Ph.D. Scholar, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

1. Welcome

2. Doctoral seminar
on
AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES: BANE OR BLESSING
Seminar In-charge
Dr. S.S. Shaw
Professor
Speaker
Ishwari Kumar
Ph.D. scholar

3. Introduction
 Pesticides constitute an important component in agricultural
development and protection of public health in developing
countries.
 Pesticides enhanced economic potential in terms of
increased production of food and fibre, and amelioration of
vector-borne diseases.
 Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns,
including human and animal health hazards, pollution of air,
water and soil.

4. Pests
A plant, animal or other living organisms detrimental to
humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock
production).
Pesticide
Pesticide means any substance intended for
preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling or controlling
any pest including unwanted species of plants or animals
during production, storage, transport, distribution and
processing of food, agricultural commodities or animal
feeds or which may be administered to the animals for the
control of ectoparasites (F AO, 1989).

5. Types of Pesticides and there Target Organism/Pest
Types of
pesticide
Target organism/pest
Insecticides Insects
Fungicides Fungi
Herbicides Weeds
Rodenticides Rodents
Acaricides Arachnids such as ticks and
mites
Moluscicides Mollusks
Bactericides Bacteria
Avicides Bird pests
Nematicides Nematodes
Algaecides Algae

6. Historical Perspective of Pesticides
 About 4000 years ago the first known pesticide was
elemental sulfur.
 In 15th century arsenic, mercury and lead were being applied to
crops to kill pests.
 In17th century nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for
use as an insecticide.
 In 19th century introduction of two more natural pesticides,
pyrethrum and rotenone.
 In 1939, Paul Muller discovered that DDT was a very effective
insecticide.

7. Historical Perspective of Pesticides
 Pesticide use in India dates back to the year 1948 when DDT and
BHC were imported for malaria and locust control.
 In 1960s Rachel Carson wrote the best-selling book Silent
Spring about biological magnification.
 In 1960 triazine, 2,4-D and glyphosate herbicides were introduced.
 In 1970 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established and
amendments to the pesticide law in 1972
 In 1975 introduced organophosphates and carbamates pesticides.

8. Benefits of Pesticides
 Quick control/kill the pest
 Increasing productivity
 Protection of crop losses/yield reduction
 Improve quality of food
 Control vector of diseases

9. Benefits of Pesticides
Crop Avoidable crop
loss (%)
Benefit Cost Ratio
Cotton 49-90 1:70
Rice 21-51 1:70
Mustard 35-75 1:12
Groundnut 29-42 1:26
Maize 20-25 1:30
Sugarcane 8-23 1:13
Pulses 28-40 1:40
Source : IARI (Div. of Agricultural Chemistry)

10. Food Grains and Horticultural Crops Production
Trends in India (Mn. of tons)
241 259 269 265 252
275 277.5
0
0 0 0
0
0 0
245
257 256
281 284
300 305
FY 11 FY12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17*
Food Grains Horticultural Crops
Source: ICAR, TATA Strategic Research

11. Losses Caused By Different Pests (FY2016)
Source: IARI, Global Hunger Index, DAGRI
Weeds
28%
Diseases
25%
Insects
23%
Storage
10%
Rats
8%
Others
6%

12. Product-wise share of Pesticides (FY15)
Insecticides
27%
Fungicides
27%
Herbicides
43%
Others 3%
Globally
Insecticides
60%
Fungicides
18%
Herbicides
16%
Others
6%
In India
Source: Industry, RCML Research

13. Crop Wise Consumption of Pesticides (CY15)
Fruits &
Vegetables
26%
cereals
18%
Maize
13%
Soybean
10%
Rice
9%
Cotton
6%
Others
18%
Globally Pesticides Used in Crops
Cotton
45%
Rice
22%
Wheat
4%
Pulses
4%
Vegetables
9%
Plantation
Crops
7% Others
9%
Indian Pesticides Use in Crops
Source : http://ficci.in/events/20563/add_docs/sectorbrief.pdf

14. Globally Pesticide consumption (Kg/ha) comparison (FY 15)
0.6
5 5
7 7
12
13
17
India UK France Corea USA Japan China Taiwan
Source: Industry reports, Analysis by TATA Strategic

15. State Wise Pesticide consumption (Kg/ha) comparison (FY 16)
0.74
0.62
0.57
0.41 0.39
0.33
0.27 0.26 0.24
0.15 0.13 0.11 0.1
0.05 0.03
Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt. of India

16. State-Wise Consumption of pesticides (Technical Grade)
States Total consumption (tonnes)
2003-04 2008-09 2015-16
Punjab 6780 5760 5743
Haryana 4730 4288 NR
Maharashtra 3385 2400 11665
Kerala 326 272 1123
Uttar Pradesh 6710 8968 10457
Tamil Nadu 1434 2317 2096
West Bengal 3900 4100 3712
Chhattisgarh 332 270 1625
Andhra Pradesh 2034 1381 2713
Odisha 682 1156 723
Gujarat 4000 2650 1980
Bihar 860 915 831
Karnataka 1692 1675 1434
Rajasthan 2303 3333 2475
Madhya Pradesh 62 663 732
All India 41020 43860 54121
Note: NR refers to not reported
Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt. of India.

