels (shown in thin red lines) arises from the primary channels and ends in
another primary channel/river,

Picture: The secondary channels arises from the primary channels.
Thus,the tertiary(showningreenline),quaternary (shown in thin green line) channels are created
by utilizingnatural waterpathwayslike streams/ valley and other natural water paths in a reticular
fashion.
Picture: The tertiary, quaternary channels are created by utilizing natural water path ways.
Picture:The same principle whichare explainedinthe previousmoduleswill hold good even for the
canalswhichare createdinthe same counter,where the waterwill be distributedall alongthe canal
by rise inthe level of waterasthe water fillsinto the Primary channel, instead of flow towards one
side.

Instead of creating the canals which are declining in their course from the starting point to ending
pointas theyinterlinkthe riversone byone,it is also possible to interlink the rivers by creating the
canals at the same level, thus the water will raise the water in the canal instead of the flow in one
direction.
If we wantto store the water,whenthere isa need,we can utilize the waterof the RCSforfillingthe
natural/ artificial reservoirs (blue and red dotted area respectively), dams, bounding and others.
Picture: We can store the water by utilizing the water of the RCS for filling the natural/ artificial
reservoirs.
The evenlylookingprismaticmodule representsthe differentlandlevelsasseeninthismap,and the
actual level rangesare shownininsidepicture.Andthe probableprimarychannels are shown in the
red line, and each channel is flowing at a level range. Ex. PC1 at 300-450mts AMSL, PC2 at 450-
600mts AMSL, PC3 at 600-750mts AMSL, PC4 at 150-200mts AMSL.

Map: The evenly looking prismatic module represents the different land levels of the earth.
10.6. Comparison between declining (Unidirectional flow) and flat
(Bidirectional flow) canals.
Flow based canal /declining canal / unidirectional flow canal:
Picture: Flow based canal.
Level based canal/Flat canal/ bidirectional flow canal.
Picture: Flat canal.

Comparison between the primary canals which are declining (Unidirectional flow) and flat
(Bidirectional flow):
Declining Primary canals
(Unidirectional flow)
Flat primary canals
(Bidirectional flow)
The starting point of the
canal will be higher than
the ending point in terms
of AMSL.
The starting and the
ending points of the canal
are the same level AMSL.
There is a flow gradient in
the course of the canal.
There is no flow gradient,
only the level of water in
the canal will rise as more
water enters the canal at
any point.
The water flows from the
higher end to the lower
end by gravity.
Water will not be flowing
inthe canal,instead every
drop of water which enter
the canal will make the
water level in the canal to
rise all along its course
and every drop of water
whichleavesthe canal will
make the level of water to
decrease all along its
course.
Water pool at the lower
end if there is less flow of
water in the canal, thus
only the people at the
lower end will be
benefited in the absence
of the gatesinbetween,in
the course of the canal.
There is no pooling of
water at the ends or at
any place in the canal, all
the drops of water will be
equally distributed and
equally accessible to all
the placesbelow the level
of the canal.
Law need to be enforced
to decide howmuchwater
to be flown in each gate.
Only one law is sufficient
to maintain the water in
the canal that ‘at no place
water should enter the
sea, if there is some place
called ‘drought prone’.
Lower canal areas are
prone for damage as the
The entire length of the
canal will have the same

pressure in lower end of
the canal is always more.
possibility of getting the
damage.
If there is damage to the
gates in the course of the
canal,thenthe lowerlevel
canal will be over flown
with the water and the
lowercanal gateswill have
more pressure.
If there is some damage to
the gates in the course of
the canal, then also, the
water on either the sides
of the canalswill be at the
same level, nothing like
enteringmore water from
higher side to lower side
will happen.
This canal will not act as
the reservoirforthe water
even thought there is lot
of space in the canal
available toaccommodate
the water, as the all the
water tends to pool in the
lower end. The actual
capacity of the canal will
be less than the structural
capacity.
This canal will act like a
better reservoir of water
in its entire course, with
rain any where above its
level, thus the actual and
the structural capacity will
correspond.There will not
be thingslike more height
of water at one end and
less height of water or no
water at another end.
Maintenance cost will be
more as these canals are
alwaysflowingwithwater,
and all the complications
related to flow of water
like erosion,removing the
top soil which forms the
bed and the walls of the
canal and dumping them
in the lower canal, the
lower canal is gradually
filling with silt and thus
the capacity of the canal
decreases, thus it may
overflow.The uppercanal
ismore prone fordamage,
by the flowing water
especially in the curves,
that to the canal wall
which is on the low land
There is no active flow of
water in the canal, except
for the rise anddrop inthe
level of water, thus the
damage related to flow
will notoccur. Erosion will
be less with the FPC. The
deposition of silt may be
more on either the sides
of the point where the
riverentersthe FPC, since
simultaneously the water
distributes all along the
length of the canal, thus
the silt particles mixed
with the water will also
distributes all along the
course of the canal. Thus
one segment of canal
completelyfilled with the
silt and thus obstruction

side. the flow of water will not
occur.
If there is rainin the lower
canal area, the upper
canal area will not get the
benefit.
Rain any where above the
level of the level of the
will fill the canal equally,
which is accessible to all
the lands which is below
itslevel.Thus both south ,
east, west and north part
of the India will get the
waterif there israin in the
south , east, west and
north in the limits of the
catchment areas of the
canal and the areas which
comes below its level,
which are accessible to
the canal.
The canal comes closer to
the coastal areas as the
course comesto the south
and thus there is a
possibilitythatmanyareas
of agricultural land may
not get the water of the
primary canal.
The geographical
variations may be present
in terms of distance, but
the canal will notgocloser
to the coastal area unlike
the declining canal. Thus
more land suitable for
agriculture will get the
water from the FPC. Since
the FPC are at the higher
level than the PC, even at
its ends, more hydro
electrical projects can be
established with FPC
system.
The cost of creation
remainsthe same for both
the types of the canal as
the size of the canal
remainsthe same in both.
The cost of creation
remainsthe same for both
the types of the canal as
the size of the canal
remainsthe same in both.
There is only north to
southflow; south to north
flowor southto west flow
There is bi directional
flow,thuseven the rain in
the south can supply
water to the north, and

is not possible. vice versa.
All are not equally
accessible for the every
drop of water present in
the canal.
All the states, which
comes below the level of
the canals are equally
accessible for every drop
of water with much
intervention of law in it.
Effective monitoring and
administration to
distribute the water is
required.
Monitoring and
administration of the
distributionsystemiseasy
as compared to PC, which
is declining
(Unidirectional).
This is a good method to
utilize the water
effectivelywhichis simply
reaching the sea leaving
many areas of land as
drought prone, but not
better than FPC system.
Thismethodisbetter than
the declining PC, and all
the water which is
generatedabove the level
of the canal can be
effectively utilized.
The nation can go for it to
prevent drought and
flood. Why not if better
than this system is
available.
The nation can go for it to
prevent drought and
flood. And this is one of
the best methods of
interlinking the rivers as
permy presentknowledge
and thinking.
10.7. Communicating canals between west and east flowing rivers.
There is a possibility to utilize all West flowing river water by creating short communicating canals
(showningreenline inbrownarea) betweenwestflowingriversandthe pc2.Communicating canals
will feed the pc2 may be in a flash manner, sudden rain – sudden flood, that may fill our storing
system. And this may be useful if more water dependent agriculture comes up in the future.

