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The document discusses medium length transmission line models between 80-160km. It states that for medium lines, the parameters are assumed to be lumped. The shunt capacitance can either be concentrated in the middle (nominal-T model) or half at each end (nominal-π model). While these representations approximate the actual line, they are not equivalent as star-delta transformations show.

Engineering

Medium Transmission Line Model
• Transmission lines with lengths between 80 km and 160 km are categorized as
medium length lines where the parameters are assumed to be lumped.
• The shunt capacitance is either assumed to be concentrated at the middle of the
line or half of the total capacitance is concentrated at each end of the line. The two
configurations are known as nominal-T and nominal-π respectively.
Two representations are approximate to the exact representation of the actual
line.
Also the two representations are not equivalent as can be seen by using the star-
delta transformations.

This document discusses the parameters and efficiency calculation of a 750kV transmission line that is 500km long and handling 2000MW of capacitive load, using MATLAB programming. It provides the line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance and efficiency both with and without shunt compensation. The results show that the power transfer capability and voltage profile are improved with a shunt compensating device. Key parameters like sending end voltage and current, receiving end current, line losses, and efficiency are calculated both with and without compensation.

Load flow analysis of transmission network with series compensation

eSAT Publishing House

1) The document discusses load flow analysis of a transmission network with series compensation. It analyzes the effects of series line compensation on voltage profile, power transfer, and transmission losses using MATLAB/Simulink modeling of a simple three bus system. 2) Key findings include that series compensation increases power transfer capacity by reducing effective line reactance. It also improves voltage regulation and stability. The optimal location of series capacitors depends on factors like cost, accessibility, and effectiveness in improving power flow. 3) Modeling results show that compensating the longest line at 50% capacity approximately equalizes the electrical lengths of lines, balancing their power flows. Series compensation is confirmed to enhance electrical characteristics and improve power handling of transmission

Minimizing harmonic distortion impact cause by CS using meta heuristic technique

TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL

This document discusses minimizing harmonic distortion in a distribution system caused by electric vehicle charging stations (CS). It presents a model of a 10-bus radial distribution system with 6 CS installed to analyze harmonic distortion. A harmonic load flow analysis is performed to determine voltage and current harmonics. CS and battery models are developed considering harmonic distortion levels and state of charge. Single tuned passive filters are modeled as a method to mitigate harmonics. A metaheuristic technique called Modified Lightning Search Algorithm is used to find the optimal placement and sizing of passive filters to minimize harmonic distortion and losses in the system.

1st review final1

ananthi ganesh

This document discusses two novel energy-aware routing algorithms - RMECR and RMER - for wireless ad hoc networks that aim to find energy-efficient and reliable routes to increase node lifetime. The RMECR algorithm finds routes that require the least amount of energy for reliable packet transfer, taking into account the remaining battery energy of each node and the energy consumed for packet retransmissions if lost. It uses an energy consumption model and extends network lifetime by ensuring reliability while having more battery energy compared to existing systems that do not consider remaining battery levels or reliability of retransmissions.

Minimization of Energy Consumption using EPAR-DSR Protocol in Manet

IRJET Journal

This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing protocol called EPAR-DSR for minimizing energy consumption in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The key points are: 1. EPAR-DSR aims to reduce energy consumption during packet transmission between nodes to extend the lifetime of battery-powered nodes in the MANET. 2. It modifies the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol to select routes based on the remaining energy of nodes as well as path length. This helps avoid overusing nodes with low battery levels. 3. Simulation results show that EPAR-DSR achieves higher throughput, longer network lifetime, and better packet delivery ratios compared to standard DSR

Power quality improvement in a weak bus system using

eSAT Publishing House

IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology

IRJET- Review Paper on Call Admission Control with Bandwidth Reservation Sche...