17. Production Volume of Pesticides in India,
FY 2010– 11 to FY 2015-16 (Production- 000 MTs)
133.77
147.09 147.94
179.38 186.49 187.52
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Source : Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

18. Categories Wise Production Volume of Pesticides in India,
FY 2010– 11 to FY 2015-16 (Production- 000 MTs)
Name of
Pesticides
Farming Years
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Insecticides 79.35 73.66 69.18 80.11 86.78 77.32
Fungicides 28.73 46.44 47.73 61.12 65.92 70.26
Herbicides 22.01 22.97 26.26 33.03 27.46 32.69
Rodenticides 3.68 4.03 4.76 5.11 6.34 7.25
0
20
40
60
80
100
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
insecticides
Fungicides
Herbicides
Rodenticides
Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.

19. Major Export and Import Destinations for Agro-
chemicals in India 2016-17 (MTs)
Export Country Insecticides Fungicide Herbicides
Brazil 9437.61 42898.27 20457.02
U S A 3275.35 8307.82 6095.06
France Nil 7954.77 Nil
Import
China 11095.18 2220.28 15243.93
Germany 1065.93 1523.81 Nil
Japan Nil Nil 2428.02
Israel Nil Nil 4732.66
Source: DGCI&S, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India.

20. Export and Import of Major Agro-chemicals by India,
2016-17 (000 MTs)
58
174
76
2
68
11 8 16 11
47
Insecticide Fungicides Herbicides Plant Growth
Regulators
Others
Export Import
Source: DGCI&S, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

21. Pesticide Wise Demand During FY 2010-11 TO FY 2015-16
(Unit, 000 MTs, Tech. Grade)
Name of
Pesticides
Farming Year
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Insecticides 25.52 10.61 4.03 11.37 7.69 7.65
Fungicides 9.27 5.76 4.5 5.66 5.92 6.77
Herbicides 7.2 3.99 13.51 3.59 4.55 3.62
Plant Growth
Regulators
42.72 20.56 22.24 20.9 18.44 18.48
Source : Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

22. Pesticide Wise Demand During FY 2010-11 TO FY 2015-16
(Unit, 000 MTs, Tech. Grade)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Insecticides
Fungicides
Herbicides
Plant Growth Regulators
Source : Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

23. Government Regulations
Insecticides Act (1968) and Insecticides Rules (1971)
Came on 2nd September, 1968
An Act to regulate the import, manufacture, sale,
transport, distribution and use of pesticides with a view to
prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters
connected therewith.
To facilitate the registration of safe efficacious and
quality pesticides for domestic use and export.
To disseminate information to State Government and
other concerned departments/agencies for effective
impementation of insecticides Acts and rules framed there
under.

24. The Insecticides Act, 1968
For the effective enforcement of the Insecticides Act, the
following bodies have been constituted at the Central
level
Central Insecticides Board (CIB) and Registration Committee
(RC)
Chairperson, RCChairperson, CIB
Secretary CIB&RC
Bio- Efficacy
Unit
Chemistry
Unit
Medical
Toxicology
Unit
Packaging &
Labelling
Unit
Legal Unit
Administration

25. Central Insecticides Board (CIB)
(Established under Section 4 of the Insecticides Act, 1968)
Functions
a. Advice the Central Government on the manufacture of insecticides under
Industries(Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (65 of 1951)
b. Specify the uses of the insecticides on the basis of their toxicity as well as
their being suitable for arial application.
c. Advice tolerance limits for insecticide residues and establishment of
minimum intervals between the application of insecticides and harvest in
respect of various commodities.
d. Specify the self life of insecticides.
e. Suggest colourisation, including, colouring matters which may be mixed
with concentrates of insecticides, particularly those of highly toxic
nature.
f. Carry out such other functions as are supplemental, incidental or
consequential to any of the functions conferred by the Act or Rules.

26. Registration Committee (RC)
(Established under Section 4 of the Insecticides Act, 1968)
Functions
The Registration Committee shall, in addition to the
functions of assigned to it by the Act, perform the following
functions, namely-
a. Specify the precautions to be the taken against poisoning
through use of handling of insecticides.
b. Carry out such other incidental or consequential matters
necessary for carrying out the functions assigned to it under
the act of these rules.
Source : https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1551/1/196846.pdf

27. The Pesticides Management Bill, 2008
( Came on 24th April, 2008)
 These Bill replaces the Insecticides Act, 1968.
 It defines a pesticide as a substance used to destroy or control the
spread of pests in agricultural commodities or animal feed.
 To regulate the import , export, manufacture, sell, transport,
distribution, quality and use of pesticide to-
Control pests
Allow use after efficacy and safety test
Awareness regarding safe and judicious use.
Ensure availability of quality pesticide
Source: https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-pesticide-management-bill-2008-169