Picture: It is a possibility to utilize all West flowing river water by creating short communicating
canals.
10.8. RCS survey.
RCS Survey includes Coastal Survey & the survey of the Rivers.
Surveymeansvisualizingthe thinginitsactual / original formandfindingsare recordedinasystemic
manner, which is useful for the present work, easy to understand in the future, provides correct
informationanditbecomesthe documentatthe site inthe formof landmarkandin the paper file &
electronic media as a register.
Why we need to do the survey in RCS?
It is for assessing the future channel sites, in which water flows easily by gravity with ease.
What we have to look in the survey?
We needtolookat the coastal area which is the base for our survey, in which we will be looking at
the length of the coastal area in relation to a particular point of reference (In our project
‘Kanyakumari’isthe reference pointor the starting point for the coastal survey, because it is at the
southtipand the India’scoastal areas are extendingalmostequally on either the sides). We will be
putting one land mark for every two kilometers (for example CM0 at the beginning, CM1 at 2
kilometers, CM2 at 4 kilometers and so on. If a river is joining the sea at 6 kilometers then it is
mentioned as CRP with the river name - CM3), and an extra landmark at the point where the river
joins the sea (for example if a river is joining the sea at 6.6kilometers then it is mentioned as CRP
with the river name - CM3/a). The land marking at every two kilometers may look unnecessary at
present, but it is necessary when multiple secondary channels are reaching the sea at different
places with level sensors at the point where they reach the sea and the area of land fed by the
secondary channel may come up in the future as the water is extensively used through RCS for
revenue collection.Thattime these landmarkswill be useful for the purpose of calculating the area
and for identification. If the 2 kilometer land marking is time consuming and cumbersome at least
once in 5 kilometers we need to put the land mark in the coastal area.
The surveyof the falls and the rapids can be done at any time and the marking of the proximal and
distal two kilometers of the river (Marking are done at every one kilometer) can be done and the

landmarkingsare done from below upwards separately and the details are given to the plain river
survey team. No one is allowed to enter the river water in the top two kilometers in the Survey of
fall’sandRapid’s.The toptwo kilometerlandmarkingis done by using the land survey level meter.
When once we get the details of coastal survey, we can start our survey of plain rivers from the
coastal riverpointto getthe correct data regardingthe level andthe distance valuesof the river.We
needtoendthe surveyof Plain River at the starting landmark of the falls and rapids (FM0), add the
details/valuesof the fall/rapidsandproceedwiththe surveyfromthe endinglandmark of the falls /
rapids, continue the survey till the boat reaches the origin where there is sufficient water for
diversion. Submit this report to the central office for identifying the primary channel site.
10.9. The river survey.
The riversurvey - Estimatingthe Distance versusthe LevelandLevel versusthe Distance of the river;
For RCS, the level of the river is more important at different distances from the sea. Our aim is to
divertthe riverwaterwhichcontainsmore wateras perour needandfeasibility,andtodecrease the
waterenteringthe seawithoutanyuseful activity.So,inthe initial step we need to survey the river
that contain useful amount of water with its level, distance and axis.
Withthe helpof riverlevel (inmetersabove the meansealevel),river distance (in kilometers from
the sea inthe reverse directiontothe flow of river –consideringthe pointthat the meeting point of
the river with the sea is always constant), river axis, coastal distance and the coastal axis (Coastal
level isnothingbutthe meansealevel,thatis0 meterand istakenas constant value) itispossibleto
assess the possible maximum level of the future primary canal with a reasonable level difference
(flowlevel gradient) betweenthe firstandthe secondriverforeasyflow of waterbygravity and also
the area of land that the primary canal irrigates with that segment of primary canal,
Now in the initial step we need to know,
Level of the river.
Distance from the sea – the length of the river.
Axis of the river.
Coastal distances between the adjacent river points where the river joins the sea (Coastal river
point-CRP).
Coastal axis.
Assessment of the Length & Level of the river:
Assessment of the level of the river.
Assessment of the length of the river.
The above two parameters can be assessed in a single set up.

We needto start our journey from the coastal river point, where the river joins the sea. We can go
on estimatingthe level for every unit distance, conveniently at every TWO kilometers, record it in
the file, electronic media and over the land (land mark). It is explained with the help of a picture.
Picture: Assessment of the level of the river starts from CRP.
In thispicture the riverisflowingfromthe higherlevel tothe lowerlevelandjoiningthe sea.The site
where it joins the river is shown inside the box. The box is enlarged in the following picture.
Picture:The level of the water column in the vertical tube represents the actual level at the end of
the flexible tube.
Here there are two pipes,
One flexible pipe (Tape tube)isgoingalongthe course of the river may be two kilometers in length
starting at the coastal river point (MSL – 0 meters). Another rigid pipe with a transparent column
may be 20 metersinheightismade vertical atthe coastal riverpoint(seaendof the floatingflexible
tape tube).The waterisfilledtothe water column with the help of a motor until the water reaches
the upper end (hill end of the flexible tape tube at 2kms), the level of the water column in the

vertical tube is recorded, which gives the level at the 2kms from the costal river point and it is
recorded and the land mark is done. For example Land mark 1 as shown in the following picture.
Picture: Repeat the level measurement once in every 2 kilometers.
In the same manner the journey is continued till the origin of the river and its tributaries. First the
river survey is completed and then the tributaries.
Picture: Continue the level measurement till the origin of the river.
For example the level at the land mark 1 is 10meters. The level at the end of the 2+2 kilometers
(Land mark 2) becomes 10 meters + the height of the water column in meters at land mark 1. If we
continue the same procedure till the origin of the river, we get,
Level of the river at each 2 kilometers distance.
Distance of the river from the sea, in a reverse order.
At the end, the total distance of the river.
The level of the river at which the tributary joins the river.
The distance from the sea at which the tributary joins the river.

The level of the river at which the tributary joins the river and that level landmark can be used for
measuring the levels in the tributary and its feeding valley if needed.
For the sake of uniformity and practical point of view, we shall put the land mark on the south and
westof the rivershore,itisbecause mostof the riversusedinthe reticularcanal system in India are
flowingtowardsthe southand to the east. And all these information can be stored in the form of a
table.
Example - River X:
[Land mark
number.]
[Distance from
the previous
land mark.(In
kilometers)]
[Distance of the
river from the
sea.(In
kilometers)]
[Level
difference from
the previous
land mark. (In
meters)]
[Level of the
river at this
particular land
mark.(In
meters)]
Notes:
Tributary,falls,rapids,land on
either side, important/any
places around it ect.
[0]
[0]
[0]
[0]
[0]
Sea shore at -place name.
[1]
[2]
There is a temple on the river
shore at 1.5 kilometers at 8
meters level. Plain land on
either the side, not suitable

[2]
[10]
[10]
for agriculture, coconut
plantation may be done.
[2]
[2]
[4]
[05]
[15]
City (Name) extending from 3
(at the beginning of the city)
to 3.5 (at the end of the city)
kilometers at 12 (at the
beginning of the city) to 14(at
the end of the city) meters
level of the river and the river
is passing through the city.
[3]
[2]
[6]
[15]
[30]
There is a city (name) 4
kilometers south @ degree*
to river X at 5.5 kilometers at
28 meters level of the river.
[4]
[2]
[8]
[02]
[32]
Plain land with good soil
suitable for growing Paddy
and Sugar cane.
[5]
[2]
[10]
[01]
[33]
Tributary Y is joining river X at
9.5kilometers at 32.5 meters
level (Landmark5/a).The thick
forest starts at 8.5 kilometers
at 32.02meters and extends
up to the next land mark_
(number).
[6]
[2]
[12]
[25]
There is a falls of height of 20
meters at 11.5 kilometers, 35
to 55 meters from base to top
of the falls.

