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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
This chapter comprises of detailed description of all the anthropometric variables along with the relevant derived indices to evaluate
the physical growth of 550 children of Tharu tribe of Lakhimpur Kheri. Statistical summaries of all the variables have been presented
in the form of tables and are illustrated with the help of graphs. Variables have been expressed as mean and standard deviation.
The results of the present study have been described under following headings:
5. Changes in anthropometric variables with advancing age
6. Socio Economic Status and Life Style Variables of the Tharu tribe.
7. PGA/ CSG/ MMD among these groups
Changes in Anthropometric Variables with Advancing Age
1. Height
Descriptive statistics for height of each sub -endogamous group (Rana, Kathariya and Danguria) Tharu boys Of Lakhimpur Kheri,
Uttar Pradesh from age 2 to 12 years old children has been shown in table 5.1. The mean height of sub -endogamous group such as
Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 82.07cm, 80.50cm and 79.50cm respectively, and increases to 146.10cm,
150.5cm and 145.5cm at age 12 respectively. Thus representing a gain of 64.03cm, 70cm and 66 cm over a span of 11 years. The
distance curve of height showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.1). The
maximum annual gain in boy’s height of among endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya Danguria occurred between 10 and 11
years however the magnitude of annual gain was varied for different groups. It was 9.28cm among boys of Rana Tharu, 13cm among
Kathariya Tharu and 13.25cm among Danguria Tharu boys. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain
from 10 to 11 years i.e.11.27cm. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 6 and 9 the mean Stature for three type of
endogamous group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less
than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.

Similarly summarizes the descriptive statistics for height of each sub -endogamous group (Rana, Kathariya and Danguria) Tharu girls
of Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh from age 2 to 12 years old children. The mean height of girls of each endogamous group at the age
2 is 80.67cm, 78.76cm and 76cm respectively, thereby, showing gain of 144.89cm, 146.5cm and 149.5cm at age 12 respectively.
There by showing gain of 64.22cm, 67.74cm and 73.5cm over the span of 11 years. The distance curve of height showed an increasing
trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.1). Distance curve demonstrates that growth of stature
is highly notified in the age group 12 years of age, among all three groups. The maximum annual gain in girl’s height of among
endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya Danguria occurred between 10 and 11 years however the magnitude of annual gain was
varied for different groups. It was 6.33cm among girls of rana Tharu, 8.7cm among Kathoriya Tharu and 7.75cm among Danguria
Tharu girls. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 11 to 12 years i.e. 8.36cm. Similarly, from the
ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,6 & 10 the mean Stature for three endogamous groups of Tharu tribes (Rana,
Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the
evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Stature, we can
notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 2,5,6,7 & 11 is found
less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Stature for boys & girls is not same
Boy Girl
Figure 5.1: Distance Curve Stature among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of Tharu Tribe (Rana,
Kathariya & Danguria).

Table 5.1: Descriptive Statistics of Stature among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of Tharu Tribe
(Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).
Stature
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value p value
(t-
statistics)
Rana Kathariya Danguria
Pooled
Sample
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
82.07
(2.12)
80.5
(1.58)
79.5
(3.54)
80.91
(2.05)
1.78 0.20
80.67
(2.42)
78.75
(3.95)
76
(2.31)
78.78
(3.54)
2.39 0.12 2.30 0.02*
3
92.48
(7.31)
91.5
(5.8)
87.5
(4.04)
91.24
(6.27)
0.90 0.41
89.75
(6.02)
91.35
(5.43)
81.25
(0.87)
89.08
(6.22)
5.17 0.01* 1.23 0.22
4
99.25
(7.68)
101
(3.16)
99.1
(0.14)
100
(5.63)
0.26 0.77
102.1
(6.77)
106.7
(0.79)
91.3
(2.96)
101.4
(7.37)
21.3 0.00* -0.77 0.44
5
109.5
(10.45)
115
(3.16)
107.25
(2.02)
111.4
(7.57)
2.23 0.13
106.8
(4.02)
109.7
(0.74)
98.25
(2.46)
105.9
(5.24)
32.1 0.00* 2.95 0.00*
6
117.4
(8.01)
123.5
(1.58)
114.7
(0.35)
119.3
(6.43)
4.77 0.01*
114.3
(5.61)
119.2
(1.34)
109.25
(6.3)
114.7
(6.04)
7.33 0.00* 2.63 0.01*
7
120.4
(5.69)
123.9
(2.02)
119.2
(4.85)
121.4
(4.91)
2.15 0.13
116.3
(6.8)
121.5
(1.6)
116.75
(4.66)
118.0
(5.56)
2.51 0.10 2.40 0.02*
8
121.5
(7.46)
124.1
(4.22)
120.0
(15.76)
122.2
(7.92)
0.45 0.64
121.8
(6.69)
121.6
(1.76)
126.25
(0.82)
122.7
(5.02)
1.99 0.15 -0.27 0.78
9
122.0
(6.92)
128.1
(2)
122
(2.31)
124.3
(5.67)
4.45 0.02*
125.5
(3.95)
128.5
(1.6)
124
(2.19)
126.0
(3.47)
3.83 0.03 -1.29 0.20
10
130.4
(5.86)
130
(2.11)
126.5
(0.58)
129.7
(4.58)
1.24 0.30 132.3
(2.6)
130.6
(1.5)
127.25
(0.82)
130.5
(2.79)
12.9 0.00* -0.71 0.47
11
139.7
(8.74)
143
(3.16)
139.7
(3.95)
141.0
(6.34)
0.77 0.47
138.7
(5.37)
139.3
(5.02)
135
(1.1)
138.0
(4.84)
1.66 0.20 1.89 0.06*
12
146.1
(7.2)
150.5
(2.64)
145.5
(2.05)
147.8
(5.37)
2.35 0.11 144.8
(4.87)
146.5
(10.61)
149.5
(2.89)
146.4
(5.26)
1.02 0.38 0.79 0.43
* (means, p-value <0.05) or * (Statistically significant difference found)

5.2. Sitting Height vertex
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for sitting height vertex of Tharu boys of each endogamous group
from 2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.2. From table 2 it can be shown that the mean values for sitting height vertex of
each group such as Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age of 2 is 48.28cm, 46.2cm and 43.00cm , and it increases to
78.23cm, 78.50cm and 77.00cm at age 12 year respectively. This shows an increase of 30.00cm, 32.30cm and 34cm over a span of 11
years. The Pooled sample shows an increasing trend, however maximum annual gain is observed from 10 to 11 years i.e. 6.71cm. In
Table 5.2, represents ANOVA analysis (a study carried out to determine any difference in Sitting Height vertex) of each endogamous
group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) belonging to different ages. From the ANOVA analysis, it can be interpret
that there is a significant differences (<0.05) in the mean sitting height vertex at the age of 6 &7 years among all the three groups of Tharu
boys while the p value of ANOVA analysis is not seen below 0.05 in any other age groups.
Table 5.2 presents descriptive statistics for sitting height vertex of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is
evident from the distance curve that sitting height vertex showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value for
sitting height vertex at the age of 2 for each endogamous group of Tharu girls are as follows- 47.78cm (Rana girls), 47.85cm
(Kathariya girls) and 47.50cm (Danguria girls), which increases to 75.88cm, 74.50cm and 78.20cm at age 12 respectively. There by
showing gain of 28.10cm, 26.65cm and 30.70cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that sitting height
vertex showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Similarly, from the ANOVA
analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,8,9,10 & 11 the mean Sitting Height vertex for three endogamous group of Tharu tribes (Rana,
evidence of statistically significant difference. The sitting height vertex shows significant differences among girls of each endogamous
group at all ages except 2, 6, 7 and 12 years.
Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Sitting Height vertex, we can notice that the p-value for the t-
statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 6 is found less than 0.05, hence it can be conclude
that for this age groups mean Sitting Height vertex for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of sitting height vertex showed an
increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.2). The distance curve of sitting height
vertex showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.2). Distance curve
demonstrates that growth of sitting height vertex is highly notified in the age group 12 years of age among all Tharu boys. In girls it
has been observed that distance curve of sitting height vertex is highly notified in the age group of 11 in Kathariya girls.

Table 5.2: Descriptive Statistics of Sitting Height vertex among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).
Sitting Height vertex
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
valu
e
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-
value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangu
ria
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangu
ria
Pooled
Sample
MEA
N
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Poole
d
Samp
les
2
48.28
(2.42)
46.2
(3.16)
43
(2.83)
46.54
(3.18)
2.62 0.10
47.78
(1.06)
47.85
(0.69)
47.5
(2.89)
47.76
(1.36)
0.08 0.91 1.51 0.14
3
50.44
(2.86)
51.45
(0.05)
49
(2.31)
50.62
(2.16)
2.07 0.15
50.52
(3.07)
53.5
(1.58)
48.5
(0.58)
51.33
(2.94)
7.68 0.00* 0.98 0.33
4
56.66
(4.01)
55
(1.05)
51.5
(0.71)
55.49
(3.17)
2.88 0.07
55.18
(3.78)
57.5
(0.53)
53.65
(1.48)
55.7
(2.89)
4.64 0.02* 0.24 0.81
5
59.59
(5.5)
58.75
(3.43)
59
(0)
59.14
(4.07)
0.10 0.90
56.78
(3.82)
59
(3.16)
54.35
(0.71)
57.07
(3.5)
4.23 0.02* 1.91 0.06
6
61.46
(4.81)
68
(0)
62.5
(2.89)
64.13
(4.58)
10.12 0.00*
61.88
(4.38)
60.5
(4.81)
60
(2.19)
60.95
(4.03)
0.46 0.63 2.61 0.01*
7
63.03
(3.97)
68.04
(2.55)
63.75
(2.02)
64.74
(4.02)
7.04 0.00*
63.73
(5.48)
64.9
(0.11)
60.75
(4.11)
63.4
(4.36)
1.70 0.20 1.19 0.23
8
64.01
(3.59)
68.2
(6.86)
64
(6.98)
65.56
(5.67)
1.83 0.18
65.01
(3.34)
61.5
(1.07)
61.45
(5)
63.18
(3.67)
3.77 0.03* 1.83 0.07
9
62.17
(5.38)
68.4
(1.84)
64.5
(0.58)
64.92
(4.74)
7.00 0.004
65.92
(2.94)
69.7
(0.75)
61.6
(1.53)
66.07
(3.6)
21.5 0.00* -1.01 0.32
10
68.89
(3.6)
68.55
(1.74)
67
(1.15)
68.52
(2.86)
0.68 0.51
69.14
(3.86)
65.6
(0.43)
67.92
(0.2)
67.65
(2.89)
4.35 0.02* 1.10 0.27
11
74.44
(6.18)
77.5
(2.64)
71.75
(0.87)
75.23
(4.8)
2.63 0.09
71.92
(4.9)
76.15
(1.98)
72.25
(1.37)
73.2
(4.07)
3.50 0.04* 1.65 0.10
12
78.23
(5.89)
78.5
(0.53)
77
(2.31)
78.14
(3.83)
0.20 0.81
75.88
(3.14)
74.5
(4.95)
78.2
(0.23)
76.34
(2.99)
1.31 0.30 1.60 0.11

Boy Girl
Figure 5.2: Distance curve of Sitting Height Vertex Among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of Tharu
Tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).
3. BIACROMIAL BREADTH
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Biacromial Breadth of Tharu boys of each endogamous group
from 2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.3. The mean values for Biacromial Breadth of sub -endogamous group such as
Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 17.05cm, 15.55cm and 14.5cm respectively, and it increased to 28.85cm,
29.6cm and 28.25cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 11.8cm, 14.05cm and 13.75cm over the span of 11 years.
Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 3.46cm. In Table 5.3, ANOVA analysis to
study, whether there is any difference in Biacromial Breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya
& Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2, 9 & 12 the mean Biacromial
breadth for three endogamous of Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-
statistics is less than 0.05. Since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of
statistically significant difference.
Table 5.3 presents descriptive statistics for Biacromial Breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is
evident from the distance curve that Biacromial Breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value for

Biacromial Breadth at the age of 2 is 16.82cm (rana girls), 17.2cm (Kathariya girls) and 17.5cm (Danguria girls) respectively which
increases to 28.99cm, 31.12cm and 30cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 12.17cm, 13.92cm and 12.5cm over the
span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Biacromial Breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen
among girls of each sub endogamous group. In Table 5.3, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Biacromial
Breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. Similarly,
from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,9,& 10 the mean Biacromial breadth for three endogamous group of Tharu
tribe girls (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we
could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based
on Biacromial breadth, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the
age group 2,7,9 & 10 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Biacromial breadth for boys &
girls is not same. The distance curve of Biacromial Breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub
endogamous groups (figure 5.3). Distance curve demonstrates that growth of Biacromial Breadth is highly notified in the age group 12
years of age in Danguria Tharu boys. Similarly, in girls it has been observed that distance curve of sitting height vertex is highly
notified in the age group of 12 in Danguria girls.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.3: Distance Curve of Biacromial Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of Tharu
Tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).

