Nutrition in the life cycle

1. EARLY
CHILDHOOD
PRESENTED BY: CHARLES TAN. RND
NUTRITION IN THE LIFE CYCLE

2. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Growth and Development in Early
Childhood
Pre-school age: 1 – 6 yrs old (Jamorabo)
a. steady but slow growth in rate with more
or less equal yearly gains as much as 2-3kg;
b. average wt gain of 5-6 lb/year are found
mostly in muscle and bone mass;
c. characterized by loss in body fat;
d. average ht increase is by 2-3 in/year;
e. girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys.

3. Growth and Development
Cont.
 Growth in weight and height
 Body proportions
- growth is concentrated in legs and trunk
- balance is easier with a lower center of gravity
 Internal systems and tissues
- in terms of growth rate, body systems slow and stabilize
- changes in fat, muscles and bone tissues
* body fat ↓

4. Growth and Development
* more muscle and bones among
boys and more fat tissues among girls
* slow muscle growth
* cartilage changes to bone
* 20 baby teeth come out by age 2.5-3
* adult chest breathing movements
* larger bladder
* ½ of adult stomach capacity

5. Growth and Development
 Brain growth is rapid in the first 3-4 years after birth.
- brain size reaches 75% of its adult wt by age and 90% at
the age of 4-6 years.
- new cells are formed, existing cells become more complex
- myelinezation continues
- hand preferences are established by age 4 (use of left or
right hand)

6. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
EARLY CHILDHOOD
 Nutritive needs of the child differ in many aspects from
those of adults:
- large requirement for growth: practically all food eaten
must contain CHON, micronutrients.
- higher physical activities so that daily energy allowance
per unit of body wt is higher.
- food selection and preparation is influenced by the child’s
capacity to chew and digest food

7.  Energy: Must take into consideration basal metabolism,
rate of growth and activity. Dietary energy must be
sufficient to ensure growth and spare protein from being
used as a source of energy.
 ↑ energy needs for ↑ basal metabolism, physical activities
and growth
- Recommended intake is about 82 kcal/kg for 1-3 years old
and 74 kcal/kg for 4-6 years old.
- Recommended energy intakes make no distinction
between boys and girls until 10 yrs.
RATIONALE FOR NUT’L REQUIREMENTS

8.  CHON: It is needed for maintenance of tissue, changes in
body composition and synthesis of new tissue.
 requirement is ↑ than that of adults per kg body wt
 - Recommended daily CHON intake of 2.15 and 2.0 g/Kg
for 1-3 and 4-6 year old
 Foods in this group should be served about once or twice
per day or two to three times per day for those who only eat
eggs, nuts, and pulses.
 Milk in excess may reduce appetite and so decrease their
intake of other foods.

9.  Water soluble vitamins: most water soluble vitamins
are involved in energy metabolism
- Thiamin, riboflavin and niacin acts as coenzymes in the
form of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide
(FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP),
respectively, which are involved in CHO, CHON and FAT
metabolism.
RATIONALE FOR NUT’L REQUIREMENTS

10. -Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) dependent enzymes participates in
amino acid metabolism, synthesis of niacin (energy
metabolism) from tryptophan and formation of antibodies.
- Adequate amounts of folate (synthesis of heme) and
pyridoxine are needed for the proper utilization of Fe and
CHON in hematopoiesis (formation and development of
blood cells)
- Vit C for collagen (a protein that binds cells together)
formation
RATIONALE FOR NUT’L REQUIREMENTS

11.  MINERALS: Ca building strong bones and teeth,
promoting nerve and muscle function, helping blood clot,
and activating the enzymes that convert food into energy),
P (structural component of bones and teeth) and F
(dentine, forms the major portion of tooth and enamel of
teeth)
 WATER: 60% of child’s body wt is water
4-6 glasses or 1000-1500 mL per day.

12. Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A is required for growth, epithelial integrity
(internal and external surfaces of the lungs, intestines,
stomach, vagina, urinary tract and bladder, eyes and skin.
These cells act as important barriers to bacteria and
immunity enhances white blood cell function, enhances
resistance to infection and carcinogens); essential for the
maintenance of visual purple (a pigment) for vision in dim
light.
Vitamin D is important in promoting normal calcification of
bones, and stimulates maturation of cells.

13. Vitamin E is necessary in the synthesis of essential body
compounds (CHO, CHON, fats, water, nucleotides for), and
acts as an antioxidant (protects body cells from oxidation).
Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin
and proconvertin, two essential factors in blood coagulation.

14.  TRANSITIONAL FOODS: the transition from an infant
diet to a regular adult diet.
- Formation of good eating habits is critical at this stage.
- Children react more to the color, flavor, texture and size of
serving and the attitude and atmosphere in which it is
presented.
FEEDING YOUNG CHILDREN

15. - Growing children prefer mildly flavored foods over spicy
foods, plain over mixed dishes, soft and moist food,
colorful meals using the natural color of foods, lukewarm
foods, fruits and simple deserts and raw veggies cut into
manageable serving pieces.