[58]
In the same way it is
continued till the river origin.
[Land mark –
end.]
[Remaining
distance-Maybe
0.6 Kilometers]
[End + 0.6
kilometers =
Total length of
the river.]
[End level
difference.]
[Level at the
origin of the
river.]
The table can Represented in the form of graph.
Picture: Graphical representation of the survey data.
10.10. Estimation of the axis of the Coastal area and the River.
Axisisestimatedbyaxismeter (detailsinthe Instrumentsection), which shows the direction of the
coast or the river in relation to the distance.
Axis of the river, Coastal axis & Axis of the future Primary channel:

The axisof the rivermeansthe directionof the river in which it flows, in relation to the north south
pole and in relation to its distance.
Thisis importantforestimatingthe areabetweenthe two adjacent rivers. The axis with distance of
these two adjacent rivers, the costal border and the primary channel gives the four parameters,
which makes the four borders of an area.
If we knowthe area of the land to be irrigated by a segment of the primary canal, we can asses the
maximum water requirement for that unit area of land per unit time.
If we know the maximum water requirement we can assess the flow and the size of the future
primary channel.
For lower areas the sea shore forms the coastal border, whereas in the upper areas the lower
primary canal replaces the coastal border and thus we get the four limits.
Picture: Axis of the river, Coastal axis & Axis of the future Primary channel.
In thisgraph coastal axisisshowninbrownline,riveraxisisshowninblue line,primary channel axis
is shown in red line. These four lines form an area inside.
Note: Some of the mathematical formulas used in this book are,
1. Area of the square = a × a square units. Where ‘a’ is length of one line which forms the square.
2. Area of the rectangle = l × b square units. Where ‘l‘ is the length, ‘b‘ is the breadth of the
rectangle.
3. Volume of the cube = l × b × h cubic units. Where ‘l’ is the length, ‘b’ is the breadth; ‘h’ is the
height of the cube.
4. Area of the triangle in which it contains one perpendicular angle and the line forming the
perpendicular angle are equal = a2
÷ 2. Where ‘a’ is the length of one of the line which form the
perpendicular angle.

5. Area of the triangle in which it contains one perpendicular angle and the line forming the
perpendicular angle are not equal = a × b ÷ 2. Where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the two lines that forms the
perpendicular angle.
6. Area of the circle = π R2
square units.
7. Volume of the cylinder = π R2
h cubic units.
8. Circumference of the circle = 2 π R units.
9. (a + b) 2
= a2
+b2
+2ab.
10. (a - b) 2
= a2
+b2
-2ab.
11. a 2
= b2
+ c2
. (In the triangle with one perpendicular angle, where ‘a’ is the line facing the
perpendicular angle).
12. One Cumec (cubic meter/sec) flow of water = 3.33 × 3.33 × 3.33 cubic feet/sec (cusecs) = 36.92
cusecs (Near 37 cusecs).
13. TMC: Thousand million cubic feet.
An example of graph with coastal, river and primary channel axis is given.
Picture: Axis of the river, Coastal axis & Axis of the future Primary channel measurements.
If we start our journey in the costal area from ‘CRP2’, the ship travels at an axis of ’-22.50’
(C^1) to
the east in relation to north south pole for a distance of 15.8kms, at ‘CP1’ the axis changes to ‘-450
’
(C^2) and travels for 14.14kms and then at ‘CRP1’ the axis changes to ‘-300
’ (C^3). Here CRP means
Costal RiverPoint,where the river joins the sea. CP means Costal Point, where there is reasonable
change in the axis at the sea coast. C^1 means Angle C1.
If we start our journey in the river A, the river A joins the sea at ‘CRP1’ at an axis of ‘+900
’ (K^1) to
the westinrelationtothe north southpole,and travels for a distance of 10kms. At ‘RA1’ the river A
changesitsaxisto ‘+600
’ (K^2),and runsfor a distance of 11.18kms. AtRA2 the axischangesto ‘+900
’

(K^3) and travels for a distance of 10kms. Again at ‘RPC1-1’ the River A changes its Axis to ‘+600
’ .
RA1meansRiverA point1, where there isa significantaxischange inthe riverflow direction. RPC1-1
means River Primary Channel 1point 1.
If we start our journey in the river B from CRP2, it joins the sea at an axis of ’+ 67.50
’ (V^1) and
travels for a distance of 15.8kms. At RB1 the axis becomes ‘+600
’ (V^2) and travels for a distance of
11.18kms.
Aftermakingsuitable level differencebetween river A and river B for easy flow of water by gravity,
we can identify two points in these adjacent rivers that forms the ends of a line that becomes our
future primary channel. This primary channel will not be in a straight line, because the land level
may notbe uniforminthe straightline,sowe have tofollow the nature and go in the same plane in
a gradually declining (from above downwards) or inclining (from below upwards) manner with
changingaxisall alongthe course.Thus the primarychannel will alsohave changingaxis.Now onthe
land, if we travel in the Primary channel 1by a vehicle and assess the axis and start our journey at
RPC1-2, the primarychannel 1 travelsat an axisof ‘-450
’ (P^1)andtravels for a distance of 14.14kms,
at PC1- 2 the axisbecomes ‘+450
’ (P^2) and travels for a distance of 7.07kms. At PC1-1 it changes its
axis to ‘-450
’ (P^3) and travels for a distance of 7.07kms.
This estimation is not as simple as we saw above, since the coastal area, the river, and the future
primarychannelswill showmultiple curvatures at uneven distances. But, this can be made easy by
creating the software in which the computer is fed with the input information like the speed at
whichvehicle/ship/boatmovesandthusthe distance inrelationtothe axisshownby the axis meter
in a wave/graph form and the data can be obtained immediately.
10.11. Estimation of the area of Land between the coastal
border, adjacent river and the future primary channel:
Minimum three or more border should be there for having an area. If all the borders are straight
lines,tocalculate the areainside the borderwe needthe lengthof eachborderformingthe areaand
alsothe angle at whichtheymeet.If the bordersare notin a straightline then we need to know the
axis of the line with the distance for estimating the area inside the curved lines forming the area.

Picture: Estimation of the area of Land between the coastal border, adjacent river and the future
primary channel.
In the above graph, we have four borders,
Costal border-distance: Total distance = 29.94kms, has two axis deviation -22.50
and -450
and these
forms the borders for two triangular areas.
River A - distance: Total distance = 31.18kms, has three axis deviation, +900
, +600
& +900
.
River B - distance: Total distance = 26.98kms, has two axis deviation, +67.50
& +600
.
The assessed Primary channel A distance: Total distance = 28.28kms, has three axis deviation -450,
+450 & -450.
Now we have four borders which form an area that will be supplied by that segment of primary
channel. Since this area is not uniform, and if we are calculating the area manually, we need to
divide the area in to multiple areas and calculate the total area as shown in the table.
Area
number.
Shape of
the area.
[West to east
distance of the
border in
kilometers.]
[South to North
distance of the
border in
kilometers.]
[Formula used for
calculatingthe area
in square
kilometers.]
Area in
square
kilometers.
1.Triangle [5][5][a2
÷ 2]
12.5
2.Rectangle [10][5][l × b]
50.0
3.Triangle [10][5][a × b ÷ 2]
25.0
÷ 2]
12.5
5.Rectangle [20][10][l × b]

