3. Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighboring plants and removing pest insects. What services does the plant provide in return?: a. Extrafloral nectaries, which are primarily rich in amino acids. b. Protein rich Beltian bodies. c. A protected enclosure to call home. d. B and C . e. All of the above 4. You're rummaging in the leaf litter and come across an interesting caterpillar-like larva, but you're unsure whether it's a member of the Symphyta or the Lepidoptera. To tell them apart you look for: a. Three pairs of true legs. b. A well-defined sclerotized head capsule. c. Prolegs that do not have crochets. d. Chewing mandibles versus sucking mouthparts. e. Who isn't vibing. 5. You come across a winged male insect and being a world-renowned myrmecologist, you immediately know it is an ant because of the following character(s) (circle any): a. The antennae are elbowed. b. The insect lacks a stinger. c. Only male ants have wings. d. It is not married to your uncle e. The mesosoma is separated from the gaster by a humped pedicel. 6. Which statements about insect symbionts are correct?: a. Alimentary tract symbionts are frequently transferred vertically, via eggs of the host. b. Endosymbionts are most commonly transferred horizontally, for instance by anal feeding by the host. c. Primary endosymbionts frequently evolve in parallel with their insect hosts. d. Secondary endosymbionts are typically obligate mutualists with their insect hosts. e. All of the above. 7. The Lepidopteran family a. Gracillaridae; particularly rapid metamorphosis. b. Sphingidae; when the pupa is able to move around. c. Agromyzidae; dramatic morphological changes between instars. d. Gracillaridae; dramatic morphological changes between instars. .

1. 3. Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighboring plants and removing
pest insects. What services does the plant provide in return?: a. Extrafloral nectaries, which are
primarily rich in amino acids. b. Protein rich Beltian bodies. c. A protected enclosure to call
home. d. B and C . e. All of the above 4. You're rummaging in the leaf litter and come across an
interesting caterpillar-like larva, but you're unsure whether it's a member of the Symphyta or the
Lepidoptera. To tell them apart you look for: a. Three pairs of true legs. b. A well-defined
sclerotized head capsule. c. Prolegs that do not have crochets. d. Chewing mandibles versus
sucking mouthparts. e. Who isn't vibing. 5. You come across a winged male insect and being a
world-renowned myrmecologist, you immediately know it is an ant because of the following
character(s) (circle any): a. The antennae are elbowed. b. The insect lacks a stinger. c. Only male
ants have wings. d. It is not married to your uncle e. The mesosoma is separated from the gaster
by a humped pedicel. 6. Which statements about insect symbionts are correct?: a. Alimentary
tract symbionts are frequently transferred vertically, via eggs of the host. b. Endosymbionts are
most commonly transferred horizontally, for instance by anal feeding by the host. c. Primary
endosymbionts frequently evolve in parallel with their insect hosts. d. Secondary endosymbionts
are typically obligate mutualists with their insect hosts. e. All of the above. 7. The Lepidopteran
family a. Gracillaridae; particularly rapid metamorphosis. b. Sphingidae; when the pupa is able
to move around. c. Agromyzidae; dramatic morphological changes between instars. d.
Gracillaridae; dramatic morphological changes between instars.