IRJET Journal

This document reviews call admission control schemes with bandwidth reservation in wireless communication systems. It begins with an abstract that discusses energy savings opportunities in heterogeneous networks, including issues like sleep/wake cycles and interference management. It then reviews the literature on call admission control, discussing types like deterministic vs stochastic, uplink vs downlink-focused, and those using cell occupancy, mobility, or individual user information. The document presents a system model of a wireless network with call and handoff connections between cells. It discusses heterogeneous network deployment with single-RAT and multi-RAT configurations. It analyzes the energy efficiency of an LTE-WiFi heterogeneous network using simulation, comparing a WLAN-first selection scheme with and without call admission control.

Power quality improvement in a weak bus system using facts controller

eSAT Journals

Abstract Power quality management is the main problem that the industry is facing today. This is mainly affected by the generation of harmonics. The growing use of electronic equipment produces a large amount of harmonics in distribution systems because of non-sinusoidal currents consumed by non-linear loads. As we know for the better quality of power, the voltage and current waveforms should be sinusoidal, but in actual practice it is somewhat disturbed and this phenomenon is called “Harmonic Distortion”. Voltage harmonics are generally present in supply of power from utility. Even though electronic and non-linear devices are flexible, economical and energy efficient, they may degrade power quality by creating harmonic currents and consuming excessive reactive power. The STATCOM as FACTS controller can be applied to a single non-linear load or many. It provides controlled current injection to remove harmonic current from the source side of electric system and also can improve the power factor. Keywords-: Controller design, PI Controller, FACTS and STATCOM.

In this paper, virtual synchronous converter (VSCon) is been developed which mimic the behavior of synchronous generator as in order to have fast synchronization between the inverter with the grid. This synchronization is important before can sent the power among inverter-grid connection. This technique can also been applied at the distributed generated sources when are connected to the local microgrids. Here, the frequency and voltage synchronization also can be controlled at the same time some improvement on synchronous generator mathematical model that is suitable to be implemented into the inverter control. The whole unit of VSCon is operated and simulated in Matlab/Simulink in order to observe all consequences during synchronizing the voltage, frequency and phase-angle. It has been verified by the simulation circuit where, the power converter can be synchronized with the microrids without using a PLL unit for self synchronization. This VSCon technique has proven that, by applying the concept of the synchronous generator model in inverter control, it can cause the inverter to behave as generator system, which does not required any phase information from the grid in order to be synchronized.

MODELING OF PLANAR METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECTIVE PARAMETER EXTRACTION

IAEME Publication

This paper is about designing a Metamaterial structure and the Scattering Parameter Extraction Method that has become a prime tool for Metamaterial characterization so that there is a better understanding of relation between their configuration and associated properties of these materials in terms of negative permittivity and negative permeability to explore application potential. A 2D planar Metamaterial structure has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. It consists of conducting patches and meander lines on a dielectric substrate. Electromagnetic modeling was carried out using Finite Difference Time Domain method based simulation tool EMPIRE XCcel.

Effective Radio Resource Utilization Index for MMR Performance Metric

Yi-Hsueh Tsai

This document proposes adding an "effective radio resource utilization index" (ERUI) to the performance metrics in IEEE 802.16j-06/013. ERUI is defined as the radio resources used to transmit user data normalized by the resources used for 64-QAM 3/4 transmission. It provides a metric to evaluate the performance of path selection schemes in multi-hop relay (MMR) networks. The document defines how to calculate the ERUI for individual links and end-to-end paths in MMR networks. It also introduces reference MMR cell capacity as a benchmark to compare the effective capacity achieved by different path selection schemes. Examples are provided to illustrate how ERUI can be used to compare the performance of direct

Enhancing radial distribution system performance by optimal placement of DST...