28. Other Government Regulations
The Environment Protection Act,1986
 Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
 The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989

29. Spurious/Counterfeit Pesticides
 Inferior formulations which fail to kill pests and cause damage to
crops.
 May not contain any plant protection ingredient.
 Extent of 25% by value and 30% by volume in the country.
 The problem is growing @ 20% per year and if not addressed will
reach level of 40% by value by 2019.
 UP, MP, AP, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Haryana, Karnataka are
some of the worst effected states.
Source : icci.in/PressRelease/2142/ficci-press-oc8-chem.pdf

30. Pesticide Hazards
Onset of the Green Revolution around 800,000 peoples have
died in developing countries by pesticide poisoning.
The WHO has estimated that 200,000 people die each year
from pesticide poisoning.
Nearly 20,000 peoples in developing countries died each year
because of pesticide consumption through their food.
 Deaths from pesticide poisoning make a major contribution to
patterns of suicide in developing nations, particularly in rural
areas, China 60%, Trinidad 68%, Sri Lanka 71% and Malaysia
>90%.

31. Pesticide Hazards
 In India, pesticides are cause around 92,000 suicides every year.
 In India, the first report of poisoning due to pesticides was from
Kerala in 1958, where over 100 people died after consuming wheat
flour contaminated with parathion
 In October 2017 about 40 farmers died and more than 700 were
hospitalized in Maharashtra due to pesticide poisoning of
monochrotophos.
 23 children died who consumed the toxic mid-day meal in Bihar in
2013.
 In 2014 many children died in Kerala, due to the exposure of the
pesticide, endosulfan.

32. Harmful Impact of pesticides in Human Being

33. Harmful Impact of pesticides in Human Being
Skin Eye Brain Digestive
System
Muscles Glands Lungs
Allergy
and
Irritation
Burning,
Bluming,
Pinpoint,
pupul
Headache,
Dizzy,
Fatigue,
Staggering
, Gait,
Tremor,
Seizure
Diarrhea,
Vomiting,
Nausea,
Cramps
Weakness,
Cramps,
Twiching
Drooling,
Sweating,
Tearing
Short of
breath,
Cough,
Wheezing,
Runny
nose,
Chest Pain

34. Environmental Pollution By Pesticides
Soil Pollution Air pollution
Water Pollution

35. Pesticides Banned in India
S
No.
Name of
Pesticides
Decision of RC
1. Benomyl • The registration, import and manufacture is
prohibited and its use completely banned
• It is toxic to aquatic organisms.
• The product is teratogenic and foetotoxic.
2. Carbaryl • The registration, import and manufacture is
prohibited and its use completely banned.
• It is toxic to aquatic organisms.
• The product is highly toxic to honey bees.

36. Pesticides Banned in India
S
No.
Name of Pesticides Decision of RC
3. Diazinon, Linuron
and Methoxy Ethyl
Mercury Chloride
(MEMC)
• The registration, import and manufacture is
prohibited and its use completely banned.
4. Fenarimol and
Fenthion
•The registration, import and manufacture is
prohibited and its use completely banned.
• It is toxic to aquatic organisms.
5. Methyl Parathion and
Sodium Cyanide
• The registration, import and manufacture is
prohibited and its use completely banned.
• It is toxic to aquatic organisms.
• It is toxic to honey bees.
• The product is toxic to birds.

37. Pesticides Banned in India
S
No.
Name of
Pesticides
Decision of RC
6. Thiometon,
Tridemorph
and
Trilluralin
•The registration, import and manufacture is
prohibited and its use completely banned.
• It is toxic to honey bees
7. Alachor and
Dichlorvas
• No new certificate of registration to manufacture
after Dec. 2017.
• No person import or manufacture Jan. 2019.
• Its use is completely banned 31 Dec. 2020.
• It is toxic to aquatic organisms.

38. Pesticides Banned in India
S No. Name of
Pesticides
Decision of RC
08 Phorate,
Phosphamidon,
Triazophos and
Trichlorfon
• No new certificate of registration to
manufacture after Dec. 2017.
• No person import or manufacture Jan. 2019.
• Its use is completely banned 31 Dec. 2020.
• It is highly toxic to aquatic organisms.
• It is toxic to honey bees.
• It is toxic to birds
source: Govt. of India Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Department of
Agriculture, Cooperation and farmers welfare

39. Conclusions
 To regulate and encourage the use of cost-effective and
environmentally safe pesticides.
 Hazardous pesticides are necessary for avoiding the adverse
impacts.
 The quality assurance and farmers protection mechanisms in case
of spurious products must be strengthened.
 The promotion of safe application practices and awareness among
farmers.
 Encourage the production, promotion and consumption of bio-
control agents/pesticides.

40. Dr. Norman Borlaug
The Father of Green Revolution
“People of the world must decide that we
either use agricultural chemicals and use
them wisely in the right amount kind to
produce the food or We All Starve”