Table 5.3: Descriptive Statistics of Biacromial Breadth Among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
Biacromial breadth
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statis
tics)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
17.05
(0.69)
15.55
(0.16)
14.5
(0.71)
15.93
(0.97)
31.5 0.00* 16.82
(0.62)
17.2
(0.84)
17.5
(0.58)
17.14
(0.74)
1.07 0.36 4.27 0.00*
3
19.13
(1.85)
19.6
(3.06)
19.5
(1.73)
19.39
(2.33)
0.09 0.90
19.62
(1.46)
20.25
(1.32)
16.25
(0.29)
19.35
(1.85)
13.73 0.00* 0.06 0.95
4
22.23
(1.59)
23
(1.05)
21.75
(0.35)
22.52
(1.34)
1.25 0.30 22.07
(2.04)
25.25
(1.32)
20.13
(0.71)
22.82
(2.54)
21.79 0.00* 0.52 0.60
5
23.84
(2.53)
23.68
(0.61)
23.5
(0.58)
23.72
(1.65)
0.06 0.94 22.86
(2.2)
24.5
(1.84)
23.33
(1.63)
23.6
(2.01)
1.84 0.18 0.22 0.82
6
24.01
(3.09)
25
(2.11)
26
(1.15)
24.7
(2.55)
1.03 0.37
24.32
(2.24)
25.25
(1.87)
23.8
(1.31)
24.5
(1.93)
1.04 0.37 0.30 0.75
7
25.83
(1.85)
26.9
(2.09)
26.5
(1)
26.26
(1.87)
1.07 0.35
25.32
(1.81)
24.05
(2.19)
26
(2.19)
25.09
(2.08)
1.75 0.19 2.22 0.03*
8
27.12
(2.53)
27.05
(1.91)
26.25
(3.3)
26.97
(2.36)
0.20 0.81
26.32
(2.32)
26.1
(1.18)
27.55
(0.49)
26.53
(1.8)
1.31 0.28 0.76 0.44
9
27.33
(1.68)
29
(1.05)
26.5
(1.15)
27.85
(1.66)
6.03 0.00*
25.81
(2.06)
28.2
(0.43)
25.2
(1.86)
26.34
(2.05)
6.60 0.00* 3.00 0.00*
10
29.36
(2.2)
29.15
(1.65)
28
(1.15)
29.11
(1.92)
0.79 0.46
29.18
(1.5)
27.6
(0.43)
24.67
(2.94)
27.52
(2.48)
12.3 0.00* 2.57 0.01*
11
28.85
(3.48)
29.6
(1.51)
28.25
(0.5)
29.05
(2.49)
0.46 0.63
28.99
(3.05)
31.12
(1.25)
30
(1.1)
29.82
(2.44)
2.12 0.14 1.12 0.26
12
29.07
(1.57)
29.7
(1.42)
32.1
(0.12)
29.84
(1.71)
6.90 0.00* 29.82
(2.2)
31.5
(2.12)
33
(1.15)
30.97
(2.32)
3.56 0.06 1.59 0.12

4. CHEST BREADTH
Mean value along with standard deviation, F-value and t test for Chest breadth of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from 2 to 12
years have been presented in table 5.4. From table 5.4 it can be shown that the mean values for Chest breadth of each group such as
Rana, Kathoriya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age of 2 is 13.52cm, 13.5cm and 12.5cm , and it increased to 21.72cm, 22.75cm and
22cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 8.2cm, 9.25cm and 9.5cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an
increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 1.62cm. Table 5.4, represents ANOVA analysis (a study carried out
to determine any difference in Chest breadth) of each endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria)
belonging to different ages. From the ANOVA analysis, it can be interpret that there is a significant differences (<0.05) in the mean
Chest breadth at the age of 8 & 9 years among all the three groups of Tharu boys while the p value of ANOVA analysis is not seen
below 0.05 in any other age groups.
Table 5.4 presents descriptive statistics for Chest breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is evident
from the distance curve that Chest breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is
13.55cm (Rana girls), 13.15cm (Kathariya girls) and 13.64cm (Danguria girls), which increases to 21.96cm, 24cm and 23cm at age 12
respectively. There by showing gain of 8.41cm, 10.85cm and 9.36cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve
that Chest breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Similarly, from
the ANOVA analysis for Tharu girl’s, for age group 3,4,9, & 10 the mean Chest breadth for three endogamous of Tharu girls (Rana,
Kathoriya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the
evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Chest breadth,
we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 7 is found
less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for this age groups mean Chest breadth for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of
Chest breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (Boys and Girls) (figure
5.4). Distance curve demonstrate that the growth of the breadth of Chest is higher for the age group of 12 in Kathariya boys and in
girls it has been observed in age group of 12 in Kathariya girls.

Table 5.4: Descriptive Statistics of Chest Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
of Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).
Chest breadth
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statist
ics)
Rana
Kathariy
a
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
13.52
(0.82)
13.5
(1.05)
12.5
(0.71)
13.39
(0.96)
0.97 0.40
13.55
(1.33)
13.15
(1.42)
15
(1.15)
13.64
(1.47)
2.69 0.09 0.61 0.54
3
14.72
(1.59)
15.5
(2.11)
14.5
(1.73)
15.01
(1.82)
0.62 0.54
15.32
(1.15)
15.75
(0.26)
14
(0)
15.28
(0.98)
6.41 0.00* 0.65 0.51
4
16.77
(1.01)
17
(2.11)
15.75
(0.35)
16.78
(1.55)
0.51 0.60 16.36
(1.27)
18.9
(0.88)
16
(1.1)
17.22
(1.69)
18.7 0.00* 0.95 0.34
5
17.46
(1.44)
17.25
(0.26)
18
(0)
17.46
(0.95)
0.87 0.43 17.95
(1.76)
17.78
(1.41)
17.5
(1.22)
17.78
(1.47)
0.16 0.84 0.91 0.36
6
17.42
(2.02)
17.35
(2.14)
18.25
(0.96)
17.52
(1.91)
0.33 0.72
16.54
(1.31)
18.5
(1.07)
17.5
(0.55)
17.43
(1.35)
7.23 0.00* 0.18 0.85
7
18.52
(1.3)
19.5
(0.53)
18.5
(0.58)
18.83
(1.11)
3.00 0.06 18.27
(1.33)
16.98
(1.68)
19.25
(0.27)
18.1
(1.53)
5.32 0.01* 2.04 0.04*
8
19.25
(1.05)
20.5
(1.58)
18.75
(0.5)
19.64
(1.37)
4.10 0.02*
19.12
(1.22)
19.56
(0.18)
20
(0)
19.44
(0.91)
2.24 0.12 0.61 0.53
9
19.04
(1.02)
20.6
(1.43)
18.85
(1.33)
19.61
(1.43)
5.23 0.01* 18.79
(2.23)
21
(0)
18.75
(1.33)
19.39
(1.95)
4.73 0.01* 0.47 0.63
10
21.02
(2.14)
20.72
(0.91)
19.5
(0.58)
20.72
(1.71)
1.28 0.29
21.9
(2.18)
19
(0.53)
16.75
(3.56)
19.65
(3.04)
10.1 0.00* 1.54 0.13
11
21.07
(2.92)
21.5
(1.58)
21
(1.15)
21.23
(2.17)
0.11 0.88
21.09
(2.1)
22.25
(1.66)
23.25
(1.37)
21.89
(1.99)
3.05 0.06 -1.13 0.26
12
21.72
(3.74)
22.75
(3.95)
22
(0)
22.2
(3.44)
0.21 0.80
21.96
(2.52)
24
(0)
23
(1.15)
22.55
(2.08)
0.88 0.44 -0.39 0.69

Boy Girl
Figure 5.4: Distance Curve of Chest Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
5. Upper Arm Length
Descriptive statistics for Upper arm length of each sub -endogamous group (Rana, Kathariya and Danguria) Tharu boys of Lakhimpur
Kheri, Uttar Pradesh from age 2 to 12 years old children has been show in table 5.5. The mean height of sub -endogamous group such
as Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 11.97cm, 11.95cm and 8.75cm respectively, and it increased to 22.97cm,
25.75cm and 26cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 11cm, 13.8cm and 17.25 cm over the span of 11 years. The
distance curve of Upper arm length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure
5.5). Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 2.51cm. In Table 5.5, ANOVA
analysis to study, whether there is any difference in upper arm length based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana,
Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2,7,9 &12 the mean
Upper arm length for three endogamous group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value
for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Similarly summarizes the descriptive statistics for Upper arm length of each sub -endogamous group (rana, Kathariya and Danguria)
Tharu girls of Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh from age 2 to 12 years old children. The mean Upper arm length of girls of each

endogamous group at the age 2 is 12.22cm, 12.5cm and 12cm respectively, thereby, showing gain of 25.02cm, 25.4cm and 29.2cm at
age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 12.8cm, 12.9cm and 17.2cm over the span of 11 years. The distance curve of Upper
arm length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.5). The maximum
annual gain in girl’s Upper arm length of among endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya Danguria occurred between 11 and 12
years however the magnitude of annual gain was varied for different groups. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum
annual gain from 11 to 12 years i.e. 2.43cm. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for Tharu girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,10,11 & 12the
mean Upper arm length for three endogamous group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for
the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we
checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Upper arm length, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which
is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 2, 5, 8 & 12 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for
these age groups mean Upper arm length for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Upper arm length showed an increasing
trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.5). Distance curve propel out that growth of Upper Arm
Length is notified in the age of 12 years in Danguria boys whereas similar trend is found in Danguria girls also.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.5: Distance Curve of Upper Arm Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups

Table 5.5: Descriptive Statistics of Upper Arm Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous
Groups of Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).
Upper Arm Length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-
value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathar
iya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathariy
a
Dangu
ria
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Poole
d
Samp
les
2
11.97
(0.37)
11.95
(0.5)
8.75
(0.35)
11.6
(1.12)
45.0 0.00*
12.22
(0.85)
12.5
(0.53)
12
(0)
12.31
(0.6)
1.10 0.35 2.41 0.02*
3
14.17
(1.31)
14
(1.05)
14.25
(0.29)
14.11
(1.06)
0.09 0.90
13.95
(1.04)
14.85
(0.9)
12.25
(0.29)
14.03
(1.24)
11.5 0.00* 0.25 0.79
4
16.07
(1.28)
16.25
(1.84)
14.5
(0.71)
16.01
(1.55)
1.09 0.35
16.04
(1.3)
17.75
(0.79)
15.75
(0.6)
16.61
(1.32)
10.4 0.00* 1.44 0.15
5
19.36
(2.67)
17.25
(0.79)
18.75
(0.29)
18.38
(2.01)
3.42 0.05
16.52
(1.09)
18.4
(0.42)
15.65
(0.38)
17.04
(1.35)
28.9 0.00* 2.73 0.00*
6
19.45
(2.98)
21.25
(2.9)
18.75
(0.5)
20.03
(2.83)
1.68 0.20 19.2
(2.12)
20.3
(3.42)
19
(0.44)
19.52
(2.39)
0.64 0.53 0.70 0.48
7
21.85
(2.43)
25.25
(0.26)
19.6
(0.12)
22.65
(2.65)
17.0 0.00* 21.84
(1.85)
21.6
(0.64)
22.25
(0.82)
21.86
(1.35)
0.38 0.68 1.45 0.15
8
23.34
(2.46)
26
(4.62)
21.25
(2.6)
24.01
(3.73)
3.19 0.05
21.78
(2.75)
22.4
(0.11)
23.17
(0.75)
22.27
(1.98)
1.04 0.36 2.15 0.03*
9
22.04
(1.94)
26.1
(2.13)
21.5
(1.91)
23.52
(2.85)
13.4 0.00* 22.46
(2.4)
23.75
(0.93)
22.67
(1.03)
22.86
(1.9)
1.26 0.29 1.00 0.32
10
24.86
(2.41)
26.3
(3.06)
23.5
(1.73)
25.16
(2.66)
1.90 0.16
25.44
(2.26)
23.5
(1.07)
21
(3.29)
23.68
(2.82)
7.22 0.00* 1.96 0.05
11
23.63
(3.79)
25.9
(3.25)
23.25
(2.22)
24.48
(3.46)
1.48 0.24
23.2
(2.61)
23.15
(2.3)
26.25
(1.37)
23.84
(2.58)
4.10 0.02* 0.75 0.45
12
22.97
(1.79)
25.75
(1.23)
26
(2.31)
24.63
(2.15)
8.53 0.00* 25.02
(1.03)
25.4
(0.57)
29.2
(1.96)
26.27
(2.28)
13.8 0.00* 2.18 0.03*

6. FORE ARM LENGTH
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Fore Arm Length of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from
2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.6. The mean values for Fore Arm Length of sub -endogamous group such as Rana,
Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 10.93cm, 10cm and 9.75cm respectively, and it increased to 20.32cm, 22.7cm and
22.1cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 9.39cm, 12.7cm and 12.35cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample
shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 2.33cm. In Table 5.6, ANOVA analysis to study, whether
there is any difference in Fore Arm Length based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria),
among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 7,9 & 12 the mean Fore arm length for three
endogamous group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less
than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Table 5.6 presents descriptive statistics for fore arm length of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is evident
from the distance curve that fore arm length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is
11.13cm (Rana girls), 11cm (Kathariya girls) and 11.5cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases to 21.79cm, 21.75cm and
25cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 10.66cm, 10.75cm and 13.5cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident from the
distance curve that fore arm length showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group.
Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for Tharu girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,8,9 & 12 the mean Fore arm length for three endogamous
group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age
groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender
differences based on Fore arm length, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the
p-value for the age group 5,7,8,9 & 10 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Fore arm length
for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Fore Arm Length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the
three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.6). The Distance curves clearly show that continuous growth of Fore arm length is found in all
age groups of both the sexes of Tharu tribe. Distance curve propel out that growth of Fore Arm Length is higher notified in the age of
12 years in Kathariya boys whereas in Danguria girls it is found higher in age group 12.

Boy Girl
Figure 5.6: Distance Curve of Fore Arm Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
of Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathariya& Danguria).

Table 5.6: Descriptive Statistics of Fore Arm Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous
Fore Arm Length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statist
ics)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
10.93
(1.41)
10
(1.58)
9.75
(0.35)
10.28
(1.47)
0.89 0.42
11.13
(1.33)
11
(1.58)
11.5
(0.58)
11.14
(1.32)
0.18 0.83 1.88 0.06
3
12.41
(1.48)
12.85
(1.21)
12.5
(0.58)
12.61
(1.23)
0.31 0.73 11.88
(0.75)
12.75
(0.26)
11.9
(0.46)
12.2
(0.7)
7.14 0.00* 1.41 0.16
4
14.27
(2.04)
14.25
(1.32)
12.5
(0.71)
14.11
(1.7)
0.98 0.39 13.75
(1.54)
15.5
(0.53)
13.25
(1.92)
14.29
(1.63)
6.53 0.00* 0.38 0.70
5
16.23
(2.28)
15.25
(1.84)
16.1
(0.69)
15.8
(1.91)
0.69 0.50
14.01
(1.12)
15.5
(0.53)
13.45
(0.05)
14.45
(1.14)
15.90 0.00* 2.99 0.00*
6
16.51
(2.48)
18.25
(1.84)
16.25
(0.5)
17.14
(2.19)
2.35 0.11
16.07
(1.19)
16.75
(2.94)
16.4
(0.66)
16.38
(1.83)
0.28 0.75 1.33 0.18
7
18.43
(1.1)
20.5
(1.58)
16.75
(0.87)
18.88
(1.75)
15.18 0.00*
17.09
(2.31)
16.6
(1.71)
16.75
(1.37)
16.86
(1.9)
0.16 0.85 4.14 0.00*
8
20.58
(2.78)
20.7
(2.79)
17.5
(2.89)
20.17
(2.92)
2.14 0.13
17.82
(1.78)
18.65
(0.59)
19.5
(0.55)
18.44
(1.44)
3.44 0.04* 2.76 0.00*
9
18.77
(1.77)
22.1
(0.32)
18
(0.58)
19.93
(2.14)
24.8 0.00*
18.16
(1.15)
19.25
(0.27)
18.35
(0.38)
18.5
(0.97)
4.16 0.02* 3.13 0.00*
10
22.01
(2.03)
22.35
(0.85)
21.25
(0.29)
22.02
(1.57)
0.68 0.51
19.71
(1.18)
18.25
(0.27)
17.25
(1.92)
18.61
(1.55)
8.11 0.00* 7.97 0.00*
11
19.76
(3.42)
22.45
(3.29)
19
(2.31)
20.72
(3.43)
2.47 0.10 20.32
(2.45)
21
(2.14)
20
(1.1)
20.45
(2.11)
0.41 0.66 0.34 0.73
12
20.32
(1.88)
22.7
(2.16)
22.1
(2.19)
21.61
(2.26)
3.50 0.04*
21.79
(1.22)
21.75
(0.35)
25
(1.15)
22.7
(1.84)
11.20 0.00* 1.61 0.11

7. HAND LENGTH
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Hand Length of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from 2 to
12 years have been presented in table 5.7. The mean values for Hand Length of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and
Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 9.85cm, 9.85cm and 8.5cm respectively, and it increased to 16.45cm, 17.25cm and 17cm at age 12
respectively. There by, showing gain of 6.6cm, 7.4cm and 8.5cm over the span of 11 years. The distance curve of Hand Length
showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.7). Pooled sample shows an
increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 3 to 4 years i.e. 1.41cm. In Table 5.7, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is
any difference in Hand Length based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among
different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2 &3 the mean Hand length for three endogamous
group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for
other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference
Table 5.7 presents descriptive statistics for Hand Length of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is evident
from the distance curve that Hand Length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is
9.28cm (rana girls), 9.7cm (Kathariya girls) and 8.75cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases to 16.31cm, 16.4cm and
17.75cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 7.03cm, 6.7cm and 9cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident from the
distance curve that Hand Length showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group.
Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for Tharu girl’s, for age group 2,3,4,5, & 10 the mean Hand length for three endogamous group
of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups
we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences
based on Hand length, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the
age group 5 & 7 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Hand length for boys & girls is not
same. The distance curve of Hand Length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups
(Boys and girls) (figure 5.7). Distance curves illustrate that higher growth of Hand length is found in Kathoriya boys in age group of
12, whereas in girls the higher value of hand length is found in Danguria girls in age group of 12.

Table 5.7: Descriptive Statistics of Hand Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
Hand Length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-
value
p
value
(t-
statist
ics)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sampl
e
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Poole
d
Samp
les
2
9.85
(0.6)
9.85
(0.37)
8.5
(0.71)
9.7
(0.63)
6.90 0.00* 9.28
(0.35)
9.7
(0.21)
8.75
(0.29)
9.38
(0.46)
17.7 0.00* 1.74 0.09
3
10.45
(0.63)
10.8
(0.74)
9.5
(0.58)
10.44
(0.79)
5.32 0.01*
10.07
(0.86)
10.85
(0.37)
9.25
(0.29)
10.24
(0.84)
9.21 0.00* 0.87 0.38
4
11.78
(1.09)
12
(0.53)
11.5
(0.71)
11.85
(0.84)
0.34 0.71 11.54
(0.87)
12.05
(0.16)
10.22
(0.25)
11.43
(0.9)
19.0 0.00* 1.70 0.09
5
12.64
(1.14)
12.75
(1.32)
12.1
(0.12)
12.6
(1.11)
0.47 0.62
12.01
(0.55)
11.9
(0.11)
10.33
(1.86)
11.58
(1.14)
6.95 0.00* 3.18 0.03*
6
12.7
(0.98)
12.8
(0.26)
13.25
(0.29)
12.82
(0.7)
0.92 0.41
12.5
(0.69)
12.75
(0.8)
12.3
(0.33)
12.53
(0.66)
0.80 0.46 1.50 0.13
7
13.65
(0.7)
13.4
(0.63)
13.6
(0.23)
13.56
(0.63)
0.46 0.631
12.84
(0.99)
13.55
(0.48)
13.25
(0.27)
13.15
(0.78)
2.24 0.12 2.13 0.03*
8
13.98
(1.24)
14.5
(0.53)
14
(1.73)
14.18
(1.1)
0.66 0.525
13.78
(1.02)
14.25
(0.27)
14.15
(0.38)
14
(0.76)
1.08 0.35 0.67 0.50
9
14.43
(1.36)
14.62
(0.46)
14.25
(0.5)
14.48
(0.97)
0.21 0.807 14.17
(1.13)
14.75
(0.27)
14.75
(1.37)
14.45
(1.04)
1.13 0.33 0.09 0.92
10
14.69
(0.49)
14.6
(0.42)
14.5
(0.58)
14.64
(0.47)
0.30 0.738 15.19
(1.46)
14.25
(0.27)
13.5
(0.84)
4.45
(1.22)
5.07 0.01* 0.69 0.49
11
15.89
(1.38)
15.75
(0.26)
15.25
(0.29)
15.73
(0.94)
0.67 0.521
16.21
(1.16)
16.15
(0.91)
15.9
(1.42)
16.12
(1.12)
0.15 0.861 1.39 0.17
12
16.45
(0.9)
17.25
(0.26)
17
(1.15)
16.88
(0.81)
2.88 0.078 16.31
(0.84)
16.4
(0.85)
17.75
(0.87)
16.74
(1.03)
4.02 0.049 0.43 0.66

Boy Girl
Figure 5.7: Distance Curve of Hand Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
8. Hand breadth
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Hand breadth of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from 2 to
12 years have been presented in table 5.8. The mean values for Hand breadth of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and
Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 4.52cm, 4.4cm and 3.75cm respectively, and it increased to 7.52cm, 8.45cm and 9.12cm at age 12
respectively. There by, showing gain of 3cm, 4.05cm and 5.37cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend
with maximum annual gain from 11 to 12 years i.e. 0.87cm. In Table 5.8, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference
in Hand breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups.
From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 4,10,11 &12 the mean Hand breadth for three endogamous group of Tharu
tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups
we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.