200.0
÷ 2]
50.0
÷ 2]
12.5
÷ 2]
12.5
9.Square [5][5][a2
]
25.0
10.Rectangl
e
[15][10][l × b]
150.0
11.Triangle [5][15][a × b ÷ 2]
37.5
12.Triangle [10][5][a × b ÷ 2]
25.0
13.Triangle [15][5][a × b ÷ 2]
37.5
[Total area.]
650.0
For easyand rapidestimationwe needtocreate a software withall these information and work can
be done fast.
In the same way the entire India can be divided in to multiple RCS blocks with irregular border and
the top most border ( On level basis) will be formed, either by the primary channel or by the river
itself and that will be feeding the entire area inside its block on geographical basis. Some of the
blocksare showninthe following map, and each block is outlined by black line (thin and thick lines)

Map: Multiple RCS blocks with irregular border.
10.12. Estimation of the flow of water in the River:
The flow of water in the river means, how many cubic meters of water per second is flowing at a
particular time and at the particular place.
Why we need to know the flow?
It is for many reasons,
1. Whether the river is supplying adequate amount of water that is required to grow water
dependable crops like paddy. The soil may be good for growing paddy, sugarcane, turmeric, maize
and others,the channel size maybe goodenoughtosupplythe requiredamountof water,butitalso
dependsonhowmuchwater is available for diverting it in to the primary channel from the river. If
we knowthe availabilityof water we can advice the farmers to grow certain types of crop based on
the water availability, and thus we can avoid drying at the end of the cropping after putting lot of
effort and investment.
2. It is necessary to decide how much water we have to leave in the natural path and how much to
divert in to the primary channel. It is possible only if we know how much water is present in the
river,sothat the people wholive onthe riverbedshouldnotsufferfromwaterscarcity for their crop
and for domestic purposes. It is important to see that no water enters the sea without useful
contribution over the land.
3. We can recommend the people to store the water in their reservoirs at their village panchayat
limitif there isexcessive rainingatsome place overthe RCSand there isfloodinginthe river and the
stored water can be used later.

4. We needtoknowthe flowof waterin the river in the creation of RCS because we need to create
the channel fromthe pointinthe riverwhere itcontainsadequate amount of water for diversion. If
we start our primarychannel fromthe place where there is less water the channel may become dry
by the time itreachesthe nextpointinthe same primarychannel bythe process of evaporation and
absorptionintothe soil withoutanyuseful contribution tothe land suitable for agriculture and that
amount of water is going to be a waste.
5. If we know one river at some point contains maximum water (may be a point distal to the place
where one or more tributaries are feeding the river) then we need to select that point for the
creationof the primarychannel and if neededwe mayneedto create a larger primary channel from
that place so more water can be utilized through primary channel below that level.
How to assess the flow in the river?
We needtoknowcross sectional areaof flow of the water in the river, multiplied by the velocity of
the rivergives the flow in the river. For identifying the cross sectional area of the river we need to
scan the river by using ultrasound energy, the water, the rock and the soil/sand will produce
different echoes, that can be plotted on the monitor and the total cross sectional area can be
identified.Foridentifyingthe velocity,either the mechanical device like flow meter or Doppler can
be used. (Details of River scan, Flow meter, Doppler are in instrument section).
In the followinggraph the river water is flowing which is shown in blue thick lines, in between the
rocks/soil shown in black line. The poles are fixed at the maximum distance in the river bed
perpendicular to the direction of flow of the river (at the site where there is maximum flow is
noticedinthe past 20 years as noticed by the local elders). The entire path is scanned and the scan
picture/graph is saved.
Picture: Estimation of the flow of water in the River.
The cross sectional area can be calculated from this graph.

Picture: Flow calculation by River scanning.
In graph the cross sectional area of the river becomes:
Area
number.
Shape of the
area.
[Width of the water in
meters.]
[Depth of the water in
meters.]
[Formula used.]
Area of
water
in
square
meters.
1.Triangle [25][50][a × b ÷ 2]
625
2.Square [50][50][a2
] 2500
3.Triangle [25][50][a × b ÷ 2] 625
4.Triangle [25][50][a × b ÷ 2] 625
5.Rectangle [25][50][a × b] 1250
6.Triangle [25][50][a × b ÷ 2] 625
[Total area.] 6250
The total cross sectional area of the river is 6250 meter2
and if the velocity of the river is 2 meters
per second. Then the flow in the river becomes 12,500 meter3
/second or 461500 cusecs.
This type of flow estimation has to be done at fixed distances, especially before and after the
tributary meeting points, and at branches or at existing canal points.

10.13. Estimation of the required water per unit time and the
flow in the primary channel:
Water requirement depends on the type of agriculture that we do in that area, or the type of
industry that is existing in that area. But for all the practical purposes we will take the maximum
water requirement per unit land per unit time. For practical purpose we will take 5 centimeters of
water in height over the land per day.
In this example the total area is 650 square kilometers. If we are supplying 5cms of water for this
entire land/day, then the total requirement of the water in a day becomes,
Total water requirement per day
= 650 kms2
× 5cms.
= 650 × (1000meters) 2
× 0.05 meters/day.
= 650 × 1000 × 1000 × 0.05 meter 3
/day.
= 32500000 meter3
/day or 32.5kms3
/day.
= 32500000 ÷ 24 meter3
/hour.
= 1354166.67 meter3
/hour.
= 1354166.67 ÷ 60 meter3
/minute.
= 22569.44 meter3
/minute.
= 22569.44 ÷ 60 meter3
/ second.
= 376.15 meter3
/ second.
= 376.15 × 36.92 cusecs (feet3
/sec).
= 13887.458cusecs.
13887.458 cusecs is the requirement of the water for 650 square kilometers of land. This water is
not only coming from the primary channel from higher level as a continuation, but also from the
feedingrivers, secondary, tertiary and quaternary channels from the higher levels. But at any time
the flow in the Primary channel should be 13887.458 cusecs.
10.14. Estimation of the Primary channel size based on the
water requirement:
It is necessary to create the primary channel system in such a way that 50% flow in the primary
channel shouldmeetthe need of water requirement necessary for irrigating the area that it feeds,
so,there is a needtocreate the channel double the size of the waterflow.If the flow reaches75% in

the primarychannel the excesswatershouldflow inall the possibleways, both artificial and natural
paths without harming the people or property.
If we consider the above example, the usual requirement for 650 kms2
is 13887.458 cusecs or
376.15meter3
/second. The double flow becomes 752.3 meter3
/second. The area required for this
amount of flow becomes the square root of the above value that is the square root of 752.3
becomes27.42 meterswithflowspeedof One meter/second.Sowe needtocreate a channel with a
dimensionof 27.42 metersdepthandwidthandif we maintain only 50% level in the channel at the
flowspeedof one meter/second,we can supply 5 centimeter water per day for the entire 650 kms2
area of land.
10.15. Data collection before the survey:
Before startingoursurveyproper it is very much necessary to know the exact situation of the land,
channels, sites & house details of India.
We needtocollectthisinformationfromthe governmentbodyatthe village,taluk,districtandstate
level.
The purpose of ‘Data collection’:
The government will get the income from the government land, for which the government has to
know, how much land is belonging to the government?
The ownerwill getthe income forhislandand fromthe association,so he should know whether his
lands are correct in the document and also he should know details of land as it is a relative
phenomenon, the wrong data will alter the share of the income. If few owner register more area
landthe ownerwiththe correct registration will get less income of share and visa versa. And if any
of his land are utilized for public purpose, he should get the same amount of land at some place
from the government, until his land are replaced he will be getting his share for his land from the
association as it is registered today.
To decide howmuchlandis requiredforcreationof the RCS, out of which how much belongs to the
government? And how much belongs to the owners?
During survey we may need this data for cross checking and while deciding about the primary
channel site and places for reservoirs (if not present at present).
If lot of governmentlandsare available inavillage panchayatlimitit candistribute 2hectaresof land
per land less working family after the complete settlement in the land ownership (after complete
creationof RCS, reservoirs,model villages,roads& train tracks) to make that family a owner family,
so that theyalsoget the share inthe ownershare in agriculture associationandinagriculture factory
later.If we do thisearly,chancesof recoveringthe landfromfew mayarise later during the creation
of model village,roadsandrailwaysandamongthemfew will loose the land and few will retain the
land and all will land up in problems.

