discriptive method

1. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD is used to observe, describe, and document the characteristics, behaviors, or
phenomena of a particular subject or group. It aims to provide an accurate and detailed account of the
observed variables without manipulating or altering them. Here is an example of a research study that
utilizes the descriptive method:
Title: A Descriptive Study of Consumer Behavior in Online Shopping
Objective: The objective of this study is to describe and understand the consumer behavior patterns and
preferences in online shopping.
Methodology:
1. Sampling: Random sampling will be used to select a diverse sample of online shoppers from
different age groups, genders, and geographical locations.
2. Data Collection: A structured online survey will be designed to collect data from the
participants. The survey will include questions related to their online shopping habits,
preferences, motivations, satisfaction levels, and concerns.
3. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, percentages, means, and
standard deviations will be used to analyze the collected data. The data will be organized and
presented in tables, charts, and graphs to provide a clear overview of the consumer behavior
patterns.
4. Variables: The study will examine various variables, including demographics (age, gender,
income), online shopping frequency, preferred product categories, preferred online platforms,
factors influencing purchase decisions, satisfaction with online shopping experience, and
concerns related to security and privacy.
5. Findings: The study will present a comprehensive description of consumer behavior in online
shopping based on the collected data. It will identify common trends, preferences, and concerns
among online shoppers. The findings will be reported objectively, without making any causal
claims or interpretations.
Conclusion: This descriptive study will contribute to a better understanding of consumer behavior in
online shopping. The findings will provide valuable insights for e-commerce businesses, marketers, and
policymakers to tailor their strategies and improve the online shopping experience. However, it is
important to note that the descriptive method does not provide explanations or causal relationships but
focuses on providing an accurate depiction of the observed behavior.

2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH is conducted to examine the relationship between two or more variables. It
aims to determine if there is a statistical association or correlation between the variables and to what
degree they are related. Here is an example of a research study that utilizes correlational research:
Title: Correlational Study on Smartphone Usage and Academic Performance of College Students
Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between smartphone usage and the
academic performance of college students.
Methodology:
1. Sample Selection: A sample of college students from different academic disciplines will be
randomly selected to participate in the study.
2. Data Collection: Participants will be asked to provide information on their smartphone usage
and academic performance. Smartphone usage data will include variables such as daily hours
spent on the phone, types of activities performed (e.g., social media, gaming, studying), and
perceived addiction to smartphones. Academic performance data will include variables such as
GPA, class attendance, and study habits.
3. Data Analysis: Statistical analysis will be conducted to determine the correlation between
smartphone usage and academic performance. Correlation coefficients, such as Pearson's
correlation coefficient, will be calculated to measure the strength and direction of the
relationship. The data will be analyzed to identify any significant associations or patterns.
4. Control Variables: Additional factors that may influence academic performance, such as sleep
patterns, extracurricular activities, and study environment, will be controlled or accounted for in
the analysis to isolate the specific relationship between smartphone usage and academic
performance.
5. Findings: The study will present the correlational analysis results, including the correlation
coefficients and p-values, indicating the significance of the relationship. The findings will
describe the strength and direction of the relationship between smartphone usage and
academic performance.
Conclusion: Based on the correlational analysis, the study will conclude whether there is a significant
correlation between smartphone usage and academic performance among college students. It will
provide insights into the potential impact of smartphone usage on students' academic achievements.
However, it is important to note that correlational research does not establish causation, but rather
identifies associations between variables.

3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD is used to investigate cause-and-effect relationships between variables by
manipulating an independent variable and observing its effects on a dependent variable. Here is an
example of a research study that utilizes the experimental method:
Title: The Effects of Exercise on Mood in Young Adults
Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the effects of exercise on mood in young adults.
Methodology:
1. Sample Selection: A sample of young adults without any pre-existing mood disorders will be
recruited and randomly assigned to two groups: an exercise group and a control group.
2. Independent Variable: The exercise group will engage in a structured exercise program, while
the control group will not engage in any specific exercise routine. The independent variable is
the exercise intervention.
3. Dependent Variable: The mood of participants will be measured using standardized mood
assessment scales before and after the intervention. Variables such as happiness, stress levels,
and overall mood will be assessed. The dependent variable is the mood of the participants.
4. Experimental Procedure: a. Pre-test: Participants from both groups will complete the mood
assessment scales to establish a baseline mood level. b. Exercise Intervention: The exercise
group will engage in a moderate-intensity exercise program for a specified duration (e.g., 30
minutes) and frequency (e.g., three times a week) over a set period (e.g., four weeks). The
control group will not engage in any exercise intervention. c. Post-test: After the intervention
period, both groups will complete the mood assessment scales again to measure any changes in
mood.
5. Data Analysis: Statistical analysis, such as a t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA), will be
conducted to compare the post-test mood scores between the exercise group and the control
group. This analysis will determine if there are significant differences in mood between the two
groups.
6. Ethical Considerations: Informed consent will be obtained from all participants, and ethical
guidelines regarding participant safety and confidentiality will be followed throughout the study.
Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the data, the study will conclude whether the exercise intervention
had a significant effect on the mood of young adults. It will provide insights into the potential benefits of
exercise in improving mood among this population. However, it is important to note that the
experimental method establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, but the findings
may be limited to the specific context and sample used in the study.