Table 5.8 also presents descriptive statistics for Hand breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. The mean
value for at the age of 2 is 4.15cm (rana girls), 4.5cm (Kathariya girls) and 4.39cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases to
7.35cm, 7.35cm and 7.46cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 3.2cm, 2.85cm and 3.07cm over the span of 11 years. It
is evident from the distance curve that Hand breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub
endogamous group. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for Tharu girl’s, for age group 3,5,6,7 & 11the mean Hand breadth for three
endogamous group of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for
other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any
gender differences based on Hand breadth, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples,
the p-value for the age group 4,5,7 & 12 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Hand breadth
for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Hand breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three
sub endogamous groups (figure 5.8). Distance curves illustrate that higher growth of Hand breadth is found in Danguria boys in age
group of 12, whereas in girls the higher value of hand breadth is found in Danguria girls in age group of 12.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.8: Distance Curve of Hand Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of

Table 5.8: Descriptive Statistics of Hand Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
Hand Breadth
Age
(yrs
)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statis
tics)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangu
ria
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
4.52
(0.45)
4.4
(0.61)
3.75
(0.35)
4.37
(0.57)
1.50 0.25
4.15
(0.28)
4.5
(0)
4.5
(1.15)
4.39
(0.51)
0.99 0.39 0.16 0.87
3
4.89
(0.41)
4.95
(0.58)
4.75
(0.29)
4.89
(0.46)
0.24 0.78 4.77
(0.34)
5.15
(0.37)
4.2
(0.35)
4.83
(0.47)
10.60 0.00* 0.50 0.61
4
5.21
(0.56)
6
(0.53)
5.25
(0.35)
5.56
(0.65)
6.09 0.00*
5.15
(0.45)
5.05
(0.16)
5
(0)
5.08
(0.3)
0.57 0.57 3.23 0.00*
5
5.93
(0.66)
6.1
(0.52)
5.7
(0.35)
5.96
(0.56)
0.75 0.48 5.57
(0.45)
5.5
(0.53)
4.7
(0.22)
5.34
(0.56)
8.10 0.02* 3.92 0.00*
6
6.06
(0.55)
6.25
(0.54)
5.9
(0.35)
6.11
(0.52)
0.73 0.49 5.82
(0.53)
6.4
(0.64)
5.6
(0.22)
5.96
(0.6)
4.70 0.02* 0.94 0.35
7
6.48
(0.74)
6.46
(0.52)
6.5
(0.58)
6.47
(0.64)
0.00 0.99
6.2
(0.46)
6.1
(0.11)
5.75
(0.27)
6.07
(0.38)
3.46 0.04* 3.00 0.00*
8
6.32
(0.76)
6.55
(0.16)
6.85
(0.4)
6.49
(0.57)
1.43 0.25
6.2
(0.52)
6.25
(0.27)
6.35
(0.05)
6.25
(0.39)
0.29 0.75 1.77 0.08
9
6.62
(0.68)
7.1
(0.32)
7.25
(0.5)
6.9
(0.58)
3.06 0.06
6.5
(0.9)
7.06
(0.18)
7.15
(0.71)
6.79
(0.77)
2.42 0.10 0.62 0.53
10
6.67
(0.3)
7.27
(0.7)
7.38
(0.48)
6.96
(0.57)
6.30 0.00*
7.16
(0.5)
7.45
(0.29)
6.75
(1.37)
7.15
(0.78)
1.45 0.25 -1.00 0.32
11
7.03
(0.54)
7.25
(0.26)
8.25
(0.96)
7.31
(0.67)
7.77 0.00* 7.25
(0.46)
7.45
(0.48)
6.7
(0.22)
7.19
(0.5)
5.48 0.01* 0.75 0.45
12
7.52
(0.46)
8.45
(0.58)
9.12
(0.25)
8.18
(0.77)
17.8 0.00*
7.35
(0.33)
7.35
(0.21)
7.75
(0.29)
7.46
(0.34)
2.43 0.13 3.90 0.00*

9. Thigh Length
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Thigh Length of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from 2 to
12 years have been presented in table 5.9. The mean values for Thigh Length of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and
Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 16.77cm, 15.5cm and 13.5cm respectively, and it increased to 38.1cm, 38cm and 36cm at age 12
respectively. There by, showing gain of 21.33cm, 22.5cm and 22.5cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing
trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 4.88cm. In Table 5.9, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any
difference in Thigh Length based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribes (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different
age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2,4,6,7 & 8 the mean Thigh length for three endogamous group
of Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other
age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Table 5.9 also presents descriptive statistics for Thigh Length of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is
evident from the distance curve that Thigh Length of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value
for at the age of 2 is 15.43cm (rana girls), 13.95cm (Kathariya girls) and 13.75cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases to
38.46cm, 41.05cm and 39.5cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 23.03cm, 27.1cm and 25.75cm over the span of 11
years. It is evident from the distance curve that Thigh Length showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of
each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 7.01cm.
Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,6,7,8 & 10 the mean Thigh length for three endogamous group of
Tharu girls (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we
could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based
on Thigh length, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age
group 2 & 10 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Thigh length for boys & girls is not same.
The distance curve of Thigh Length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure
9). Distance curve propel out that growth of Thigh Length is higher notified in the age of 12 years in Rana boys whereas in Kathoriya
girls it is found higher in age group 12.

Table 5.9: Descriptive Statistics of Thigh Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
Thigh Length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Katha
riya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
16.77
(0.64)
15.5
(0.53)
13.5
(0.71)
15.7
(1.14)
25.09 0.00*
15.43
(2.03)
13.95
(2.58)
13.75
(2.6)
14.36
(2.42)
0.84 0.44 2.22 0.03*
3
21.52
(3)
20
(1.58)
19.65
(1.57)
20.58
(2.35)
1.48 0.25 21.55
(2.57)
23
(1.05)
16.75
(0.29)
21.37
(2.78)
15.09 0.00* 1.11 0.27
4
22.78
(2.12)
22.25
(0.79)
19.5
(0.71)
22.27
(1.77)
3.58 0.04*
24.57
(1.52)
25.5
(0.53)
17.9
(1.1)
23.43
(3.24)
91.74 0.00* 1.61 0.11
5
27.61
(5.58)
25.15
(0.69)
23.25
(0.29)
25.86
(3.89)
2.32 0.12 25.06
(2.21)
26.5
(0.53)
21.4
(2.85)
24.77
(2.73)
13.08 0.00* 1.13 0.26
6
28.66
(3.46)
31.5
(0.53)
23.5
(1.73)
28.96
(3.62)
14.86 0.00* 25.93
(3.14)
30.9
(5.45)
26
(2.19)
27.6
(4.43)
4.26 0.02* 1.17 0.24
7
31.76
(2.64)
31.6
(1.51)
27
(0.92)
31.1
(2.66)
8.04 0.00*
30.57
(5.15)
33.9
(2.03)
27.75
(1.37)
30.94
(4.3)
4.63 0.02* 0.15 0.87
8
30.45
(3.17)
33.5
(2.64)
29.4
(2.77)
31.42
(3.27)
4.19 0.02*
32.84
(3.43)
36.12
(3.47)
29.9
(0.99)
33.16
(3.75)
7.04 0.00* 1.81 0.07
9
32.69
(3.81)
33.7
(2.16)
33.75
(0.87)
33.24
(2.9)
0.38 0.68
33.52
(3.25)
36
(3.21)
35
(3.83)
34.51
(3.42)
1.50 0.24 1.48 0.14
10
32.37
(1.8)
33.8
(2.57)
34.25
(0.5)
33.1
(2.1)
2.32 0.11
36.24
(1.6)
34.75
(0.27)
33.5
(2.74)
35.06
(1.98)
5.03 0.01* 3.52 0.00*
11
34.09
(5.23)
37.5
(0.53)
35
(2.58)
35.6
(3.87)
2.32 0.12 37.65
(3.41)
36.85
(0.91)
35.42
(2.94)
36.94
(2.86)
1.31 0.28 1.42 0.16
12
38.1
(2.63)
38
(0)
36
(1.15)
37.71
(1.87)
2.23 0.13
38.46
(3.4)
41.05
(2.19)
39.5
(5.2)
39.13
(3.7)
0.37 0.69 1.34 0.19

Boy Girl
Figure 5.9: Distance Curve of Thigh Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
10. LOWER LEG LENGTH
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Lower Leg Length of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from
2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.10. The mean values for Lower Leg Length of sub -endogamous group such as Rana,
Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 17.25cm, 16.75cm and 15.75cm respectively, and it increased to 33.9cm, 34.5cm
and 33.15cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 16.65cm, 17.75cm and 17.4cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled
sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 3 to 4 years i.e. 3.52cm. In Table 5.10, ANOVA analysis to study,
whether there is any difference in Lower Leg Length based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya &
Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for all age groups, the mean Lower leg length for
three endogamous groups of Tharu tribe boys (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not statistically different, since the p-value for the F-
statistics is not less than 0.05, for any age groups so we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Table 5.10 also presents descriptive statistics for Lower Leg Length of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is
evident from the distance curve that Lower Leg Length of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean

value for at the age of 2 is 15.87cm (rana girls), 14.75cm (Kathariya girls) and 15.25cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases
to 36.06cm, 35.5cm and 36.5cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 20.19cm, 20.75cm and 21.25cm over the span of 11
years. It is evident from the distance curve that Lower Leg Length showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls
of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 4.57cm.
Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 2,3,4,5,8,10& 12 the mean Lower leg length for three endogamous
group of Tharu girls (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age
groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender
differences based on Lower leg length, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the
p-value for the age group 2,4,6,9 & 10 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Lower leg length
for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Lower Leg Length showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the
three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.10). Distance curve demonstrates that growth of Lower Leg Length is highly notified in the
age group 12 years of age in Kathoriya Tharu boys. However, in girls it has been observed that distance curve of Lower Leg Length is
higher notified in the age group of 12 in Rana girls.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.10: Distance Curve of Lower Leg Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups

Table 5.10: Descriptive Statistics of Lower Leg Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous
Groups of Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathoriya& Danguria).
Lower Leg Length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
valu
e
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathariy
a
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
17.25
(1.36)
16.75
(0.26)
15.75
(0.35)
16.81
(0.89)
2.56 0.11
15.87
(1.31)
14.75
(0.26)
15.25
(0.29)
15.19
(0.86)
4.20 0.03* 5.67 0.00*
3
19.44
(2.91)
17.25
(0.79)
19.25
(0.5)
18.5
(2.18)
3.40 0.05
19.35
(2.03)
22
(3.16)
15.5
(0)
19.76
(3.19)
10.70 0.00* 1.67 0.10
4
22.04
(2)
22.5
(1.58)
19.5
(2.12)
22.02
(1.93)
2.23 0.13
20.88
(1.75)
20.25
(0.26)
18.7
(0.77)
20.16
(1.42)
6.55 0.00* 3.80 0.00*
5
23.49
(3.93)
23.5
(1.58)
22.75
(0.29)
23.37
(2.67)
0.12 0.88
22.17
(1.38)
23
(1.05)
20.75
(0.27)
22.16
(1.36)
7.93 0.00* 1.99 0.05
6
24.82
(2.92)
27
(0.53)
25
(1.62)
25.68
(2.3)
3.11 0.06 24.14
(1.83)
25.25
(3.47)
23.2
(1.53)
24.27
(2.48)
1.22 0.31 2.08 0.04*
7
27.84
(2.21)
28.1
(0.11)
26.25
(0.29)
27.72
(1.72)
1.83 0.17
26.52
(2.63)
26.3
(2.46)
27.5
(1.64)
26.68
(2.35)
0.48 0.62 1.88 0.06
8
27.9
(2.71)
29.25
(3.43)
26.25
(3.75)
28.16
(3.18)
1.38 0.26 28.94
(2.07)
30.69
(0.53)
29.25
(1.15)
29.53
(1.71)
3.15 0.06* 1.97 0.05
9
28.9
(2.76)
29.3
(1.34)
28.45
(0.52)
28.98
(2.03)
0.25 0.77 30.01
(2.09)
29.75
(1.34)
31.25
(1.37)
30.2
(1.81)
1.37 0.27 2.32 0.02*
10
29.73
(1.6)
29.5
(0.53)
28.5
(0.58)
29.49
(1.27)
1.54 0.23
31.92
(0.71)
30.75
(0.71)
29.5
(2.35)
30.92
(1.59)
6.60 0.00* 3.61 0.00*
11
31.61
(3.04)
32.5
(0.53)
32.25
(0.29)
32.07
(2.03)
0.50 0.61 32.29
(2.43)
33.5
(2.39)
31.75
(0.27)
32.52
(2.18)
1.28 0.29 0.78 0.43
12
33.9
(1.8)
34.5
(0.53)
33.15
(0.75)
34.02
(1.3)
1.72 0.20
36.06
(3.17)
35.5
(0.71)
36.5
(2.42)
33.79
(9.08)
4.65 0.03* 0.09 0.92

11. Foot Length
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Foot Length of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from 2 to
12 years have been presented in table 5.11. The mean values for Foot Length of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and
Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 13.1cm, 12.75cm and 11.75cm respectively, and it increased to 19.71cm, 21cm and 22cm at age
12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 6.61cm, 8.25cm and 10.25cm over the span of 11 years. The distance curve of Foot Length
shows an increasing trend till 8 years of age , however it fluctuates ( slightly decreasing in 9, 10 years, with considerable increasing
in 11, 12 years) from 9 to 12 years of age (Figure 5.11). Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 3
to 4 years i.e. 2.13cm. In Table 11, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Foot Length based on three
endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we
can notice for age group 2 & 12 the mean Foot length for three endogamous groups of Tharu tribe boys (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria)
is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of
Table 5.11 also presents descriptive statistics for Foot Length of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. Similarly,
it is evident from the distance curve that Foot Length of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend till 8 years of age , however it
fluctuates ( slightly decreasing in 9, 10 years, with considerable increasing in 11, 12 years) from 9 to 12 years of age (Figure 5.11).
The mean value for at the age of 2 is 12.38cm (rana girls), 11.5cm (Kathariya girls) and 13.5cm (Danguria girls) respectively which
increases to 21.1cm, 22cm and 23.15cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 8.72cm, 10.5cm and 9.65cm over the span
of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 2 to 3 years i.e. 2.28cm. from the ANOVA
analysis for Tharu girl’s, for age group 2,3,4,5,8,9,10 & 12 the mean Foot length for three endogamous groups of Tharu tribe girls
(Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not
find the evidence of statistically significant difference. P value clearly depicted statistically significance differences in this foot length
at all age group except 6, 7 and 11 years. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Foot length, we can
notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 2,4,5 & 12 is found
less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Foot length for boys & girls is not same.

Table 5.11: Descriptive Statistics of Foot Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
Foot length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguria
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Katha
riya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
13.1
(0.57)
12.75
(0.26)
11.75
(0.35)
12.76
(0.55)
8.72 0.00*
12.38
(1.03)
11.5
(0.53)
13.5
(0.58)
12.16
(1.04)
11.4 0.00* 2.21 0.03*
3
14.57
(1.08)
14
(0)
14.5
(0.58)
14.32
(0.76)
1.61 0.22
14.34
(1.11)
15
(0)
13.4
(0.12)
14.44
(0.93)
6.12 0.00* 0.52 0.60
4
16.13
(1.3)
16.95
(0.16)
15.75
(0.35)
16.45
(1)
2.69 0.09
15.04
(1.27)
15.25
(0.26)
14.1
(0)
14.91
(0.92)
3.77 0.03* 5.66 0.00*
5
17.05
(1.86)
17
(1.23)
17
(0.23)
17.02
(1.4)
0.00 0.99
15.18
(1.16)
16.9
(0.11)
14.65
(0.71)
15.72
(1.24)
18.6 0.00* 3.47 0.00*
6
17.3
(2.28)
18.25
(0.26)
17.8
(0.46)
17.74
(1.59)
0.97 0.39
16.64
(1.84)
17.8
(2.14)
17.35
(0.38)
17.2
(1.74)
1.02 0.37 1.14 0.26
7
18.51
(1.71)
18.3
(0.74)
18
(2.31)
18.37
(1.51)
0.18 0.83
18.23
(1.61)
18.46
(1.02)
18.5
(0.55)
18.37
(1.23)
0.12 0.88 0.02 0.98
8
19.26
(1.51)
19
(0.53)
18.75
(2.02)
19.09
(1.29)
0.26 0.77 18.42
(1.73)
20.12
(0.83)
19.77
(0.73)
19.23
(1.52)
4.58 0.02* 0.35 0.72
9
18.96
(1.06)
19.1
(3.57)
18.75
(0.96)
18.98
(2.28)
0.03 0.96 18.19
(2.15)
20.2
(0.32)
19.83
(0.75)
19.08
(1.83)
4.83 0.01* 0.18 0.85
10
17.84
(4.44)
19.1
(3.87)
19.25
(0.96)
18.45
(3.92)
0.39 0.67
20.62
(2.67)
16
(1.07)
17.5
(3.83)
18.3
(3.27)
7.20 0.00* 0.15 0.88
11
20.45
(2.7)
19.4
(2.17)
20.5
(0.58)
20.04
(2.26)
0.64 0.53 20.38
(1.92)
21.5
(0.53)
20.5
(0.55)
20.73
(1.47)
1.65 0.21 1.29 0.20
12
19.71
(1.29)
21
(1.05)
22
(1.73)
20.63
(1.5)
5.34 0.01*
21.1
(1.2)
22
(0.71)
23.15
(0.17)
21.81
(1.3)
5.80 0.01* 2.56 0.01*

Boy Girl
Figure 5.11: Distance Curve of Foot Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
12. FOOT BREADTH
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Foot Breadth of Tharu boys of each endogamous group from 2 to
12 years have been presented in table 5.12. The mean values for Foot Breadth of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathoriya
and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 5.57cm, 5cm and 4.5cm respectively, and it increased to 8.52cm, 9cm and 9.35cm at age 12
respectively. There by, showing gain of 2.95cm, 4cm and 4.85cm over the span of 11 years. The distance curve of Foot Breadth
showed an increasing trend till 7 years of age, however it fluctuates (slightly decreasing in 8, 9 years, with considerable increasing in
10, 11 and 12 years) from 10 to 12 years of age (Figure 5.12). In Table 5.12, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any
difference in Foot Breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathoriya & Danguria), among different age
groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2 &12 the mean Foot breadth for three endogamous groups of Tharu
tribe boys (Rana, Kathoriya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age
groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.

Table 5.12 also presents descriptive statistics for Foot Breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is
evident from the distance curve that Foot Breadth of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value
for at the age of 2 is 5.15cm (rana girls), 5.15cm (Kathariya girls) and 5.25cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases to 8.5cm,
8.4cm and 8.3cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 3.35cm, 3.25cm and 3.1cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident
from the distance curve that Foot breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous
group. from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,7,8,9 & 10 the mean Foot breadth for three endogamous group of
boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups
based on Foot breadth, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the
age group 4,5,6,7,9& 12 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Foot breadth for boys & girls
is not same.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.12: Distance Curve of Foot Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of

Table 5.12: Descriptive Statistics of Foot Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups
Foot breadth
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
5.57
(0.37)
5
(0.53)
4.5
(0.71)
5.13
(0.58)
4.27 0.03*
5.15
(0.23)
5.15
(0.16)
5.25
(0.29)
5.17
(0.2)
0.37 0.69 0.25 0.80
3
5.86
(0.57)
5.75
(0.79)
5.5
(0.58)
5.75
(0.66)
0.40 0.66
6.08
(0.59)
6.25
(1.32)
4.5
(0.58)
5.91
(1.08)
5.47 0.01* 0.62 0.53
4
6.35
(0.4)
6.65
(0.16)
6.75
(0.35)
6.51
(0.34)
3.17 0.06
6.28
(0.66)
6.2
(0.42)
5.37
(0.5)
6.05
(0.64)
6.04 0.00* 3.25 0.00*
5
6.82
(0.59)
6.75
(0.26)
6.75
(0.17)
6.78
(0.41)
0.07 0.92
6.44
(0.61)
6.45
(0.05)
5.45
(0.05)
6.22
(0.56)
15.4 0.00* 4.05 0.00*
6
7.2
(0.56)
7.45
(0.16)
6.95
(0.17)
7.26
(0.42)
2.44 0.10
6.74
(0.59)
7
(0.53)
6.4
(0.11)
6.74
(0.53)
2.52 0.10 3.79 0.00*
7
7.51
(0.42)
7.55
(0.44)
7.75
(1.44)
7.55
(0.6)
0.25 0.77
7.04
(0.59)
7.6
(0.11)
7.25
(0.27)
7.26
(0.48)
3.98 0.03* 2.01 0.04*
8
7.4
(0.84)
7.5
(0.53)
7.55
(0.64)
7.46
(0.69)
0.09 0.91 7.41
(0.64)
7.45
(0.27)
8.05
(0.38)
7.56
(0.55)
3.60 0.04* 0.61 0.54
9
7.53
(0.89)
7.15
(0.94)
7.5
(0.58)
7.38
(0.86)
0.56 0.57 7.55
(0.41)
8.05
(0.05)
8
(0.55)
7.78
(0.44)
5.48 0.01* 2.13 0.03*
10
7.3
(1.61)
7.75
(0.98)
7.75
(0.5)
7.51
(1.31)
0.42 0.65
7.95
(0.7)
7.68
(0.37)
7.05
(0.05)
7.63
(0.61)
5.95 0.00* 0.45 0.64
11
8.45
(0.85)
8.25
(0.26)
8.1
(0.12)
8.31
(0.59)
0.58 0.56 8.44
(0.51)
8.25
(0.8)
7.75
(0.27)
8.24
(0.62)
2.99 0.06 0.46 0.64
12
8.52
(0.47)
9
(0)
9.35
(0.17)
8.86
(0.44)
11.5 0.00*
8.5
(0.22)
8.4
(0.14)
8.35
(0.06)
8.44
(0.18)
0.95 0.41 4.07 0.00*

13. Bitrochantric Breadth
The descriptive statistics of the Bitrochantric breadth of Tharu children of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years age and sex
have been presented in table 5.13. The mean values for Bitrochantric Breadth of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and
Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 16.3cm, 17cm and 16.5cm respectively, and it increased to 24.68cm, 26.5cm and 25.5cm at age 12
respectively. There by, showing gain of 8.38cm, 9.5cm and 9cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend
with maximum annual gain from 5 to 6 years i.e. 2.35cm. In Table 5.13, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference in
Bitrochantric Breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age
groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 6,7,8 & 9 the mean Bitrochantric breadth for three endogamous
group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05,
for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Table 5.13 also presents descriptive statistics for Bitrochantric Breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It
is evident from the distance curve that Bitrochantric Breadth of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The
mean value for at the age of 2 is 15.18cm (Rana girls), 13.7cm (Kathariya girls) and 16.25cm (Danguria girls) respectively which
increases to 26.51cm, 25.6cm and 26.76cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 11.33cm, 11.9cm and 10.51cm over the
span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Bitrochantric Breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen
among girls of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 10 to 11 years
i.e. 2.38cm. from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,6,8,9 & 10 the mean Bitrochantric breadth for three endogamous
group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other
age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender
differences based on Bitrochantric breadth, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples,
the p-value for the age group 2,3,6& 7 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Bitrochantric
breadth for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Bitrochantric Breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age
in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.13). Distance curves illustrate that higher growth of Bitrochantric Breadth is found in
Kathariya boys in age group of 12, whereas in girls the higher value of Bitrochantric Breadth is found in Danguria girls in age group
of 12.