The ownerof landand the area of the land utilized for RCS creation should be known correctly as it
registeredinthe datacollectiontoreplace same areaof land for the owner who has lost the land in
the process of RCS creation and other processes like model village/roads/railway creation.
To estimate how much working people available for agriculture and industry and their area of
interest in AA and AF.
Who is providing the data?
The Data provider:
No.
Area of data
collection.
Data provider.
1.
Village panchayat
level.
Village panchayat
standing president and
the sub thahsildar.
2.
Taluk level
Standing MLA and
thahsildar.
3.
District level
Districtincharge minister
and district
commissioner.
4.
Forest area which
does not belongs to
any village
panchatat.
District forest officer/
Assistant conservator of
forest.
5.
City and town limits.
Mayor and
commissioner/ town
panchayat president and
assistant commissioner.
6.
State level.
Chief minister and chief
commissioner of states.
What should be provided in the data?

The Data parameters:
No.
Area of
data
collection
Information’s.
1.
Village
panchaya
t level.
1. Population.
a. Family wise.
b. Age wise.
2. Occupation of the each at present
and the area of interest (the work
he/she likes to do – a list of choices
may be given) in the future in
agriculture association and industry.
3. Animals in each family (cows, ox,
buffalos, goats like animals only).
4. Property of each
family/organization/religious family
with the head of the
family/organization and relation
withotherfamily members with the
head of the family- Land (Irrigated/
dry,mode of irrigations –openwells,
bore wells, canal irrigation) and the
house withitssurroundingarea.(Itis
going to be an authenticated
register, based on which the shares
will be distributed. Property not
shown with proper documentation
will be belongingtothe government.
Information verification by all the
ownersisa must before sending itto
the taluk). And in map form also.
5. Governmentproperty(central and
state separately) inthe village limit –
office buildings(notrented),schools,
roads/railway track/harbor, lands –
any piece of landinthe village limits,
burial places, temples, mosques &
churches if it is not belonging to any

organization. Information
verificationbythe concerned officer
is a must before sending it to the
taluk. And in map form.
6. Irrigationrelateddata:A.wells - a.
open wells- public and private, b.
bore wells –public and private, B.
reservoirs- - filled, dry, seasonal-
public and private, C. Canal- filled,
dry,Seasonal - public and private. D.
Valley’s,E.Streams,F.Tributaries,G.
Rivers, H. Sea shore- public and
private (Withmapform and the data
is computerized).
2.
Taluk
level
Information from all the village
panchayat is composed. The area
apart from the village panchayat
limitslike forest area, rivers flowing
in the forest area, the roads/ train
tracks in the forest area collected
from the concerned forest officer
and it is composed at taluk level(
With map form and the data is
computerized). The town limit
information’s collected from the
town panchayat president and the
assistant commissioner are also
composed
3.
District
level
Data from taluks (village panchayat,
town panchayat & forest officials) &
city corporation is compiled and it is
sent to state office.
(With map form and the data is
computerized).
4.
Forest
area
which
does not
belongs
to any
District forest officer/ assistant
conservator of forest will provide
this information to the assistant
commissioner at taluk head quarter.
Which contains,
1. People living inside the forest –
population (Age wise and their

village
panchatat
.
occupation) with their place of
residence.
2. Rivers,streams flowing inside the
forest, reservoirs and others.
3. Roads and rail waytrack inside the
forest- their length and width.
(With map form and the data is
computerized).
5.
City and
town
limits.
1. Population.
a. Family wise.
b. Age wise.
2. Occupation of the each at present
and the area of interestinthe future
if they are unemployed or if they
wanta newoccupationinthe future.
3. Animals in each family (cows, ox,
buffalos, goats like animals only).
4. Property of each
family/organization/religious family
with the head of the
family/organization and relation
withotherfamily members with the
head of the family- Land (Irrigated/
dry,mode of irrigations –openwells,
bore wells, canal irrigation) and the
house withitssurroundingarea.(Itis
going to be an authenticated
register, based on which the shares
will be distributed. Property not
shown with proper documentation
will be belongingtothe government.
Information verification by all the
ownersisa must before sendingitto
the taluk). (With map form and the
data is computerized).
5. Governmentproperty(central and
state separately) inthe village limit –
office buildings(notrented),schools,

roads/railway track/harbor, lands –
any piece of land in the corporation
limits, burial places, temples,
mosques &churches if it is not
belonging to any organization.
Information verification by the
concerned officer is a must before
sending it to the district
commissioner office. And in map
form.
6. Irrigationrelateddata:A. wells - a.
open wells- public and private, b.
bore wells –public and private, B.
reservoirs- - filled, dry, seasonal-
public and private, C. Canal- filled,
dry,Seasonal - public and private. D.
Valley’s,E.Streams,F.Tributaries,G.
Rivers, H. Sea shore for sea shore
cities- public and private (With map
form and the data is computerized).
6.
State
level.
Data from the entire district is
composed and sent to the central
office.
10.16. Components of the survey: History and findings.
History:
History of the river: We need to collect this information from many group of the people during
survey,like,the thahsildar,elderlycitizens,the priestsof the temple/church/mosque present on the
bank of the river.
The thahsildar will give the information like the river from one land mark to another land mark
belongstowhichtaluk/whetheritformsthe borderof two taluks, what are the important places of
religiousinterest/administrative purposes present either over the bank of the river or by at a near
place. The different roads that reaches the different landmark for further needs . How much land
belongs to the government and to the private – in the river bank and in the taluk.
We need to collect certain information’s from the elderly citizens residing at the bank of the river
like, what season the river flow is maximum and minimum? In which year they noticed maximum
flood in the river, up to what level did the river reached at that time? Is there any change in the
course of the river? Is there any important event took place with the river? What are the festivals
taking place on the bank /with the river?

