d- Holding chloroplasts in position inside the cell- e- Allowing cytop.docx

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Root hairs are long chains of cells found along the entire length of fibrous roots. They allow cytoplasm to pass between cells and hold chloroplasts in position. Echinoderms move using muscular waves of contraction along their tube feet. Carnivorous plants feed on flies because they have a high metabolic rate and the flies contain essential micronutrients. In mosses, sexual reproduction involves sperm being produced by archegonia and dispersal by wind transport of sperm to reach the female. In sponges, reproduction is not a function of amoebocytes.

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d. Holding chloroplasts in position inside the cell. e. Allowing cytoplasm to pass from 1 cell to
the next :Root hairs are Made up of a long chain of cells a . Each hair contains xylem vessels b
Found all over the whole length of each root c Only found on fibrous roots d Only found just
behind the root tip .e Echinoderms move using: a. Muscular waves of contraction along their
tube feet. b. The madreporite. c. Rows of tube feet. d. Rows of parapodia on either side of the
body. e. Cilia cover the ventral surface. Carnilorous plants feed on files because: The plants hav
avery high metabolic rate. b. The flies coritain eisentlat micromutrients. c. Their soil lackisnitr
coen. d. It helps the piant to live at high afilitiaden, In mosses, sexual reproduction imvolves: a.
The female reproductive organ only holds a single egs. b. Sperm are proddced ty the archegopla.
c. Disparsal is by huge numbers of seeds transported in the wint. d. Each plant is hermaphroditic
being hrst male then female. B. e. Spermate wind transport to reach the femate. In a sponge,
which of the following is not a function of amoebocytes. B. Catch food. b. Reproduction
(produce esbs or sperm). c. Secrete spicules of silica or calcium carbonate d. Transport food. e.
Digest tood.

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In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula. The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself, forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation. The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placentain mammals and the chorion in birds. The development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilisation. Sperm entry can occur anywhere in the animal hemisphere. The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis - cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body a. Males release so many sperm that the egg is covered by them. b. The egg has a plasma membrane, a vitelline envelope, and a jelly coat. c. Acrosome enzymes digest away the zona pellucida around the egg as it extrudes a filament that attaches to a receptor on the vitelline jelly layer envelope. d. This interaction between filament and receptor is a lock-and-key reaction that is species- specific. e. The egg plasma membrane and the sperm nuclear membrane fuse, allowing the nucleus to enter. f. Fusion takes place and the zygote begins development. g. As soon as the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, the plasma membrane and the vitelline envelope undergo changes that prevent entrance of any other sperm. h. The vitelline envelope now becomes the fertilization envelope. Early Developmental Stages 1. Development includes events and processes that occur as a single cell becomes a complex organism. 2. All chordate embryos go through same early developmental stages: zygote, morula, blastula, early and late gastrula. 3. The presence of yolk, dense nutrient material, affects how the embryonic cells complete the first three stages. 4. Following fertilization, a zygote undergoes cleavage, cell division without growth. a. DNA replication and mitosis occur repeatedly; the cells get smaller each division. b. As deuterostomes, lancelets have a radial and indeterminate pattern of cleavage. 1) In radial cleavage, any plane passing through will divide the embryo into symmetrical halves. 2) In indeterminate cleavage, cells have not differentiated; if separated, each one develops a complete organism. 5. Because the lancelet has little yolk, the cell divisions are equal in the resulting morula. 6. A cavity called the blastocoel develops forming the hollow ball called the blastula. 7. Gastrulation is invagination of some cells of the blastocyst into blastocoel to form three primary germ layers. a. The outer layer of cells becomes the ectoderm. b. The inner layer of cells becomes the endoderm. c.

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What is the evolutionary advantage of an exoskeleton? A. it waterproofs the body. B. it protects the body c. it provides for muscle attachment D. it allows an animal to molt. E. A, B, and C only. Why is the term cold-blooded not very appropriate to describe reptiles? A. the metabolism of the reptiles can generate internal heat by radiation to the environment B. the keratinized skin of the reptiles serves to insulate and conserve heat. C. the scales of reptiles serves to rid excess body heat by radiation to the t environment. D. reptiles regulate body temperature by using various mechanisms such as behavioral adaptations. E. Reptiles swallow large prey whole to provide enough food to generate body heat. The ________ is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through the sponge\'s body. A. spicule B. amoebocyte. C. choanocyte D. spongin. E. sessile body. Protonepheridia are excretory organs found in A. earthworms B. insects C. jellyfish. D. vertebrates. E. none of the above The feeding habits of lampreys are best described as A. suspension feeding. B. predatory C. parasitic. D. Scavenging. E. all of the above. Which of the following is NOT a chordate characteristic? A. the presence of pharyngeal gills. B. postanal tail. C. ventral hollow nerve chord. D. notochord E. all of the above are characteristic of chordates. Solution Answer: 37) E Exoskeleton is outermost protective covering of the body in organisms such as arthropods, it is hard and tough. 38) D Reptiles are cold-blood animals due to regulation of the body temperature. But for there survival the adaptation takes place in these animals. 39) C Choanocyte are the cells that sweeps water through sponge body. 40) E. None of the above. Protonepheridia is an excretory organs present in the flat worms 41) c feeding habit is parasitic 42)E All the given characters of the chordates.

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