Table 5.13: Descriptive Statistics of Bitrochantric Breadth Among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Endogamous Groups of Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathariya& Danguria).
Bitrochantric Breadth
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
16.3
(2.91) 17 (0.53)
16.5
(0.71)
16.71
(1.67)
0.32 0.73 15.18
(2.61)
13.7
(1.37)
16.25
(1.44)
14.65
(2.03)
3.11 0.07 3.42 0.00*
3
15.92
(1.24)
17.4
(2.23)
16.75
(0.5)
16.68
(1.75)
1.93 0.16 15.4
(1.05)
15.5
(0.53)
17
(1.15)
15.67
(1.04)
5.05 0.01* 2.44 0.02*
4
17.19
(1.01)
17.35
(1.49)
17.75
(0.35)
17.31
(1.19)
0.18 0.83
16.93
(1.7)
19.05
(0.47)
17.25
(0.82)
17.79
(1.52)
9.04 0.00* 1.24 0.22
5
18.24
(2.15)
17.9
(0.95)
17.75
(0.5)
18.02
(1.5)
0.19 0.82
17.67
(1.83)
18.9
(0.11)
16.58
(1.2)
17.89
(1.53)
6.40 0.00* 0.29 0.77
6
19.13
(2.38)
22.5
(0.53)
18.75
(0.29)
20.37
(2.36)
13.15 0.00*
17.87
(1.57)
19.9
(1.18)
17.95
(0.49)
18.57
(1.54)
6.78 0.00* 3.22 0.00*
7
20
(1.82)
22.6
(1.9)
18.75
(2.02)
20.68
(2.29)
8.55 0.00*
19.98
(1.76)
18.65
(1.76)
20
(0)
19.58
(1.62)
2.05 0.15 2.11 0.03*
8
20.87
(1.52)
23.5
(2.64)
19.5
(0.58)
21.64
(2.42)
7.97 0.00* 20.98
(1.57)
22.25
(0.8)
20.6
(0.66)
21.27
(1.35)
3.80 0.03* 0.68 0.49
9
20.6
(1.71)
23.3
(1.77)
20.45
(0.64)
21.62
(2.07)
8.65 0.00*
20.69
(1.96)
22.45
(1.02)
22.17
(1.47)
21.48
(1.81)
3.58 0.04* 0.25 0.79
10
22.79
(2.52)
23.4
(2.12)
20.75
(0.96)
22.72
(2.34)
1.96 0.15 23.12
(1.92)
20.75
(0.27)
19.83
(2.79)
21.51
(2.28)
6.86 0.00* 1.91 0.06
11
23.52
(3.11)
24.5
(1.58)
23.75
(2.02)
23.95
(2.39)
0.43 0.65 24.07
(2.9)
23.5
(2.67) 24 (1.1)
23.89
(2.49)
0.13 0.87 0.08 0.93
12
24.68
(3.02)
26.5
(1.58)
25.5
(1.73)
25.58
(2.38)
1.53 0.23
26.51
(2.3)
25.6
(0.42)
27.85
(1.33)
26.76
(1.97)
1.03 0.38 1.66 0.10

Boy Girl
Figure 5.13: Distance Curve of Foot Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups of
14. Bicristale Breadth
The descriptive statistics of the Bicristale Breadth of Tharu children of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years age and sex have
been presented in table 5.14. The mean values for Bicristale Breadth of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and
Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 14.95cm, 16cm and 15.25cm respectively, and it increased to 21.49cm, 24.5cm and 23.25cm at
age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 6.54cm, 8.5cm and 8cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing
trend with maximum annual gain from 11 to 12 years i.e. 1.8cm. In Table 5.14, let us focus on boy’s section, we performed ANOVA
analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Bicristale breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana,
Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 6, 7 & 9 the mean
Bicristale breadth for three endogamous group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-
value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Table 5.14 also presents descriptive statistics for Bicristale Breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years. It is
evident from the distance curve that Bicristale Breadth of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean
value for at the age of 2 is 14.05cm (rana girls), 13.25cm (Kathariya girls) and 15.25cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases

to 22.84cm, 22.5cm and 23.35cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 8.79cm, 9.25cm and 8.1cm over the span of 11
years. It is evident from the distance curve that Bicristale Breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls
of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 11 to 12 years i.e. 2.49cm.
Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 4,5,9 & 10 the mean Bicristale breadth for three endogamous group of
girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups
based on Bicristale breadth, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for
the age group 2,3,7,9&10 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Bicristale breadth for boys &
girls is not same. The distance curve of Bicristale Breadth showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub
endogamous groups (figure 5.14). Distance curves illustrate that higher growth of Bicristale Breadth is found in Kathariya boys in age
group of 12, whereas in girls the higher value of Bicristale Breadth is found in Danguria girls in age group of 12.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.14: Distance Curve of Bicristale Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous Groups

Table 5.14: Descriptive Statistics of Bicristale Breadth Among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous
Bicristale Breadth
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value p value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Katha
riya
Danguria
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
14.95
(2.46)
16
(0.53)
15.25
(0.35)
15.57
(1.48)
0.99 0.39
14.05
(1.91)
13.25
(1.32)
15.25
(0.87)
13.89
(1.58)
2.74 0.09 3.37 0.00*
3
14.36
(1.51)
16.05
(3.02)
15.75
(0.96)
15.3
(2.29)
1.51 0.24
13.69
(0.75)
14
(1.05)
14.25
(1.44)
13.89
(0.96)
0.59 0.55 2.79 0.00*
4
15.85
(1)
16.65
(1.2)
16
(1.41)
16.21
(1.14)
1.39 0.27
15.35
(1.65)
17.5
(0.53)
16
(1.1)
16.29
(1.53)
8.37 0.00* 0.21 0.83
5
16.9
(1.28)
16.68
(0.7)
16.65
(0.17)
16.77
(0.92)
0.16 0.84
16.02
(1.05)
17.6
(0.42)
16.83
(0.98)
16.82
(1.08)
8.75 0.00* 0.17 0.86
6
17.08
(2.13)
19
(0.53)
17
(1.15)
17.81
(1.79)
4.69 0.02*
16.64
(1.32)
17.15
(1.44)
17
(1.1)
16.9
(1.27)
0.35 0.70 2.08 0.04*
7
18.51
(1.4)
19.3
(0.32)
17.15
(0.98)
18.59
(1.27)
5.38 0.01*
18.41
(1.37)
17.2
(1.82)
19
(0)
18.17
(1.5)
3.25 0.05 1.12 0.26
8
18.96
(1.55)
19.6
(0.63)
18.15
(0.75)
19.08
(1.25)
2.22 0.13 18.85
(1.59)
19.75
(1.34)
19
(0)
19.15
(1.34)
1.18 0.32 0.19 0.84
9
19
(1.12)
20.5
(0.53)
18.75
(0.29)
19.54
(1.13)
10.6 0.00* 18.6
(1.45)
19.8
(0.86)
18
(1.1)
18.81
(1.38)
3.98 0.03* 2.16 0.03*
10
20.79
(1.35)
20.25
(0.79)
20
(1.15)
20.5
(1.17)
1.07 0.35
20.65
(1.21)
19.75
(0.27)
16.5
(2.74)
19.31
(2.27)
13.70 0.00* 2.33 0.02*
11
20.91
(3)
21.5
(1.58)
21.5
(0.58)
21.24
(2.19)
0.20 0.81 20.55
(2.33)
19.5
(2.67)
21.5
(0.55)
20.45
(2.25)
1.43 0.25 1.28 0.20
12
21.49
(2.9)
24.5
(1.58)
23.25
(0.29)
23.04
(2.5)
4.86 0.01
22.84
(1.94)
22.5
(2.12)
23.35
(1.91)
22.94
(1.82)
0.15 0.86 0.14 0.88

15. Maximum Head Length
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Maximum Head Length of Tharu boys of each endogamous group
from 2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.15. The mean values for Maximum Head Length of sub -endogamous group such as
Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 15.88cm, 15.75cm and 13.75cm respectively, and it increased to 17.52cm,
18.4cm and 18.75cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 1.64cm, 2.65cm and 5cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled
sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 10 to 11 years i.e. 0.77cm. In Table 5.15, ANOVA analysis to
study, whether there is any difference in Maximum Head Length based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana,
Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2,8 &12 the mean
Maximum head length for three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since
the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant
difference.
Table 5.15 also presents descriptive statistics for Maximum Head Length of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years.
It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Head Length of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing age.
The mean value for at the age of 2 is 15.67cm (rana girls), 15.25cm (Kathariya girls) and 15.5cm (Danguria girls) respectively which
increases to 20.31cm, 24.5cm and 19.38cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 4.64cm, 9.25cm and 3.88cm over the
span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Head Length showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is
seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 9 to 10
years i.e. 1.97cm. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,6,8,10 & 12the mean Maximum head length for
three endogamous group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less
than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether
there is any gender differences based on Maximum head length, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated
using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 6, 9, 10, 11 & 12 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age
groups mean Maximum head length for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Maximum Head Length showed an increasing
trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.15). Distance curve demonstrate that the growth of the
Maximum length of Head is higher for the age group of 12 in Danguria boys and in girls it has been observed in age group of 12 in
kathoriya girls.