IJECEIAES

In this paper, A novel modified optimization method was used to find the optimal location and size for placing distribution Static Compensator in the radial distribution test feeder in order to improve its performance by minimizing the total power losses of the test feeder, enhancing the voltage profile and reducing the costs. The modified grey wolf optimization algorithm is used for the first time to solve this kind of optimization problem. An objective function was developed to study the radial distribution system included total power loss of the system and costs due to power loss in system. The proposed method is applied to two different test distribution feeders (33 bus and 69 bus test systems) using different Dstatcom sizes and the acquired results were analyzed and compared to other recent optimization methods applied to the same test feeders to ensure the effectiveness of the used method and its superiority over other recent optimization mehods. The major findings from obtained results that the applied technique found the most minimized total power loss in system, the best improved voltage profile and most reduction in costs due power loss compared to other methods.

Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...

paperpublications3

Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.

Optimal Capacitor Placement for Improving Electrical Performance in distribut...

AmmarHakami

Optimal Placement of FACTS Controllers for Congestion Management in the Dereg...

IJECEIAES

This paper proposes a methodology to determine the optimal location of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers for Congestion Management (CM) in the restructured electrical power system. An approach to find the optimum placement of Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulators (TCPAR) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) has been proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on the sensitivity of transmission loss which a controller is installed. The total system losses and the power flows are considered as the performance indices. The traditional optimal power flow (OPF) problem is modified to include the market players, who will compete and trade simultaneously, ensuring the system operation stays within the security limits. In this paper, pool and bilateral contracts are considered. Here, an integrated methodology is proposed that includes the FACTS Controllers in a bilateral contract framework to maintain the system security and to minimize the deviations from the contractual requirements. The simulation results on IEEE 30 bus system show that the sensitivity factors could be used effectively for the optimal location of FACTS controllers in response to the required objectives.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

IJERD Editor

Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, Information Engineering and Technology, Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Automation and Mechatronics Engineering, Material and Chemical Engineering, Civil and Architecture Engineering, Biotechnology and Bio Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Marine and Agriculture engineering, Aerospace Engineering.

Guru Charan

This document describes a study of load frequency control (LFC) for a three area power system with time delays using PI and fuzzy logic controllers. The system consists of two areas connected by HVDC transmission links and one area connected to the other by an AC tie line. Models are presented for the generating units, interconnected system, and tie line power flow. The goal is to minimize transient frequency deviations and steady state errors in each area caused by load changes using the different controllers while accounting for time delays in the system.

Dsp based implementation of field oriented control of

eSAT Publishing House

This document presents a study on implementing field oriented control of a three-phase induction motor drive using a digital signal processor. The control algorithm is developed using Code Composer Studio and implemented on a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor board. Field oriented control is achieved using an indirect vector control scheme with an inner current control loop and outer speed control loop using PI controllers. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to generate switching signals for the voltage source inverter driving the motor. Experimental results show the motor speed is able to track different speed commands while responding well to load disturbances.

Fdtd calculation model for the transient analyses of grounding systems

Himmelstern

This document evaluates different parameters for calculating the transient impedance of grounding systems using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It first adjusts the derivation of transient current to obtain more accurate impedance values. It then evaluates the FDTD calculation model to determine optimized parameters that accurately predict impedance without requiring huge computational resources. Specifically, it analyzes the effects of transient voltage integration path, reference electrode length and distance, injected current type and height. It finds that integrating the transient voltage parallel to the connecting line provides the most accurate impedance results without large computational needs.

railway electrification

mafdEmilsamouel

The document discusses different methods of electrifying rail systems, including overhead wires, third rail, and fourth rail systems. It provides details on direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) systems, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. DC is well suited for high frequency suburban transit due to its ability to provide power consistently along short distances, while AC is better for longer intercity routes. The document also examines the classification of contact systems, components of third rail systems, and the operational framework of multiple unit trainsets.

Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...

ijiert bestjournal

In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.

IRJET- Channel Allocation Strategy for Multiuser Cognitive and Location A...