16.  MEETING THE DIETARY ALLOWANCE OF GROWING
CHILDREN
- provide ample amount of macronutrients.
- provide a variety of foods offered in amounts sufficient
- use nutrient dense foods served in small frequent
servings.
- incorporate milk in other foods like custard, pudding, ice
cream and other beverages like cocoa to compensated for
the tendency of decreasing milk intake.
- offer nutritious snacks in the middle of the morning and
afternoon especially to active children.
FEEDING YOUNG CHILDREN

21.  Food jags – when a child will eat only one food item meal
after meal
 Dawdling- deliberate act of playing and delaying
 Gagging- pushing food out of mouth
 Food dislikes and/or refusal eat
 Eating too much
FEEDING PROBLEMS

22.  Offer a variety of nutritious food: give substitutes,
introduce new food with a familiar favorite, make food
appetizing by varying shapes, color texture, use different
cooking styles
 Give child-sized servings: mini meals, use of child-sized
utensils, foods that are easy to chew and digest
 Involve your child in planning, buying and preparing foods,
allow child to explore food by touching
Feeding Tips

23.  Always encourage: do not use food to reward, punish,
bribe or convey love
 Set a good example in eating a well balanced diet and a
wide variety of foods
 Provide an enjoyable atmosphere by keeping mealtime
pleasant, relaxed, unhurried: set times for eating, do not
use mealtime for discipline

24.  The child needs sensory stimuli and enriching experiences
to attain the maximum potential for his growth and
development.
 The objective of mental and emotional feeding program is
to promote total development of both mind and body of
children during the crucial period from conception to age
six.
 Proper care for the growing children is necessary for their
total wellness.
MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL FEEDING

25. SIGNS OF GOOD NUTRITION IN YOUNG
CHILDREN
 Alert, vigorous and happy
 Has endurance during activity
 Sleeps well
 Normal height and weight for age
 Stands erect, arms and legs are straight
 Clear, bright eyes; smooth healthy skin; lustrous hair
 Not irritable and restless
 Good attention span

26. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
1. DIARRHEA – stool contains more water than normal
a. DYSENTERY – contains blood in stool  dehydration
and undernutrition
b. Tx: 1) to prevent dehydration;
2) to treat dehydration if present;
3) to feed the child
c. ORS: 1L of safe water + 3.5g table salt + 2.5g baking soda
+1.5g potassium chloride and 20g glucose
d. Children should be fed their regular diets and food choices
should be guided by individual tolerances.

27. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
2. CONSTIPATION: difficulty of emptying the bowels due
to poor muscle contraction in the GIT or lack of
facilitating excretion.
a. Dietary Tx: modification of the diet to include high
fiber foods and increase fluid intake.
b. Exercise and physical activity also promote bowel
movement.
3. FOOD ALLERGY:
a. may result to loss of appetite and diarrhea
b. allergies to eggs and seafood should be addressed
seriously
c. nutrient intake should be monitored

28. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
4. LACTOSE INTOLERANCE: a deficiency in lactase, an
enzyme for the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and
galactose, thus lactose is poorly absorbed to the large
intestine unchanged.
a. the “MILK”
b. In case of intolerance, milk substitute is given

29. 5. HYPERACTIVITY OR HYPERKINESIS: children
are excessively restless and inattentive and have poor
control of their impulses.
a. probable causes: genetics, prenatal hypoxia (oxygen
deprivation to brain), lead poisoning, family
disruption. Role of sugar as etiological (causes or
origins) factor has not been confirmed.
b. Therapy: application of central CNS stimulants
would ease the symptoms; elimination of foods with
artificial coloring and flavoring and those with
naturally occurring salicylates ( may also improve the
condition.

30. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
6. DENTAL CARIES: caused by cariogenic microorganism.
a. strength of the teeth during conception
b. factors that influence the development:
- susceptibility of the tooth
- presence of fermenting CHO in the mouth
- presence of bacteria causing CHO fermentation
c. Develop good oral hygiene, F Tx, ↓ sugar intake

31. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
7. PEM
a. freq. occurs among preschool children
b. assoc with infection
c. Characteristics of sever PEML:
- BW is ↓ 60% IBW for age
- edema
- loss body fat and sever muscle wasting
d. Tx is preferably in the hospital
e. Mild to mod PEM may be treated with adequate diet and
control of infections w/c affect nut. Intake or utilization

32. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
8. INTESTINAL PARASITISM
a. most common forms are ascariasis, caused by Ascaris
lumbrecoides and trichinosis, caused by trichenella
spriralis.
b. etiology: ingestion of parasite-infested food such as raw
veggies and improperly cooked foods.
c. Nutritional effects: interferes Fe and fat, lowers the
absorption and retention of nitrogen and Vit. C
d. Prevention: observe hygienic food prep and personaly
hygiene.

33. COMMON PROBLEMS & DISORDERS AMONG
YOUNG CHILDREN
e. Tx: antihelminthic drugs together with high energy, high
CHON diet and iron and ascorbic acid supplements
Fe supp to infant 6-11 mos of age
TARGETS PREP DOSE/DURATION
LBW Drops: 15mg elemental
Fe/0.6
0.3ml once a day to
start at 2 mos of age
until 6 mos when
complementary foods
are given.
Infant Drops containing 15mg
elemental Fe/0.6 ml
0.6ml once a day for 3
mos.

34. REFERNCES:
 NDAP
 PAN
 DOH