We need to collect few of the information’s from the Priest like, what god is worshipped in that
place?Howmany people visitthe place everyday? What are the important festivals they do at that
place? With the other questions that we ask the senior citizens as it is mentioned earlier.
All of these information’sshouldbe recordedonlandmarkbasisforeasy identification, sitting at an
office to avoid the complications arising with peoples attachments. An example: the proposed
primarychannel maybe goingoverthe temple andthe people residingatthat village may not agree
to disturbthe temple asthey are attached to that temple for many years. So when we are deciding
aboutthe level difference betweentwoneighboringriverpointswe need to adjust the level in such
a way that itis notgoingto disturbthe temple,nextiswe needtodecide whetherwe have to create
the canal either to the east to the temple or west to the temple? If we create the primary canal at
east to the temple the canal may abruptly end at the bottom of one falls and the water may reach
the sea suddenly,if we create the primarycanal to westof the temple,itmaycontinue forfew more
hundreds of kilometers and may irrigate many more square kilometers of the land suitable for
agriculture and that path may be more useful. It is necessary to decide the path carefully and also
this has to be planned from a long distance, to avoid acute turns in the primary channel near the
temple orat any place,itisbecause erosioncanoccur to the wall of the primary canal at acute turns
and one day water may suddenly enter in to the living area and can cause damage. To decide all
these things,sittinginsidethe office,we needtohave betterinformationforidentifyingthe site that
we have to decide to connect with proper land marks for easy identification.
In the costal area also we need to take all these history with proper land marks.
We can prepare standardquestionnaire for all these information’s and we can ask the questions in
the firstto last basis,sothat no information’sare missed out during the questionnaire and for easy
computerization.
Findings:
Firstwe have to put the land mark at the site where we start our journey – costal river point (CRP).
We needto observe all the details around us, apart from the river information, that we see during
our journey in the river along with the information’s that our instrument gives.
In the river – subjective findings;
River name where it is joining the sea, what are the characteristics at the place where it joins the
sea? How many branches it divides before entering the river? which is the biggest path? How it is
flowingfromseasidelandmarkto hill side landmark?How many curvesdoesit have? Are there any
rapids? Are there any falls? What are the characteristics? What are the places present on the bank
of the river? and others.
In the river - objective evidences;
Photographs,videoclippings with descriptions with land mark and axis mark in the clippings, river
distance andriverlevel asgotby the distance level meter, river axis with distance as got by the axis
meter, cross sectional flow area as got by the river scanner, velocity of the river as got by the
Doppler or flow meter.

On either the side of the river – Subjective evidence;
The type of landthat we see,on either the sides of the river. What crop is grown at present? What
type of soil? What are the crop grow good in that soil? Soil testing reports at few places if there is
gross deference in the soil characteristics, about the forest area present at the sides of the river,
what are the important places present in the bank and near the river? The taluk head quarter,
districtheadquarter,theirdistance fromthe site andthe route,about the roads connecting the site
.
On either the sides of the river – objective evidence;
Photo graphs, video clippings with descriptions with land mark and axis mark in the clippings, Soil
testing reports, Forest area descriptions, and others.
All these information’shastobe storedinthe landmark basisand computerized.For example 0 to 2
kilometers or land mark 0 to land mark 1 and so on.
10.17. The coastal and river survey team.
The purpose of team creation,
For easy collection of accurate information’s in a short period.
To correlate with the information’s already available at various levels.
To assess the new information’s like the costal, river & land details.
The survey teams can be divided in to,
A. Costal survey team.
B. River survey team.
1. Survey team of the Rapids and fall.
2. Survey team of the Plain River.
C. Land survey team.
In the initial step, the costal survey team and the survey team of the rapids and falls will have the
work.
A. Coastal survey team:
Two coastal teamshave to be createdand bothare startingtheirjourney from Kanyakumari, the tip
of the Indiaandone team surveythe eastcost, from Kanyakumari (Tamil nadu) to New more (West
Bengal) and the second team survey the west cost, from Kanyakumari (Tamilnadu) to Lakhpath
(Gujarat). So the names of the coastal survey teams are,
East coastal survey team – Coastal office at Vishakhapatnam.

West coastal survey team – Coastal office at Panaji.
In each costal survey team the following will be present,
[S. N.][Team name.]
[Staff designation with their work.]
[Materials and instruments with the team.]
[1.][New more ship team (In east coastal survey
team).
Lakhpat shipteam(In west coastal survey team).
This is the front going ship with the distance
measuring tape leaving behind. It also contains
the axis meter, so it records coastal axis with
distance. ]
[1. Ship driver/navy officer. To move the ship in
the costal area.
2. Team engineers: To asses the axis and the
distance,andto computerize it, and to give print
outs for the land marking team. They will be
givinginstructionsformakinglandmarksatevery
2 kilometersandatspecial placeslike costal river
points and harbors.
3. Navy security officers with security boats and
other appliances.
4. District irrigation engineer of the coastal
district to give details regarding the costal area
and the coastal river points.
5. Assistant commissioner/ Thahsildar of the
costal district/ taluk to evidence the activity and
to give information’son government and private
lands/borders. To arrange food and
accommodationforthe working team if needed.
4. Medical team for the needful (On the coastal
road and in the ship).]
[Axis meter, Video recording system,
Speedometers, Computers with RCS soft ware
(details in instrument section). Tape rolling
motors, cord less (wireless) system which works

within the team and with the necessary offices.
Accessory boats and the security items. ]
[2.][Kanyakumari ship team. Which follows the
New more/ Lakhpath ship (front ship) from
behind, maintaining a distance of two
kilometers.]
[1. Ship driver/navy officer. To move the ship in
the costal area.
2. Survey engineer: Who sees that the tensile
activityis normal/ whether the tube tape wire is
floating properly over the sea without any
curling.
3. Navy security officers with security boats and
other appliances.]
[Air fillers for tape tubes, Tape rolling motors,
cord less (wireless) system which works within
the team and with the necessary offices.
Accessory boats and the security items.]
[3.][Supporting ship.
Which sees that the measuring tape is in the
properpositionornot,is there is any jumbling in
the tape and informs the front ship to move
accordingly. And if there is any river joining the
sea the supporting ship travels for a distance in
the river from the coastal river point and sees
whetheritis reallythe riverjoiningthe seaorit is
the extensionof the seaitselfandthe message is
transferred to the front ship. ]
[1. Survey engineers, who sees and decides that
there is no curling in the measuring tape tube
and also they survey the coastal river point and
make a detailed study about it helps the front
boat to computerize the information’s and to
decide where toputthe coastal river point (from
this point the river survey begins).
2. Ship driver/navy officer. To move the ship in
the costal area and into the river.]
[Speedometers, Video recorders, cord less

(wireless) system which works within the team
and with the necessary offices. Accessory boats
and the security items. ]
[4.][Land marking ship. Which gets the printed
information from the front ship and the land
mark is constructed as per the information
given.]
[Surveyengineerwhogetsthe printoutsfromthe
frontshipand assessthe pole directionwithpole
magnet and puts the landmark.]
[Landmarkingplates,landmarkingrods,Cement,
Iron,crushedstones/ mini crusher, driller, paint,
painting instruments, welder, motors for
pumping water, Pole magnet.]
[5.][Transportation.]
[Drivers.]
[Vehicles]
[6.][Boarding.]
[Mess workers.]
[Utensils and condiments.]
[7.][Laundry and lodging.]
[Dhobi and room boys.]
[Beds, bed spread, to do the work of cloth
washing.]
B. River survey team. 1. Survey team of the Rapids and Falls.
2. Survey team of the plain river.
1. The members of the Rapids and Falls survey team with their work and the instruments used are
shown in this table.
[S.N.][Designation.]
[Mode of work.]

[Instruments.]
[1][Fallsandrapidssurveydirector - anengineer
who has experience in mechanical, electronic
and computer sections.]
[Managesthe entire survey both at the bottom
and at the top of the fallsbyguidingthe people
to fix the falls height measuring meter and
others and he is the responsible person in the
team for all the activities.]
[Binoculars and other necessary materials like
axis meter (over the land).]
[2][Mechanical engineer.]
[To fix and handle the Falls height measuring
meter.]
[Falls height measuring meter. Level meter.]
[3][Computer engineers.]
[To computerize the entire event, fromFM0 to
FM4, falls height, correction distance,
correction angle, recording the movements of
the cameras and others.]
[RCS soft ware. Axis meter.]
[4][Technical assistants.]
[Army and navy personals: For arranging /
fitting the Instruments, for transportation over
the land & in the river.]
[Trucks,busesandother vehicles, land marking
materials and accessories.]
[5][Meson workers.]
[For cement and platform works, for making
landmarks.]
[Cement, iron, crushed stones and other
accessories.]
[6][MLA, assistant commissioner /Thahsildar.]

