2. REFERENCE WRITING
Dr Athar Khan
Department of Community Medicine
Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry
matharm@yahoo.com
3. Learning Objectives
By the end of session, students will be able to:
โข Describe Referencing and its various styles
โข Use Endnote for Referencing
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16. APA. American Psychological Association is an author/date based style.
This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of
work to uniquely identify it.
MLA. Modern Language Association is most often applied by the arts and
humanities, particularly in the USA. It is arguably the most well used of all
of the citation styles.
Harvard. Harvard is very similar to APA. Where APA is primarily used in the
USA, Harvard referencing is the most well used referencing style in the UK
and Australia, and is encouraged for use with the humanities.
Vancouver. The Vancouver system is mainly used in medical and scientific
papers.
Chicago Very similar, just like Harvard and APA and widely used for history
and economics.
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18. Vancouver style
Vancouver is a numbered referencing style
Commonly used in medicine and science
Consists of: citations in the text, using numbers and a numbered
reference list at the end of the document.
It follows rules established by the International committee of
Medical Journal Editors, now maintained by the U.S. National
Library of Medicine.
It is also knows as Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
submitted to Biomedical Journals.
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19. 1. In-text Citing
A number is allocated to a source in the order in which it is cited in the
text. If the source is referred to again, the same number is used.
Example:
...as one author has put it "the darkest days were still ahead" [1]:
Which is well documented in the literature. [2-5]
This proves that "the darkest days were still ahead". [1] or (1) or 1
This proves that "the darkest days were still aheadโ [1] or (1) or 1.
The author's name can also be integrated into the text eg. Scholtz [2]
has argued that...
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20. 2a. Journal Articles
Elements of a Citation:
Author's surname Initials, Author's surname Initials. Title of article. Title of
Journal.[abbreviated] Year of publication Month date; Volume Number(Issue
number):page numbers.
Example: Smithline HA, Mader TJ, Ali FM, Cocchi MN. Determining pretest
probability of DVT: clinical intuition vs. validated scoring systems. N Engl J
Med. 2003 Apr 4;21(2):161-2.
Only first words of article title and words that normally begin with a capital
letter are capitalised.
First 6 authors are listed; thereafter add an et al. after the sixth author.
If the journal has continuous page numbering, you may omit month/issue
number
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21. Example: continuous pagination; more than 6 authors
Gao SR, McGarry M, Ferrier TL, Pallante B, Gasparrini B,
Fletcher JR, et al. Effect of cell confluence on production of
cloned mice using an inbred embryonic stem cell line. Biol
Reprod. 2003;68(2):595-603.
(Titles of Journals should be abbreviated according to Index
Medicus)
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23. 2c. Chapter in a book:
Elements of a Citation: Author's surname Initials. Title of chapter. In:
Editor's surname Initials, editor. Title of the book. # ed.[if not 1st]
Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of publication. p. #.
[page numbers of chapter] Abbreviate page numbers to p. eg p. 12-
25.
Example: Blaxter PS, Farnsworth TP. Social health and class
inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel JR, editors. Equalities and inequalities
in health. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 1976. p. 165-78.
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25. 2d. Journal article on the internet:
Elements of a Citation: Author's surname Initials, Author's surname Initials.
Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [serial on the Internet]. Year of
publication Month day [cited Year Month Day]; Volume Number(Issue
number):[about number of pages or screens]. Available from: URL
Only cite month/day if applicable
Can list either pages or screens
Example: Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical
mortality in England after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital episode
statistics 1991-2002. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct 9;[cited 2004
October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens]. Available from:
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7470/825
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27. โช Which of the following book citations is in the correct Vancouver
referencing style?
1. Machin D, Cambell MJ, Walters SJ. Medical statistics: a textbook for the
health sciences. 4th ed. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
2. Machin, D., Cambell, M.J. & Walters, S.J. 2007. Medical statistics: a
textbook for the health sciences. West Sussex: John Wiley & Son.
โช The list of references in Vancouver style must be arrangedโฆ
A. Alphabetically
B. Numerically
โช Up to how many authors must you enter into your reference list in
Vancouver style?
โช If you cite a piece of work more than once, the same citation number
should be used.
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28. EXERCISE:
โช A year in my life by John Brown. . January, 2011. Volume no 20,
Issue 4, Pages 5-15. Journal article in Autobiography Today.
โช The effects of long-term study upon university students.
International Journal of Academic Studies [Internet]. 2011
[cited 2011 August 18]; 24 (2):123. Available from Proquest.
Smith A, Jones B, Green T.
โช Lee Fan Berkman, Lee Breslow. Oxford University Press;
1983.Health and ways of living: the Alameda County Study.
New York (NY)
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