Principles and Practices of management

Principles and Practices of
Management
Presentation by
Dr. Darshan Subherwal
School of Commerce, SAGE University,
Bhopal, India

Contents
Presentation by Dr. Darshan Subherwal
Management
•Concept
•Definition
•Nature

Concept
• Terminology used in synonym to Management
Management
Administration
Organization
Administration is
concerned mainly with
decision making, policy
making and making
necessary adjustments.
Organisation is the
frame work of
management.
Organisation is the
function of putting
together the
different parts of an
enterprise into
working order
Management
implements/
executes the
policies laid down
by administration.

Terminology
• The task of administration is to
determine the objectives, policies
rules, regulations and principles of
the enterprise. Therefore, it is
determinative in nature.
• Administration may be compared
to the brain of the human body;
because its activities relate to
thinking process like fixation of
target, decision making etc.

Terminology
• The activity of management is to get
the various works done by the
employees to fulfill those objectives
according to the policies determined by
administration.
• Management implements those rules,
regulations and principles. So, it is an
executive function.
• Management may be regarded as the
eyes as it observes if the work is being
done according to rules and regulations
and policies to achieve targets

Terminology
• The function of organisation is to set up
a harmonious inter-relation among the
employees and their work by delegating
authority and responsibility among
them.
• Establishment of organisation is one of
the basic functions of management.
• Organisation may be compared to the
hands of a human body; because it
helps directly in performance of work.

Administration, Management & Organisation –
In the opinion of Oliver Sheldon,
• Administration- Determination of Policy and
Coordination
• Management- Execution of Policy and employment
of Organisation
• Organisation- the combination of the work of
individuals or groups with the faculties necessary for
its implementation or execution
• According to Brech,
Management in broad sense, comprises of
Administrative management and Operative
Management. Presentation by Dr. Darshan Subherwal

BRECH’s Interpretation
Policy Making
and Planning
Determination
of standards
Overall control
and Supervision
Administrative
Management Use of
Resources
(men, machine,
materials,
money)
Execution,
direction
Routine control
Operative
Management

Concept
• Management= Manage men tactfully
• Traditionally, management means “managing men tactfully
to get the things done through others”.
• the modern concept of management is goal oriented and it
creates an internal environment for attaining the goals
efficiently
• Management can be conceived as
– A process (comprises of functions such as planning, organising,
staffing, directing and controlling)
– a group of persons (who are managing the affairs of the
business enterprise)
– A discipline (The knowledge of management is being developed
by number of scholars and it is being formally taught to the
students of management)
– An activity (Management involves the activities for getting the
work done through others)

Definition-Management as a process
Management as a process
• Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich, “Management is the
process of designing and maintaining an environment in
which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently
accomplish selected aims.”
• Robert L. Trewelly and M. Gene Newport, “Management
is defined as the process of planning, organising,
actuating and controlling an organisation’s operations
in order to achieve coordination of the human and
material resources essential in the effective and efficient
attainment of objectives.”
• G.R. Terry, ‘Management is a process of implementation
to achieve certain goals implemented and supervised.’

Management as a group of Persons (noun)
• Management as a group refers to all those persons
who perform the task of managing an enterprise.
• Technically, management includes all managers from
chief executive to the first - line managers (lower-
level managers). But practically, management
includes only top management i.e. Chief Executive,
Chairman, General Manager, Board of Directors etc.
i.e. those who are concerned with making important
decisions, who enjoy the authority to use resources
to accomplish organizational objectives as well as
bear the responsibility to the efficient utilization of
resources.
Definition- Management as a group of Persons

Definition-Management as a discipline
Management as a discipline
• Any branch of knowledge that fulfils following
two requirements is known as discipline:
There must be scholars & thinkers who communicate
relevant knowledge through research and
publications.
The knowledge should be formally imparted by
education and training programmes.
• Let’s see how Management fulfils these
characteristics:
– Management is being evolved through series of
research studies by thinkers and scholars

Definition-Management as a discipline
• As a discipline, it is that branch of knowledge which
is connected to the study of principles & practices of
basic administration. It specifies certain code of
conduct to be followed by the manager & also
various methods for managing resources efficiently.
• Management is a course of study which is now
formally being taught in the educational institutions
and after completing a prescribed course, obtaining
degree or diploma in management, a person can be
employed as a manager.
Since, management satisfies necessary characteristics,
therefore, it qualifies to be a discipline.

Definition-Management as an Activity
Management as an Activity
• Van Fleet and Peterson define management, ‘as
a set of activities directed at the efficient and
effective utilization of resources in the pursuit
of one or more goals.’
• According to F.W. Taylor, ‘ Management is an
art of knowing what to do when to do and see
that it is done in the best and cheapest way ’
• According to Koontz, “Management is what a
manager does”.

Management as an activity includes -
• Informational activities - While Managers
perform their functions, they continuously
receive and give information, oral or written,
since a communication link has to be maintained
with subordinates as well as superiors for
effective functioning of an enterprise.
• Decisional activities - Decision making is
probably the first function if we see management
as an activity. Managers have to take strong
decisions while making plans so that these plans
can be implemented flawlessly.

Management as an activity includes -
• Inter-personal activities - Management involves
achieving goals through people. Therefore,
managers have to interact with superiors as well
as the sub-ordinates. They must maintain good
relations with them. For fruitful implementation
of plan, overall direction and coordination
between teams and individuals is expected from
managers.