IRJET Journal

This document proposes a channel allocation strategy for a cognitive radio network that takes into account the locations of secondary users. The coverage area is divided into an overlay region near primary users and a hybrid region further away. Secondary users in the overlay region use an overlay spectrum access method, while those in the hybrid region use a sensing-free method. The paper formulates a resource allocation problem that optimizes power and channel allocation for secondary users based on their locations and spectrum access methods. It then proposes an adaptive algorithm that incorporates an interference violation test to determine resource allocation parameters and enable sensing-free access, while minimizing total power consumption subject to quality of service constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed location-aware and adaptive strategy in improving

IRJET- Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected ...

IRJET Journal

This document discusses distance protection of a transmission line with a STATCOM installed at the mid-point. It begins with an introduction to FACTS devices and their impact on transmission line protection schemes. It then reviews the modeling and operation of STATCOM and distance relays. The performance of a two-zone distance protection scheme is evaluated for different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD simulation. To address misoperations of the conventional distance relay when the line is compensated by STATCOM, an adaptive distance protection algorithm is presented and its flow diagram is shown. The algorithm adaptively selects the protection zones based on the STATCOM injection current and measured relay quantities to improve the reliability of distance protection.

STATCOM A Review on Different Configurations and Topologies

ijtsrd

Synchronous static compensators STATCOMs have been presented as a member of flexible alternating current transmission systems devices family in both distribution and transmission levels, namely distribution STATCOM and transmission STATCOM, respectively. These compensators have an important role in increasing the power quality in power systems because of having features investigated in various studies and because of the proper implementation of power functions, especially in compensating the voltage flicker. Studies on STATCOM can be categorized in two different parts. The first part is about the various topologies of the electronic converters used in the compensator and different arrangements of the coupling transformers with the network, which can be named as the power part. The second part is about theorizing at the control level, which eventually ends in producing the proper gate signals to control the switching of the electronic power switches in the power part. Considering the fact that two comprehensive reviews on STATCOM have been published in 2002 and 2009, this paper based on the aforementioned categorization reviews the studies fulfilled in the field of synchronous static compensator, especially the relevant studies in recent years published in creditable journals. The paper makes connections among the control methods and compares the ideas about power stage from different perspectives, so that conducted studies will be organized in a systematic order. Simranpreet Singh "STATCOM: A Review on Different Configurations and Topologies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20315.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20315/statcom-a-review-on-different-configurations-and-topologies/simranpreet-singh

Cross-layer Design of an Asymmetric Loadpower Control Protocol in Ad hoc Netw...

IDES Editor

Cross-layer design is important in wireless ad hoc network and the power control methods. Power control is the intelligent selection of transmit power in a communication to achieve the better performance within the system. Cross-layer is used to sharing the information between the layers. CLD using LOADPOWER (LOADPOW) control protocol is reduce the overall end-end delay in transmission power. So many power control schemes are dealt in network layer but this work Power control protocol was done in MAC layer and it plays a vital role. A MAC approach to power control only does a local optimization whereas network layer is capable of a global optimization. Simulation was done in NS-2 simulator with the performance metrics as throughput, and energy consumption and end-end delay. The key concept is to improve the throughput, saves energy by sending all the packets with optimal transmit power according to the network load, transmission power was given, when the network load is low, higher transmission power gives lower end-end delay and viceversa.

USAGE BASED COST ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR EHV NETWORKS USING NON-LINEAR UTILI...

ELELIJ

This document presents a modified Amp-Mile method for allocating the embedded costs of extra high voltage (EHV) networks. The key modifications include: 1) Using non-linear current sensitivity factors (current utility factors) instead of assuming linear sensitivities. 2) Introducing the concept of dispersed slack buses to better model how load and generation variations impact power flows. 3) Using a Newton Raphson load flow algorithm to more accurately calculate the current sensitivity factors. 4) Allowing the sensitivity to load variations to differ from the sensitivity to generation variations, rather than assuming they are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The method is demonstrated on a 6 bus power system

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

IJERD Editor

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Dsp based implementation of field oriented control of

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railway electrification

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Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...

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