Table 5.15: Descriptive Statistics of Maximum Head Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Endogamous Groups of Tharu Tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria).
Maximum Head Length
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value p value
(t-
statistics)
Pooled
Sample
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
15.88
(0.52)
15.75
(0.26)
13.75
(0.35)
15.57
(0.75)
26.68 0.00*
15.67
(0.41)
15.25
(0.26)
15.5
(0.58)
15.43
(0.41)
2.34 0.12 0.73 0.46
3
15.96
(0.41)
15.7
(0.74)
16
(1.15)
15.86
(0.69)
0.43 0.65 15.97
(0.56)
16.75
(0.26)
14.75
(0.87)
16.08
(0.84)
21.20 0.00* 1.02 0.31
4
16.76
(1.12)
16.25
(1.84)
16.75
(0.35)
16.54
(1.43)
0.34 0.71
16.28
(0.64)
16.9
(0.74)
16
(0)
16.45
(0.7)
4.72 0.01* 0.27 0.78
5
16.55
(0.75)
16.75
(0.26)
17
(0)
16.71
(0.52)
1.13 0.34
16.69
(0.59)
16.35
(0.41)
16.33
(0.82)
16.48
(0.59)
1.06 0.36 1.47 0.14
6
16.96
(0.55)
17
(0.53)
17.5
(1)
17.06
(0.62)
1.22 0.31
16.34
(0.44)
17
(0.53)
16.5
(0)
16.6
(0.5)
5.65 0.01* 2.87 0.00*
7
16.82
(0.97)
17.22
(0.77)
17.2
(0.92)
17
(0.9)
0.71 0.50
16.7
(0.36)
16.61
(0.57)
16.75
(0.82)
16.68
(0.54)
0.11 0.89 1.63 0.10
8
16.52
(0.9)
17.75
(0.26)
17.5
(0.58)
17.12
(0.89)
9.62 0.00* 16.95
(0.5)
16.56
(0.18)
17.7
(0.33)
17
(0.56)
14.40 0.00* 0.60 0.55
9
17.46
(0.51)
17.8
(1.69)
17.75
(0.5)
17.63
(1.09)
0.27 0.76 17.17
(0.64)
16.75
(0.27)
16.75
(0.27)
16.97
(0.53)
2.46 0.10 2.83 0.00*
10
17.12
(1.39)
18.1
(1.2)
17.5
(0.58)
17.5
(1.3)
1.83 0.17
18.51
(1.23)
20.56
(0.68)
17.5
(0.77)
18.94
(1.55)
18.80 0.00* 3.65 0.00*
11
18.15
(0.94)
18.25
(0.79)
18.62
(0.25)
18.27
(0.8)
0.48 0.62 19.89
(2.17)
19.04
(0.99)
19.67
(0.52)
19.6
(1.64)
0.67 0.51 3.80 0.00*
12
17.52
(0.37)
18.4
(0.52)
18.75
(0.5)
18.09
(0.67)
14.18 0.00*
20.31
(1.39)
24.5
(0.71)
19.38
(2.06)
20.64
(2.21)
7.65 0.00* 4.20 0.00*

Boy Girl
Figure 5.15: Distance Curve of Maximum Head Length among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous
16. Maximum Head Breadth
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Maximum Head Breadth of Tharu boys of each endogamous
group from 2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.16. The mean values for Maximum Head Breadth of sub -endogamous group
such as Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 15.88cm, 15.75cm and 13.75cm respectively, and it increased to
17.52cm, 18.4cm and 18.75cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 1.64cm, 2.65cm and 5cm over the span of 11 years.
Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 10 to 11 years i.e. 0.77cm. In Table 5.16, ANOVA
analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Maximum Head Breadth based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe
(Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group 2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11
&12the mean Maximum head breadth for three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically
different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically
significant difference.

Table 5.16 also presents descriptive statistics for Maximum Head Breadth of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12
years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Head Breadth of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing
age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is 15.67cm (rana girls), 15.25cm (Kathariya girls) and 15.5cm (Danguria girls) respectively
which increases to 20.31cm, 24.5cm and 19.38cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 4.64cm, 9.25cm and 3.88cm over
the span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Head Breadth showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years
is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 9 to 10
years i.e. 1.97cm. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 6,7,11 & 12the mean Maximum head breadth for
three endogamous group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less
there is any gender differences based on Maximum head breadth, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated
using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 4,7,8,9, 10 & 11 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age
groups mean Maximum head breadth for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Maximum Head Breadth showed an
increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.16). Distance curves illustrate that higher
growth of Maximum Head Breadth is found in Danguria boys in age group of 12, whereas in girls the higher value of Maximum Head
Breadth is found in Rana girls in age group of 12.
Boy Girl
Figure 5.16: Distance Curve of Maximum Head Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three Endogamous

Table 5.16: Descriptive Statistics of Maximum Head Breadth among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Maximum Head Breadth
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangu
ria
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
12.33
(0.41)
12.5
(0)
10.5
(0.71)
12.22
(0.69)
38.12 0.00*
12.03
(0.65)
11.85
(0.69)
12.25
(0.87)
11.98
(0.69)
0.47 0.63 1.05 0.29
3
12.33
(0.63)
12.5
(0.82)
12
(1.15)
12.35
(0.79)
0.55 0.58 12.19
(0.93)
12.5
(0.53)
12.75
(0.29)
12.39
(0.74)
1.06 0.36 0.20 0.84
4
13.05
(0.57)
14.1
(0.32)
12.75
(0.35)
13.48
(0.71)
16.43 0.00*
12.55
(0.85)
13.9
(0.32)
12.17
(0.41)
12.96
(0.95)
19.40 0.00 2.18 0.03*
5
12.07
(1.43)
14.2
(1.27)
13.75
(0.29)
13.24
(1.58)
7.58 0.00*
12.9
(1.71)
13.55
(1.35)
14.25
(0.76)
13.46
(1.45)
1.75 0.19 0.52 0.60
6
12.08
(1.63)
14.15
(0.94)
13.75
(0.96)
13.13
(1.62)
7.18 0.00*
13.21
(0.66)
13.75
(0.76)
12.17
(1.21)
13.13
(1.02)
6.00 0.00* 0.01 0.98
7
13.39
(0.62)
14.45
(0.83)
14.5
(0.58)
13.88
(0.86)
9.19 0.00*
13.3
(0.54)
12.75
(0.27)
13.25
(0.27)
13.12
(0.48)
4.47 0.02* 4.20 0.00*
8
13.64
(0.85)
14.96
(0.94)
14.75
(0.5)
14.29
(1.04)
7.53 0.00* 13.54
(0.97)
12.94
(0.18)
13.5
(0.55)
13.35
(0.76)
1.82 0.18 3.80 0.00*
9
13.92
(0.51)
15.25
(0.26)
15
(0.82)
14.6
(0.8)
21.96 0.00* 13.48
(0.7)
13.75
(1.22)
12.75
(0.27)
13.4
(0.87)
2.66 0.08 5.29 0.00*
10
14.74
(1.38)
15.7
(0.54)
15.25
(0.29)
15.13
(1.13)
2.45 0.10
13.59
(0.76)
13.5
(0.53)
13.5
(0.84)
13.54
(0.68)
0.04 0.95 6.40 0.00*
11
14.09
(1.09)
15.75
(1.4)
16.25
(2.36)
15.1
(1.67)
4.91 0.01* 13.14
(0.61)
13.75
(0.8)
14.67
(0.88)
13.64
(0.93)
9.46 0.00* 3.87 0.00*
12
13.22
(0.63)
15.6
(1.58)
17.12
(1.93)
14.86
(1.98)
14.93 0.00*
13.34
(0.9)
15.5
(0.71)
14.5
(0.58)
13.98
(1.12)
6.92 0.01* 1.76 0.08

17. Maximum Head Circumferences
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Maximum Head Circumferences of Tharu boys of each
endogamous group from 2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.17. The mean values for Maximum Head Circumferences of
sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 46.25cm, 45.5cm and 40.5cm respectively,
and it increased to 52.9cm, 54cm and 52.62cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 6.65cm, 8.5cm and 12.12cm over
the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 3 to 4 years i.e. 3.42cm. In Table 17,
ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Maximum Head Circumferences based on three endogamous group of
boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age group
2,5 & 12 the mean Maximum head circumferences for three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is
statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of
Table 5.17 also presents descriptive statistics for Maximum Head Circumferences of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to
12 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Head Circumferences of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the
advancing age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is 45.25cm (rana girls), 44cm (Kathariya girls) and 42.5cm (Danguria girls)
respectively which increases to 52.44cm, 51.75cm and 52.79cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 7.19cm, 7.75cm and
10.29cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Head Circumferences showed an increasing
trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum
annual gain from 3 to 4 years i.e. 2.8cm. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 3,4,5,6,7,10 & 11 the mean
Maximum head circumferences for three endogamous group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the
p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.
Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Maximum head circumferences, we can notice that the p-value
for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 4,7,8,9, 10 & 11 is found less than 0.05,
hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Maximum head circumferences for boys & girls is not same. The distance
curve of Maximum Head Circumferences showed an increasing trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups
(figure 5.17). Distance curves illustrate that higher growth of Maximum Head Circumferences is found in Kathoriya boys in age group
of 12, whereas in girls the higher value of Maximum Head Circumferences is found in Danguria girls in age group of 12.

Table 5.17: Descriptive Statistics of Maximum Head Circumferences among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Maximum Head Circumferences
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statist
ics)
Rana
Kathari
ya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathari
ya
Danguri
a
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Sampl
es
2
46.25
(0.88)
45.5
(0.53)
40.5
(0.71)
45.19
(1.86)
56.39 0.00*
45.25
(1.54)
44
(2.11)
42.5
(0.58)
44.08
(1.93)
2.93 0.08 1.81 0.07
3
46.45
(1.48)
45.4
(2.27)
46.75
(0.87)
46.06
(1.82)
1.19 0.32
46.65
(1.68)
44
(2.11)
44.5
(0.58)
45.35
(2.13)
6.94 0.00* 1.28 0.20
4
49
(2.53)
50.5
(2.64)
47
(1.41)
49.48
(2.64)
1.96 0.16
47.91
(1.18)
49.25
(0.26)
46.75
(0.27)
48.15
(1.23)
19.70 0.00* 2.21 0.03*
5
49.85
(0.97)
51
(1.05)
50.25
(0.29)
50.4
(1.05)
3.75 0.04*
48.7
(1.32)
48.5
(0.53)
47.33
(1.03)
48.31
(1.11)
3.73 0.04* 6.81 0.00*
6
48.96
(1.39)
51.15
(1.33)
50.5
(2.89)
50.04
(1.89)
5.02 0.01*
49
(1.18)
49.75
(0.27)
47.5
(0.55)
48.88
(1.18)
12.80 0.00* 2.62 0.01*
7
51.68
(1.12)
51.25
(0.79)
51
(0.58)
51.45
(0.98)
1.09 0.34
50.46
(0.89)
51
(1.6)
48.5
(0.55)
50.17
(1.43)
9.47 0.00* 3.85 0.00*
8
50.92
(0.93)
51.55
(0.44)
51.25
(0.96)
51.2
(0.81)
1.79 0.18 50.5
(2.6)
50.5
(0.53)
52.33
(2.25)
50.91
(2.18)
1.74 0.19 0.66 0.51
9
51.29
(0.81)
51.5
(0.53)
51.25
(0.29)
51.37
(0.64)
0.34 0.71 51.13
(0.92)
51
(1.07)
51.33
(1.03)
51.14
(0.95)
0.19 0.82 1.04 0.30
10
52.22
(2.99)
51.5
(0.71)
51.25
(1.5)
51.85
(2.28)
0.44 0.64
53.4
(2.37)
51
(1.07)
50.5
(0.55)
51.88
(2.09)
7.14 0.00* 0.04 0.96
11
53.09
(2.77)
52.5
(2.64)
52.25
(3.18)
52.72
(2.68)
0.18 0.83 52.6
(1.64)
50.95
(0.59)
54.5
(1.22)
52.54
(1.81)
12.10 0.00* 0.29 0.77
12
52.9
(1.17)
54
(0)
52.62
(0.48)
53.31
(0.96)
6.67 0.00*
52.44
(1.57)
51.75
(0.35)
54
(1.22)
52.79
(1.54)
2.27 0.15 1.15 0.26

Boy Girl
Figure 5.17: Distance Curve of Maximum Head Circumference among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
18. Mid Upper Arm Circumference
Mean value along with standard deviation and F-value and t test for Maximum Mid Upper Arm Circumference of Tharu boys of each
endogamous group from 2 to 12 years have been presented in table 5.18. The mean values for Maximum Mid Upper Arm
Circumference of sub -endogamous group such as Rana, Kathoriya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 14.98cm, 14.25cm and
12.5cm respectively, and it increased to 21.5cm, 23.5cm and 20.75cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 6.52cm,
9.25cm and 8.25cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 5 to 6 years
i.e. 1.91cm. In Table 5.18, ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Maximum Mid Upper Arm Circumference
based on three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA
analysis, we can notice for age group 6, 8 & 9 .the mean mid upper arm circumference for three endogamous group of boys Tharu
tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups
we could not find the evidence of statistically significant difference.