[For supervising the work and to arrange food
and accommodation for the working team.
Necessary thing have to be done by the
respective districtadministration only and they
should have the land details of that area and a
copy has to be handed over to the director of
the team.]
[Land details of the area with government and
private land details.]
[7][Photographers and video graphers.]
[Forrecodingthe entire events,(Nomovements
by the recorder during recording).]
[Photographyandvideorecordinginstruments.]
[8][Medical team. Physician, Surgeon,
anesthetist,labtechnicians(forbloodbanking),
nursing staff and others.]
[For handling all the emergencies. All the
working team is checked for fitness, routine
investigations, and blood grouping. There
should be a possibility in the ambulance to
check the blood group, investigate and cross
match the blood of the people who stand and
watch the programme. And all the nearby
hospitals, both government and private are
informed about the activity.]
[Ambulance facility with ventilator, life saving
drugs and instruments, blood preserving
chambers with blood bags and others.]
[9][Drivers.]
[Transportation.]
[Vehicles.]
[10][Mess workers.]
[Boarding.]
[Utensils and condiments.]
[11][Dhobi and room boys.]

[Laundry and lodging.]
[Beds, bed spread, to do the work of cloth
washing.]
2. The membersof the PlainRiverSurveyteamwiththeirworkandthe instruments used are shown
in this table.
1. Hill side boat & Sea side boat members:
[Sl.no.][Member.]
[Mode of work.]
[1.][Navy officer.]
[To drive and maintain the boat.]
[2.][Mechanical engineer / Survey officer.]
[To guide the operationof all the instruments.]
[3.][Technical assistant.]
[To operate all the instruments.]
[4.][Computer and communication engineer.]
[To computerize all the events and to
communicate the eventswiththe otherboatsin
the team and to the central office and to give
the printouts (Printoutsfrom the hill side boat
only).]
[5.][Boat security.]
[For protection purpose in case of the
emergencies.]
[6.][Photographers.]
[For recording the events according to the land
mark and axis basis.]
2. Supporting boat members:
[Sl.No.][Member.]

[Mode of work.]
[1.][Navy officer.]
[2.][Hydraulic engineer.]
[To guide the boat to move according to the
needandto identifythe rivercharacteristicslike
flow direction, its tributaries.]
[3.][Agricultural expert.]
[To identifythe landsuitableforagriculture and
take the soil samplingsfortesting at the central
office.Make a detailednote onthe landandthe
forest area.]
[4.][Local administration: Elected (MLA /MP
/Representative) and government official (DC/
Thahsildar/ Survey officer).]
[For giving details about government and
ownerslandonthe riverbed,citiesand villages
on the bank of the river and at the near by
places, important places on the bank and near
by.]
emergencies.]
3. River scanner team members:
[Sl.No.][Member.]
[Mode of work.]
[Instruments.]
[1.] [Sonology engineer.]

[Fordoingthe riverscanning,to computerize it,
and for communication (No river scanning is
done for minimum 10 kilometers in the top of
the/proximal to falls and rapids).]
[River scanner.]
[2.][Hydraulic engineer.]
[Forassessingthe flowdirectionand velocity of
the river.]
[Flow meter.]
[3.] [Technical assistants.]
[For fixing the poles on either the sides of the
river,andfor creatingthe scanner path way, for
fixing the scanner machine ect.]
[Poles, wires, scanner path saw tape.]
[Photo/Videography materials.]
[6.][Navy officer.]
[Boats and necessary things.]
emergencies.]
[Security materials.]
4. Land marking boat members:
[Sl.No.][Member.]
[Mode of work.]
[Materials.]

[1.][Land marking Supervisor.]
[Guides the land marking team to fix the land
mark after receiving the print out from the hill
side boat,assessthe axisandfixesitat the site.]
[North south pole magnet.]
[2.][Technical assistants.]
[For fixing the iron land mark.]
[Driller, welder, Iron pipes, Iron poles, Land
marking plates & others.]
[3.][Mesons.]
[To create a small platform around the land
mark so that the iron poles are not disturbed
and for easy recognition of the site for future
needs.]
[Cements, crushed stones, iron, working
instruments.]
[Photo/Video graphy materials.]
[5.][Navy officer.]
[Boats and necessary things.]
emergencies.]
[Security materials.]
5. Security boat Members:
[Sl.no.][Member.]

[Mode of work.]
[1.][Navy officer.]
[2.][Security officers from navy. Swimmers,
divers and others.]
[For protection with protective materials.]
[3.][Medical team.]
[With necessary materials with land stand by
ambulance.]
6. Vehicle drivers, Mess and Lodging arranging team:
[Sl.no.][Member.]
[Mode of work.]
[1.][Drivers.]
[Transportation.]
[2.][Mess workers.]
[Boarding.]
[3.][Dhobi and room boys.]
[Laundry and lodging.]
10.18. The coastal and river Survey procedure.
How to proceed in the work?
A. Coastal survey.
We need to start our work with coastal survey. We need to start our journey from Kanyakumari
(Tamilnadu). First we need to mark the land mark of 0 (Zero) kilometers at south tip, and the
Newmore ship moves towards north and to the east in the east cost, and the Lakhpath ship moves
towards north and to the west in the west cost. These front ships unroll the measuring tube tapes
graduallyandmove for2 kilometers and during traveling, the axis and the distance are recorded in
the computerby RCSsoft ware withthe helpof AxismeterandSpeedometer/distancemeterinputs,
and the ship is stopped at 2 kilometers. The supporting ship visualizes the entire coarse of the
floating measuring tube tape by starting its journey from Kanyakumari, and will be instructing the

front ship for distance adjustment through cordless phone, in such a way that there should not be
any curlinginthe tape tube,it shouldbe freelyfloatingonthe sea,andthe tube tape tension should
be equal at all the land marks readings as it is measured at both the ends of the tube in the front
shipand Kanyakumari ship.No movements are done in the Kanyakumari ship until all the readings
are done at the front ship. Once the reading is done and the printout is given to the land marking
ship,the kanyakumari shipstartsitsjourneybygraduallyrollingthe tape tube and reaches the front
shipand itis stoppedatthe landmark 1(CM1), thenthe tube tape isrolledbackinthe frontship and
thenthe procedure isrepeated through the entire costal area. In the coarse if the front ship meets
the special placeslike costal riverpointoranharbor a special (extra) reading is done and printout is
takenand givento the land marking ship for making special land mark like CM1/a.containing some
of the information’slikewhichriver’srivercostal point,name of the place, name of the taluk, name
of the district and the state, distance from the near major costal city, distance from Kanyakumeri
(landmark0) ect.
Whenwe reach Newmore (Westbengal) orLakhpath (Gujarath) fromKanyakumari,we will have the
information’slike costal axis,costal distance,distance fromKanyakumari, costal river points, harbor
points with address like place, taluk, district, state names and others, in our hand, along with the
land marks at their original places for easy identification and for our RCS work in the future.
B. River survey.
1. Survey of the Falls and Rapids.
Rapidsand fallsare seeninall the rivers,itisbecause of the unevennessof the earth.Forour project
it isbetterto assessthe detailsof rapidsandfallssitesearlyandseparatelywithbetterteamwith all
the safety measure for getting the accurate results without any accidents during the survey.
Firstwe shouldknowplacesof the fallsand the rapids present in the river. This information we can
get by looking at the information’s collected from the data collecting system as explained earlier.
Andit iscross checkedbyaerial surveyandthe accurate number of falls and the rapids in each river
isassessedforthe work plan. And required number of teams for the survey of the Rapids and Falls
are created.The teamdoesthe assessmentof the geographyandputsthe land mark at the falls and
rapids. The land marking are done at every one kilometer apart from the markings at the top and
bottomof the fallsorrapidsas mentionedearlier.Andthe surveyteamisgoingtoassessthe level at
the bank of the riverbut not inthe riverespeciallyinthe top of the falls and rapids and ultimately 1
to 2 metersare lesseneddependsonthe difference we see betweenthe riverwater surface and the
landsurveylevel meterangle keptonthe bank of the river and it is lessened and documented. The
factors to be observed in this survey are height of the falls, one and two kilometers distance
markings from the top marking and the bottom marking, and the level difference between these
points.
Wearingprotective appliancesisamust when in duty like air jackets and helmets and others for all
the working members even if they are working at the bank of the river because there is always a
chance of slippingfromthe bankandgettinginto the trouble.No one is allowed to enter the water
at the topof the fallsandrapids.Top markingisdone 20meters(minimum)proximaltothe top edge
of the falls, a platform, around the marking, a barricade around the platform and a safe path is
created for future purposes.

