EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

1. Evolving concepts in Educational
Management and Administration
3.1 Motivational factor theories
3.2 Administrative behavior
3.3 Roles of administrative personnel

2. Meaning of motivation
• The term motivation has been originated
from the Latin word “movere” which means
to move.
• Motive is anything that initiates or sustains
activity. It is an inner state that energizes,
activates or moves and that directs or
channels behavior towards goals.
• Motive is a psychological force within an
individual that sets him/her in motion.
• Behind every human action there is a motive.

3. (Cont…)
• According to Brech E.F.L “ motivation is a
general inspirational process which gets the
member of the team to pull their weight
effectively, to give their loyalty to the group,
to carry out properly the tasks that they have
accepted and generally to play an effective
part in the job that the group has undertaken.

4. (Cont…)
• Generally, motivation is the process of
steering ( routing/directing) a persons inner
drives and actions towards certain goals and
committing his energies to achieve these
goals.

5. Motivational factor theories
• There are two categories of theories of
motivation. These are content theories and
process theories.
(i) Content theories of motivation (deals with
“what” motivates people).
• These include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs,
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory and ERG Theory.
(ii) Process theories (These theories deals with
“how” motivation occurs)
• These include Vroom’s Expectancy model, Equity
Theory and Goal setting theory.

6. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
• This is among the theories of work motivation.
• It was developed by Fredrick Herzberg. He
studied work motivation of people and came
up with two categories of factors. These are
hygiene factors and motivating factors.

7. (Cont…)
Hygiene Factors
describe the employee’s relationship to the
environment in which he performs work. The
environment in this case includes guiding
principles and administration, supervision,
salary, interpersonal relations with the
supervisors and working conditions.
• When these factors fall below what an
employee considers acceptable, he/she
becomes dissatisfied.
• When hygiene factors are at or above
acceptable level, dissatisfaction is removed.

8. (Cont…)
motivating factors
They are commonly referred to as intrinsic
factors or satisfiers. Motivating factors relate to
what an employee do in his place of work.
Achievement, recognition for accomplishment,
challenging work, increased responsibility,
growth and development are some of the
motivating factors.

9. (Cont…)
• According to Herzberg, when these factors fall
below acceptable levels, they contribute very
little to job dissatisfaction.
• When these factors are at or above acceptable
level, they lead to job satisfaction.

10. Vroom’s Expectancy Model
• This theory is based on the belief that
motivation is determined by the kind of
reward people expect to receive as a result of
their job performance.
• The main assumption is that a person is
rational and will try to maximize his perceived
value of such rewards. He will choose an
alternative that gives the highest benefit.

11. (cont…)
• There are three important elements in the
model:
(i) Expectancy: This is the extent to which an
individual perceives or belief that a particular
act will produce a particular outcome. For
example if working in a school, a worker will
be confident that his efforts will results in
better productivity, by that case has an ability
to perform the task well.

12. (cont…)
(ii) Instrumentality. This is the extent to which
an individual perceives that effective
performance of work will result in getting the
desired rewards.
• Instrumentation deals with performance-
reward relationship.
For example, hard work for a school bursar may
result in a reward such as salary increase,
promotion or both.

13. (cont…)
(iii) Valence. Valence is the value a person
assigns to his desired reward. Thus a person
may work hard to get recognition and status
rather than a pay rise.
The theory can be represented diagrammatically
as follows;

15. (Cont…)
• According to this theory
• Motivation=Expectancy x Instrumentality x
valence M= (E x I x V)
• The implication of this theory to a principal of
an institution is that he/she must recognize
and determine the situation as it exist and
take steps to improve these three factors of
expectancy which will lead to high motivation
for his workers.

16. Goal Setting Theory
• This theory was proposed by Locke (1968). He
indicated that working towards goals was in
itself a motivation.
• The theory is based on the idea that
motivation is determined mainly by the goals
or objectives that individuals set for
themselves.

17. (Cont…)
• Research by Locke indicated that performance
improved when individuals set specific goals
for themselves. When the goals were
demanding, performance was even better.
• From this theory quality of performance is
generally shaped by how difficulty and how
specifically the defined goal is.