4. The Historical Research
Title: The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Urbanization in 19th Century England
Objective: The objective of this historical research is to investigate the impact of the Industrial
Revolution on the process of urbanization in 19th century England.
Methodology:
1. Data Collection: Primary and secondary sources will be gathered to gather information on the
Industrial Revolution and urbanization during the specified time period. Primary sources may
include historical documents, letters, diaries, government records, and newspaper articles from
the era. Secondary sources may include scholarly books, journal articles, and historical analyses.
2. Literature Review: A comprehensive review of existing literature on the Industrial Revolution
and urbanization in 19th century England will be conducted to identify key themes, theories,
and debates in the field.
3. Analysis of Primary Sources: The primary sources collected will be critically analyzed and
interpreted to extract relevant information on the causes, consequences, and dynamics of
urbanization during the Industrial Revolution. This analysis may include examining population
growth, migration patterns, changes in living conditions, the emergence of industrial cities, and
the social and economic impact on different segments of society.
4. Secondary Source Analysis: The secondary sources will be examined to contextualize and
corroborate the findings from the primary sources. The existing scholarly perspectives and
interpretations will be assessed to gain a broader understanding of the subject matter.
5. Synthesis and Interpretation: The findings from the primary and secondary source analysis will
be synthesized and interpreted to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the
Industrial Revolution on urbanization in 19th century England. Themes, trends, and patterns
identified during the research process will be highlighted and analyzed.
6. Conclusion: The study will conclude by summarizing the key findings and discussing the overall
impact of the Industrial Revolution on urbanization. It will address how the growth of industries,
technological advancements, and social changes during this period influenced the process of
urbanization in England. The study may also identify gaps in existing knowledge and suggest
areas for further research.
Conclusion: Through historical research on the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in 19th century
England, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between
industrialization and urban development. It will shed light on the social, economic, and environmental
transformations that occurred during this pivotal period in history. However, it is important to recognize
that historical research is interpretive and subject to the availability and limitations of the historical
sources.

5. THE MARKET RESEARCH
Title: Market Research on Consumer Preferences for Plant-Based Meat Alternatives
Objective: The objective of this market research is to understand consumer preferences and attitudes
towards plant-based meat alternatives in the current market.
Methodology:
1. Sample Selection: A diverse sample of consumers from different age groups, genders, and
geographical locations will be selected to participate in the study.
2. Data Collection: A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods will be
employed to collect data. This may include surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observation of
consumer behavior.
3. Survey Design: A structured questionnaire will be developed to gather quantitative data on
consumer preferences, purchase behaviors, awareness of plant-based meat alternatives, and
factors influencing their choices. The survey will also include demographic questions to
understand the target market.
4. Interviews and Focus Groups: In-depth interviews and focus groups will be conducted to gain
qualitative insights into consumer perceptions, motivations, and barriers related to plant-based
meat alternatives. These methods will allow for a deeper exploration of consumer opinions and
experiences.
5. Observation and Analysis of Consumer Behavior: Observational research may be conducted in
supermarkets, restaurants, or online platforms to observe consumer behavior related to plant-
based meat alternatives. This may include tracking purchasing decisions, product interactions,
and consumption patterns.
6. Data Analysis: Quantitative data from surveys will be analyzed using statistical techniques such
as frequency analysis, cross-tabulations, and statistical tests to identify patterns, correlations,
and trends. Qualitative data from interviews and focus groups will be analyzed using thematic
analysis to identify common themes and insights.
7. Findings and Recommendations: The market research study will present the findings, including
consumer preferences, attitudes, and behaviors towards plant-based meat alternatives. The
study will provide recommendations to businesses in terms of product development, marketing
strategies, and target audience segmentation based on the research findings.
Conclusion: The market research study on consumer preferences for plant-based meat alternatives will
provide valuable insights to companies operating in the food industry. It will help them understand the
market landscape, consumer needs, and preferences related to plant-based meat alternatives. The
findings will aid in making informed business decisions, product innovations, and marketing strategies to
cater to the growing demand for plant-based food products.