Characteristics of Management
Management is
•a Purposeful activity
•a Continuous process
•a Group not individual activity
•Universal
•Dynamic
•All pervasive
•Separate from ownership
•Multidisciplinary in nature
•Both an art and a science
•An art of getting things done from others
•Adheres to established principles or rules
•Intangible but impactful
•Aided but not replaced by computers

Nature of Management
• Management experts and scholars have
different views on the nature of management.
Some are of the opinion that management is
a science, some others hold the view that it is
an art and yet others say that it is a
profession. Considering all these views, the
nature of management can be determined.

Management is a Science
• Features of science are:-
Science is systematically defined branch of
knowledge
– Science is systematically defined branch of knowledge
– Its principles are evolved through experiments and
observations and they are combined and preserved in
different study materials.
This holds good with management also.
 Management principles are also evolved through
experiments and observations and they are also
combined and preserved.

 Principles are formed from continuous research:
• Scientists develop scientific principles after
numerous experiments carried out in different places
and under different circumstances.
This approach is true of management as well.
• Principles of Management are being developed after
numerous experiments in different companies at
different places.

• Principles are universally applicable:
– Scientific principles are universally applicable. For
example, two parts of hydrogen mixed with one part
of oxygen gives water and this is true if done
anywhere in the world.
However, management principles cannot be applied
universally and in the same way.
– Since management is related to man, its principles
are related to human behaviour, his culture, education
and life style and human behaviour varies from person
to person.
Therefore, universal applicability of science may not be
compatible with management principles.

Scientific principles are formulated on the
basis of observation and logic:
– Scientific principles are defined after logical
observation. Moreover, observation of scientists
will be hundred percent objective.
– But managers observe human beings and
observation of managers may not be cent percent
objective.
– Therefore this principle of science is also not
compatible with management principles.

• When scientific principles and management
principles are compared, we can conclude
that some of the features of Science are not
there, so management is not an exact
science. As management is related to man,
we can say, management is a social science.

• Management is an ART
A group of management scholars are of the view
that management is an art. So, lets
examine the features of art and see whether
they are compatible with the characteristics of
management.

• Theoretical knowledge is systematically
arranged in the field of Art
– The theoretical knowledge of art is systematically
arranged and documented in the books so that
people may get to know and learn various aspects
of art. For example, several books are a available
which give about different aspects of dance, music
or cooking.
– In management also several books have been
published giving knowledge about different
aspects of management. Thus, systematic
arrangement of theoretical knowledge is an
aspect common to both art and management.

• Individual Differences are significant in Art
– An artist becomes perfect in his work of art by
combining the knowledge he has gained with his
own inherent talents. For example, even though
different actors are trained by the same trainer,
some of them excel by adding their natural
talents.
– In management also, all managers learn same
theories and principles, but their efficiency
depends on how well they use these principles
under different situations by applying their own
personal creativity and skill. So, this feature of art
is also present in management.

• Regular Practice is the pre requisite for an Art
to be recognized :
– An artist gains perfection through constant
practice
– The managers become more perfect from their
experience they have gained from the different
circumstances. That means art and management
have this characteristics in common.
Conclusion: As management has all the features of
art in common, we can say that management is an
art.

• Management is both SCIENCE and ART
 Management is a systematically arranged collection of
knowledge.
 Management principles are gained through constant
research.
 Art is a collection of theoretical knowledge.
 Individual differences are important in art.
 An artist gains perfection through constant practice.
We can conclude that,
As management is systematically arranged body of
knowledge, it is a science. As this collection of knowledge
is practically applied, it is also an art.

Management as a Profession
• Profession means a paid occupation, especially one
that involves prolonged training and a formal
qualification.
• Occupation means engaging or occupying one’s
time to earn a livelihood.
• A profession has a certain basic set of knowledge
that acts as instruction and can be acquired by
practice.
• Earlier there were only 3 occupations considered as
profession:-Bishop, lawyers and doctors but in the
present era of specialization many occupations are
covered under the term profession.

Features of a Profession
• Well-defined Body of knowledge: A profession
has a certain basic set of knowledge that acts
as instruction and can be acquired by practice.
• Restricted Entry: One cannot simply just enter
into a profession. Instead, there are some
eligibility criteria like an examination which
the person needs to pass in order to enter into
the professional domain.

• Professional Association: Each profession is
affiliated to a body, council or association that
carries out function like regulating entries,
maintaining the code of conduct, grants
certificates and so on. For example, the Bar
Council of India controls the activities of all
lawyers. MCI, Medical Council of India…
• Ethical Code of Conduct: There are certain ethics
which the torchbearer of every profession has to
abide by. These guide the behaviour of the
members.

Management as a Profession (Features….)
• Service Motive: The purpose of every
profession is to serve the clients. So, a
professional is required to provide committed
and dedicated services to fulfill or satisfy
client’s interests.
• Let us see whether Management contains
features of Profession

• Substantial Body of accumulated Knowledge:
Management consists of well defined and
systematic knowledge, that is imparted to people
aiming to be a manager. This knowledge has
developed over time and is ever changing and
increasing.
• Compulsory acquisition of Management
Knowledge to pursue career as a manger: The
knowledge of management is taught at various
institutes, colleges and can also be acquired
through books and journals. For example, the IIM
is an institute for acquiring management
knowledge.

• Restricted entry: Entry to any management role is
possible only for candidates with certain set entry
criteria. These criteria include educational
qualifications, experience, efficiency, knowledge of
specific software, etc.
• Code of conduct and associations: Management,
like any other profession, contains a code of
conduct and ethics that every manager has to
abide by. The presence of various management
associations is there, which regulates and certifies
managers for specific skills.

Principles and Practices of management

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Principles and Practices of management

Similar to Principles and Practices of management (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Principles and Practices of management