CNS, Spinothalamic Neurons, Brainstem, atlantoaxial joint, occiput, supratentorium, spinal manipulation

1. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Thing to be covered
▸Anatomy of the CNS
▸The Spinal Cord
▸The Brain

2. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Anatomy of the CNS
▸The Skull or Cranium (for brain)
▸The Vetebral Column (for spinal cord)
▸Meninges
– Dura mater (outermost layer)

3. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
▸Cranial vault - 1.4L; cells - 1.0L; blood - 0.1- 0.15L;
CSF - 0.2-0.3L
▸Colorless, salty solution
▸Continuously secreted from specialized cells
(ependymal cells) in the choroid plexus in ventricles
▸Ependyma actively transport Na+ and solutes into
ventricles

4. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Path of CerebroSpinal Fluid

5. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Three-dimensional view of the ventricles of the
Brain

6. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
▸Function - protection
▸Brain capillaries much less permeable than others
▸Protects the brain from blood composition
fluctuations
▸Can transport nutrients into the ISF
▸Exceptions - posterior pituitary and vomiting center

7. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Divisions of the CNS
▸Gray matter
▸Nuclei
▸White matter
▸Tracts - ascending and descending
▸Spinal cord
– Dorsal root (afferent, sensory)
– Ventral root (efferent, motor)

8. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System

9. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Organization of the grey matter of the spinal
cord
Major ascending and descending pathways
of the spinal cord

10. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Brain
▸Cerebrum
▸Brain stem
▸Cerebellum
▸Forebrain - cerebrum and diencephalon
▸Brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla

11. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Brain Stem
▸Contains the third and fourth ventricles
▸9 cranial nerves emerge (know tables 9-1 & 2 )
▸Medulla oblongata contains vital centers
▸Pyramids
▸Midbrain or mesencephalon controls eye and ear
functions

12. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Cranial Nerves (Know Table 9-1)
▸I Olfactory
▸II Optic
▸III Oculomotor
▸IV Trochlear
▸V Trigeminal
▸VI Abducens

13. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Cerebellum
▸Process sensory information
▸Coordinates muscle activity
▸Involves cordinating balance and equilibrium
▪ The Diencephalon
▸Composed of thalamus and the hypothalamus
▸Also contains the pineal gland

14. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Cerebrum: Lobes and Fissures of the
Cerebral Hemispheres: Lateral Left

15. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ The Cerebrum: Lobes and Fissures of the
Cerebral Hemispheres: Medial surface
Lobes:
1.
Frontal
2.
Parietal
3.
Occipital

16. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Major Regions of the Cerebral Hemipheres

17. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Functional Area of the Cerebrum

18. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
▪ Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebrum

19. Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System