6. FEASIBILITY STUDY
Title: Feasibility Study for Opening a Coffee Shop in Downtown City X
Objective: The objective of this feasibility study is to assess the viability and potential success of opening
a coffee shop in downtown City X.
Methodology:
1. Market Analysis:
 Evaluate the demand for coffee and the coffee shop industry in City X.
 Analyze the target market, including demographics, preferences, and purchasing
behaviors of potential customers.
 Identify competitors and assess their market share, pricing strategies, and customer
base.
2. Location Assessment:
 Evaluate potential locations in downtown City X for the coffee shop.
 Consider factors such as foot traffic, accessibility, parking availability, and proximity to
other businesses.
 Assess the rental or purchase costs associated with different locations.
3. Concept Development:
 Define the unique selling proposition (USP) and concept for the coffee shop.
 Determine the target market positioning, such as specialty coffee, organic products, or a
cozy ambiance.
 Identify potential menu offerings, including coffee varieties, pastries, snacks, and
beverages.
4. Financial Analysis:
 Estimate the startup costs, including equipment, furniture, interior design, licenses, and
permits.
 Forecast the operating expenses, such as rent, utilities, salaries, and inventory.
 Develop a revenue projection based on anticipated sales volume, pricing, and average
transaction value.
5. Marketing Strategy:
 Develop a comprehensive marketing plan to attract and retain customers.
 Outline promotional activities, online and offline marketing channels, and social media
strategies.

7.  Determine customer acquisition costs and evaluate the potential return on marketing
investments.
6. Risk Assessment:
 Identify potential risks and challenges associated with opening a coffee shop, such as
market saturation, changing consumer trends, or supply chain disruptions.
 Develop risk mitigation strategies and contingency plans to address potential
challenges.
Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the market, location, concept, financials, marketing, and risks, this
feasibility study will provide an assessment of the viability and potential success of opening a coffee
shop in downtown City X. The study will conclude with recommendations regarding the feasibility of the
project, including the potential for profitability, market opportunities, and key considerations for
implementation.
MODULE 4 ACTIVITY:
Objective: To familiarize students with the process of conducting surveys as a data collection method in
practical research.
Materials:
 Survey questionnaires (printed or digital)
 Writing materials (pens, pencils, or digital devices)
 Sample population or target respondents
 Data collection tools (paper or digital forms, online survey platforms, etc.)
 Computer or mobile devices with internet access (if using online survey platforms)
Procedure:
1. Introduction (5 minutes)
 Explain to students the importance of surveys as a data collection method in practical
research.
 Discuss the benefits and limitations of surveys, emphasizing their ability to gather large
amounts of data from a diverse range of respondents.
2. Survey Questionnaire Development (15 minutes)
 Review the research objectives and questions from Practical Research 1 Module 4.
 Instruct students to develop survey questionnaires based on the research objectives and
questions.

8.  Discuss the importance of clear, concise, and unbiased questions.
 Encourage students to consider different question types (e.g., multiple choice, Likert
scale, open-ended) based on the information they want to collect.
3. Survey Administration Planning (10 minutes)
 Guide students in determining the target population or respondents for their surveys.
 Discuss the different methods of survey administration (e.g., face-to-face, online,
phone) and their advantages and disadvantages.
 Help students choose the most appropriate method for their research objectives and
target population.
4. Survey Data Collection (30 minutes)
 Divide students into pairs or small groups, depending on the sample size needed.
 Instruct students to administer their surveys to the target population using the chosen
method.
 If conducting face-to-face surveys, advise students on approaching potential
respondents, explaining the purpose of the survey, and ensuring confidentiality.
 If using online survey platforms, guide students in creating and distributing the surveys
digitally, sharing the links, or sending email invitations.
 Monitor the progress and address any questions or challenges that arise during the data
collection process.
5. Data Analysis and Interpretation (10 minutes)
 After collecting the survey responses, guide students in organizing and entering the data
into a spreadsheet or statistical software, if applicable.
 Instruct students on basic data analysis techniques, such as frequency distributions or
simple statistical measures.
 Encourage students to interpret the findings based on the research objectives and
questions.
6. Presentation and Discussion (10 minutes)
 Allocate time for students to present their findings to the class.
 Facilitate a discussion on the challenges encountered during the survey process, the
reliability and validity of the data collected, and any recommendations for future
surveys.
Note: The timings provided are approximate and can be adjusted based on the complexity of the survey
and the size of the sample. Encourage students to maintain ethical considerations, such as obtaining

9. informed consent and ensuring the anonymity and confidentiality of respondents. Remind them to
thank the participants for their time and cooperation in completing the surveys.