18. (cont…)
• Difficult goals once accepted lead to higher
quality performance.
for example : If a school sets clear goals on the
achievement of teachers, it is possible for
teachers to achieve these goals over a given
time. They can work towards achieving the
goals (for example improving overall grade of
pupils in examination from grade C to grade B)
so long as they are facilitated.
( more theories on separate paper)

19. Administrative Behavior/Task
• According to Fredrick Tyler (1911) administrative
behavior refers to the routine, operational
control, supervision, influence and the entire
characteristics and functions of the organization.
• The manner of how institutions are organized;
having specific tasks and processes being
performed to realize set by objectives or goals
(Rebone & brech,1953).
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20. (Cont…)
• Administrative behavior includes the way how
the organization administration oversee the
implementation of institution interests while
considering individuals' interests.
• According to Tyler(1911), An Individual in the
organization is “homo economicus” which means
is motivated by self interests and all economic
alternatives available to him or her in making
decision. 20

21. (Cont…)
• Administrative Tasks – refers to specific routine
roles or functions undertaken or attempted or
required to be done by the administrator or
assigned to the administrator in the organization.
• Administrators in any organization / institution are
there specifically with defined daily routine.
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22. Areas of Education Administrative
Behavior/Task
1.) Pupil Personnel (Student Related Areas)
• The following are representative areas in the task of
pupil personnel; Educational administrators are
required to;
i) Administer census and attendance services.
- know number of records of students enrolled,
attended, attempted exams and students
progress.
- Know number of students who dropout.
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23. Cont……
iii) Maintaining pupil records.
- Keeping records of students’ performance (marks),
students problem, progress or subject combination
taken by students.
iv) Reporting pupils progress.
- Give a report of pupils classroom and outside class
activities.
V) Counseling.
- Education administrators to promote counseling
services in education opportunities, combination,
classes, etc.
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24. Cont…….
vi) Maintaining pupils' disciplines.
- to ensure pupils are behaving as per school
regulations.
vii) To supervise students activities in and outside the
classroom activities.
2.) School Programs (Curriculum)
The following are representative activities in the
tasks of curriculum. Educational administrator should;
(i) Determine goals and purpose
(ii) Design and develop courses
(iii) Organizing learning activities. Identify appropriate
T-L resources. 24

25. Cont……
iv) Promote changes in curriculum and instructions to
fulfill society, community as well as government
educational needs and interests.
3.) Staff Management
i) To formulate training and certification systems
ii) Recruiting and selection of staff
Recruitment – process of making the
application impressed and interested on job as
applied / employed. Motivating applicants to
apply for a certain particular job.
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26. Cont….
iii) Induction of new Teachers
- Induction- the process of introducing new
employees / teachers to the school organizations.
- Similar to orientation.
iv) Maintaining good staff relation
- This a close working friendliness between teachers
to teachers, teachers - non teaching staff, non -
teaching- non teaching staff, all staffs –
administrators.
v) To supervise the non-Instructional personnel ( non –
teaching staff). 26

27. Cont……
(4.) School housing and Accommodation
(i) Determine space needed / required for
education provision
(ii) Determine housing / classroom needs and
means off support.
- Place for houses to be built and allocation
(iii) Allocation of houses to staffs

28. (Cont…)
(5.) Funding and Financial Management
(i) Preparation of budget and Identification of
revenue sources.
(ii) Translating funds into programs and Managing
the budgets.
(iv) Acquiring financial resources required for
education
(v) Determine financial needs and means off
support.
(vi) Formulate policies for the fund distribution
Purchasing materials

29. Cont…….
(6.) Measurement and Evaluation
-Identifying and implementing measures and
inventories required for the evaluation.
- Establish mechanisms which will help to evaluate
teachers and students performance.
For pupils – use exercise, quiz, take-home
assignment, tests, examination.
For teachers – use ( work load) number of periods
per subject
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30. Cont…….
(7.) Supplementary Services
(i) Providing support services which facilitate
achievement of major objectives of the
organization. Example; health services, food
services, transport services.
(ii) Determine educational material needs
(iii) Storing materials
(iv) Supervising supporting materials
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