Table 5.18 also presents descriptive statistics for Maximum Mid Upper Arm Circumference of Tharu girls of each endogamous group
from 2 to 12 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Mid Upper Arm Circumference of Tharu girls showed an
increasing trend with the advancing age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is 14.33cm (rana girls), 14.25cm (Kathariya girls) and
13cm (Danguria girls) respectively which increases to 21.38cm, 20cm and 21.14cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of
7.05cm, 5.75cm and 8.14cm over the span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Maximum Mid Upper Arm
Circumference showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample
shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 10 to 11 years i.e. 2.73cm. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s,
for age group 2,3,4,5,6,9 & 10 the mean Mid upper arm circumference for three endogamous group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana,
evidence of statistically significant difference. Further, we checked, whether there is any gender differences based on Mid upper arm
circumference, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated using pooled samples, the p-value for the age
group 4, 5& 6 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups mean Mid upper arm circumference for boys &
girls is not same. The distance curve of Maximum Mid Upper Arm Circumference showed an increasing trend with the advancing age
in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.18). Distance curves illustrate that higher growth of Mid Upper Arm Circumference
is found in Kathariya boys in age group of 12, whereas in girls the higher value of Mid Upper Arm Circumference is found in Rana
girls in age group of 12.
Boy Girl

Figure 5.18: Distance Curve of Mid Upper Arm Circumference among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Table 5.18: Descriptive Statistics of Mid Upper Arm Circumferences among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Mid Upper Arm Circumference
Age
(yrs
)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value
p
value
(t-
statisti
cs)
Rana
Kathariy
a
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
Rana
Kathar
iya
Dangur
ia
Pooled
Sample
MEA
N (SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
14.98
(0.76)
14.25
(1.32)
12.5
(0.71)
14.3
(1.29)
3.66 0.05
14.33
(0.52)
14.25
(0.26)
13
(0)
14.03
(0.62)
22.91 0.00* 0.82 0.41
3
14.8
(0.71)
15
(0.78)
14.5
(0.58)
14.83
(0.72)
0.69 0.51
15.12
(0.58)
15.5
(0.53)
14.5
(0)
15.17
(0.6)
5.33 0.01* 1.78 0.08
4
15.41
(1.2)
15.75
(0.26)
14.5
(0.71)
15.48
(0.91)
1.74 0.20 16.05
(1.04)
17.1
(0.32)
14.67
(0.82)
16.13
(1.2)
17.90 0.00* 2.18 0.03*
5
15.22
(2.36)
16
(1.05)
15.25
(1.44)
15.55
(1.74)
0.55 0.58 17.5
(1.29)
16.25
(0.26)
15.67
(0.98)
16.6
(1.18)
8.18 0.00* 2.46 0.01*
6
17
(1.31)
18.5
(0.53)
16.25
(0.29)
17.46
(1.28)
10.15 0.00*
15.95
(0.6)
17.25
(0.27)
16
(0.55)
16.4
(0.78)
17.60 0.00* 3.58 0.00*
7
16.82
(1.25)
18.7
(4.45)
18.25
(2.6)
17.61
(2.87)
1.50 0.23 17.58
(0.73)
17.5
(0.53)
17
(0.55)
17.42
(0.66)
1.75 0.19 0.35 0.72
8
15.42
(1.2)
18.8
(2.94)
16.75
(0.5)
16.87
(2.48)
8.08 0.00*
17.46
(1.56)
17.75
(0.27)
18.25
(0.27)
17.72
(1.12)
1.02 0.37 1.62 0.11
9
16.38
(1.76)
18.9
(1.2)
17
(0.82)
17.44
(1.84)
8.38 0.00* 17.67
(0.98)
18.75
(0.8)
17.17
(0.98)
17.87
(1.08)
5.59 0.01* 1.02 0.31
10
18.18
(1.11)
19
(0.94)
18
(1.15)
18.43
(1.11)
2.21 0.12 19.08
(1.98)
17.5
(0.53)
16.17
(0.41)
17.82
(1.76)
9.08 0.00* 1.45 0.15
11
20.55
(2.5)
21.5
(2.64)
20.5
(2.89)
20.92
(2.55)
0.40 0.67
20.82
(2.15)
20.5
(2.67)
20
(0)
20.55
(2.05)
0.32 0.72 0.57 0.56
12
21.5
(3)
23.5
(0.53)
20.75
(2.5)
22.21
(2.4)
3.102 0.06
21.38
(1.94)
20
(1.41)
21.25
(0.29)
21.14
(1.56)
0.59 0.56 1.65 0.10

19. fore Arm Circumference
The descriptive statistics of the Fore Arm Circumference of Tharu children of each endogamous group from 2 to 12 years age and
sex have been presented in table 5.19. The mean values for Fore Arm Circumference of sub -endogamous group such as Rana,
Kathariya and Danguria Tharu boys at the age 2 is 13.5cm, 13cm and 12.5cm respectively, and it increased to 19.7cm, 22cm and
19.5cm at age 12 respectively. There by, showing gain of 6.2cm, 9cm and 7cm over the span of 11 years. Pooled sample shows an
increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 10 to 11 years i.e. 1.77cm. In Table 5.19, let us focus on boy’s section, we
performed ANOVA analysis to study, whether there is any difference in Fore Arm Circumference based on three endogamous group
of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria), among different age groups. From the ANOVA analysis, we can notice for age
group 2,6,8,9,10 &12the mean Fore arm circumference for three endogamous group of boys Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya &
Danguria) is statistically different, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less than 0.05, for other age groups we could not find the
evidence of statistically significant difference.
Table 5.19 also presents descriptive statistics for Fore Arm Circumference of Tharu girls of each endogamous group from 2 to 12
years. It is evident from the distance curve that Fore Arm Circumference of Tharu girls showed an increasing trend with the advancing
age. The mean value for at the age of 2 is 14.17cm (rana girls), 14cm (Kathariya girls) and 13.25cm (Danguria girls) respectively
which increases to 20.56cm, 19.25cm and 20.25cm at age 12 respectively. There by showing gain of 6.39cm, 5.25cm and 7cm over
the span of 11 years. It is evident from the distance curve that Fore Arm Circumference showed an increasing trend from 2 to 12 years
is seen among girls of each sub endogamous group. Pooled sample shows an increasing trend with maximum annual gain from 10 to
11 years i.e. 2.06cm. Similarly, from the ANOVA analysis for girl’s, for age group 2,4,5,6,9 & 10the mean Fore arm circumference
for three endogamous group of girls Tharu tribe (Rana, Kathariya & Danguria) is not same, since the p-value for the F-statistics is less
there is any gender differences based on Fore arm circumference, we can notice that the p-value for the t-statistics, which is calculated
using pooled samples, the p-value for the age group 2, 6 & 7 is found less than 0.05, hence we can conclude that for these age groups
mean Fore arm circumference for boys & girls is not same. The distance curve of Fore Arm Circumference showed an increasing
trend with the advancing age in all the three sub endogamous groups (figure 5.19). Distance curve demonstrates that growth of Fore
Arm Circumference is highly notified in the age group 12 years of age in Kathariya boys. In girls it has been observed that distance
curve of Fore Arm Circumference is highly notified in the age group of 12 in Rana girls.

Table 5.19: Descriptive Statistics of Fore Arm Circumferences among Boys & Girls of Different Age Group by Three
Fore Arm Circumference
Age
(yrs)
Boys
F
value
p
value
Girls
F
value
p
value
t-value p value
(t-
statistics)
Pooled
Sample
Pooled
Sample
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
MEAN
(SD)
Pooled
Samples
2
13.5
(0.45) 13 (0)
12.5
(0.71)
13.11
(0.44)
8.88 0.00*
14.17
(0.82) 14 (0)
13.25
(0.29)
13.9
(0.55)
5.25 0.01* -4.89 0.00*
3
15.25
(0.54)
14.5
(0.53)
15
(0.58)
14.9
(0.63)
4.91 0.01 14.65
(0.63)
15.25
(0.79)
14.75
(0.87)
14.89
(0.75)
2.00 0.15 0.03 0.97
4
15.77
(0.98)
15.25
(0.26)
15.5
(0.71)
15.52
(0.75)
1.32 0.28
15.73
(1.38)
16.25
(0.26)
14.5
(0)
15.65
(1.1)
7.03 0.00* -0.48 0.63
5
15.55
(2.55)
16.5
(0.53)
16.5
(1.15)
16.1
(1.75)
0.84 0.44
16.1
(0.74)
16.25
(0.79)
14.67
(0.41)
15.83
(0.94)
10.70 0.00* 0.69 0.49
6
17.08
(1)
18.1
(0.32)
16.25
(1.44)
17.35
(1.08)
7.20 0.00*
15.45
(0.86)
16.75
(0.27)
14.5
(1.38)
15.65
(1.23)
11.30 0.00* 5.17 0.00*
7
16.97
(1.02)
18.2
(2.04)
17
(1.15)
17.37
(1.51)
2.43 0.10
16.96
(0.58)
16.5
(0)
16.5
(0.55)
16.71
(0.51)
2.99 0.07 2.27 0.02*
8
15.58
(1.04)
18.35
(1.63)
17.25
(0.29)
16.85
(1.77)
14.26 0.00* 16.73
(1.28)
17.25
(0.27)
17.67
(1.37)
17.09
(1.14)
1.57 0.22 -0.59 0.55
9
16.38
(2.05)
18.6
(0.97)
17.38
(0.75)
17.38
(1.82)
5.53 0.01* 17.13
(0.99)
18
(1.07)
19
(1.26)
17.76
(1.27)
6.81 0.00* -0.87 0.38
10
17.14
(0.99)
18.6
(0.7)
17.88
(1.03)
17.73
(1.1)
7.98 0.00*
19.5
(2.76)
15.5
(0.53)
16.5
(0.55)
17.42
(2.55)
11.40 0.00* 0.55 0.58
11
19.14
(2.46)
20
(2.11)
19.25
(3.18)
19.5
(2.37)
0.35 0.70 19.93
(2.42)
18.5
(3.74)
19.75
(1.37)
19.48
(2.69)
0.74 0.48 0.02 0.98
12
19.7
(1.81)
22
(0)
19.5
(0.58)
20.62
(1.66)
11.16 0.00*
20.56
(1.84)
19.25
(1.77)
20.25
(1.44)
20.29
(1.66)
0.45 0.64 0.60 0.54

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