The firstland markis put2 kilometersdistaltothe lowerendof the fallsandrapidsandit ismarked -
FM0. The second land mark at one kilometer from the first land mark towards the falls or rapids -
FM1. The thirdlandmarkat the bottomof the Fallsand Rapidsthatis 2 kilometersfromthe firstland
mark - FMB2 (Bottom).The fourthlandmarkisput at the topof the falls and the distance is same in
case of falls – FMT2 (Top) and inthisFMT2(Top) landmarkingthe level difference ismentioned with
the same distance value from the FM0, where as in case of rapids both the level and the distance
values has to be measured and mentioned [RapidBM2 (bottom) and Rapid T M2 (top)] If the top
marking at the top of the falls is done 20 meters proximal to the edge of the falls then it is
mentioned as-FMT/2+20meters (In case of rapids this distance is 2kms + distance of the rapid + 20
meters).The fifthlandmarkisdone one kilometerproximal tothe fallstopmarklessening20 meters
correction – FM3 (3 kilometers from the FM0 marking, where as in case of rapids this distance is
2kms + distance of the rapid + 1 kilometer -20meters). The sixth land mark is at two kilometers
proximal tothe top edge of the falls/rapids - FM4 and thus the falls and rapids survey team is going
to survey the plain river for a distance of two kilometer proximal and distal to the falls and the
rapids.
We mayneedto create a small walkingpathat the southand westborderof the river for our survey
purpose for two kilometers at proximal and distal river beds.
An example of the survey method is given here.
Picture: Survey of the Falls and Rapids.
In thisgraph, there is a falls of height of 20 meters at 11.5 kilometers, 35 to 55 meters from base to
top of the falls. The Falls and rapids survey group measure two kilometers from the bottom of the
river,andtheymark that pointas FM0-distance 0-level 0. The next mark is at one kilometer toward
the falls, they mark it as FM1-distance 1kilometer-level-3meters as measured by the level meter
(eventhe flowcanbe assedat thisplace alongwiththe axis).The nextpointisat the base of the falls
FMB/2-distance2kilometers-level10meters (3meters difference betweenFM0and FM1, 7meters
difference between FM1 and FMB/2). Next point is at the top of the falls-FMT/2+20meters (this
value may be changed based on the geographic architecture of the top site of the falls) – distance

2kms-level30meters -falls height is 20meters. Next point is FM3-distance 3kms – level 33meters.
NextpointisFM4-distance 4kms – level 35meters.Thisinformationalongwiththe name of the river
and the name of the falls and address is documented and the land mark is done and then the team
goes to the next falls or the rapid at a higher level for survey in the same manner.
Tying point for all the top working sites: 30 meters (This length may vary according to the
geographical variations). The tyingpointisnothingbuta strongstructure at the topof the fallswhich
ispresenteithernaturally,likeatree or artificiallycreatedsite like a rock is grilled and the iron pole
isfixedtoit.To that, all the workingpeople isconnected,by arope while theyare workingatthe top
in such a way that, it should allow the free movements of the working people, but if they fall by
mistake,he shouldnotreachthe place whichisnear to the topedge of the riverThis is done at least
the work of fencingandpinningiscompleted. The fencing is nothing but iron poles are grilled in to
the rocks at a safe place andthe wire netmeshisfencedforthe iron polesasa permanentstructure.
Pinningisprocessbywhichthe strongironpolesare fixedat the workingsite insucha waythat even
if a strongpipe or the fallsheightmeasuring instrument breaks and falls it should be obstructed by
these pins.
How the plainriversurvey team utilizes this information in their work and skip the falls survey but
add the falls level correctly.
It is explained with the help of the graph. Now, we have the data and the landmarks at the site of
the falls given by the ‘survey team of the falls and the rapids’. The team that they survey the plain
river will reach up to FM0 land mark that is the starting land mark for that falls, which is present 2
kilometers from the base of the falls. For the group of the falls and rapids survey team the level at
the FM0 is 0mts level,because thatistheirstartingpoint.But,forthe surveyteam of the plain river,
that becomesthe temporaryendpointandthe distance and level obtained till that point is marked
beside FM0, in the same point.
Then the plain river survey team go up, at the top of the falls and trace the FM4 land mark laid by
the falls and rapids survey team, and add the distance and the level values given by the falls and
rapids survey team to their values marked at FM0 and the values obtained is marked at the same
point at FM4. Then they go to the next point, it is not the 2 kilometers from the FM4, but it is the
near two kilometer point to FM4 that is calculated from the costal river point.
In this graph, the plain river survey team, go on surveying the plain river and reached 8 kilometers
distance from the costal river point, and the level of the river at this point is 32 meters. Then the
plain river measuring team finds the FMO mark put by the falls and rapids survey group, there the
surveygroupof the plainriverstopstheirjourneytemporarilyandmarkthe value like the distance is
9.5 kilometers and the level is 33 meters. Install the land mark with the true values, and go to the
top of the falls in search of the FM4 land mark. When once FM4 point is identified, the values
provided by the Falls and Rapids survey group is added as shown in the table.
[Site/land mark.]
[River Distance in kilometers.][River Level in
meters.]

[FMO- Ending point of the plain river survey
group and the starting point of the falls and
rapids survey group.]
[9.5][33]
[FM4- Ending point of the falls and rapids
surveygroupand the starting point of the plain
river survey group.]
[4.0][35]
[So, the total river distance and level at FM4
becomes,]
[13.5][68]
Picture: Utilization of the information of the Falls and Rapid survey team by the plain river survey
team.
Then the next land mark comes at 14 kilometers, that is next half kilometers from the land mark
FM4, where the river distance is 14kms and the level is 68 meters only. Then the Plain river Survey
teamproceedsintheirwork, andput the next land mark at 16 kilometers, that is 2 kilometers away
fromthe 14 kilometerlandmark.Like thistheyproceedinthe plainriversurveyandreachthe site of
origin of the river.
Why we need to survey the falls and rapids separately by creating a separate survey team?
The reasons are,
Surveying the falls and the rapids is a high risk procedure, because the velocity of the river is high
near the falls especially at the top, and the flow is unpredictable because of the presence of the

S5c10 chapter 10-reticular canal system (rcs).

S5c10 chapter 10-reticular canal system (rcs).

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