K UJ John E. Gamble University of South Alab.docx

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John E. Gamble
University of South Alabama
G
oogle was the leading Internet search f i r m i n
2012, w i t h a nearly 67 percent market share i n
search f r o m home and w o r k computers and a
95 percent share i n searches performed f r o m mobile
devices. Google's business model allowed advertisers to
b i d on search terms that w o u l d describe their product or
service on a cost-per-impression (CPI) or cost-per-click
(CPC) basis. Google's search-based ads were displayed
near Google's search results and generated advertis-
i n g revenues o f more than $36.5 b i l l i o n i n 2011. The
company also generated revenues o f about $1.4 b i l l i o n

i n 2010 f r o m licensing fees charged to businesses that
wished to install Google's search appliance o n company
intranets and f r o m a variety o f new ventures. New ven-
tures were becoming a growing p r i o r i t y w i t h Google
management since the company dominated the market
f o r search based ads and sought additional opportu-
nities to sustain its extraordinary growth i n revenues,
earnings, and net cash provided by operations.
I n 2012, Google was pursuing a cloud comput-
i n g initiative that was intended to change the market
f o r c o m m o n l y used business productivity applica-
tions such as w o r d processing, spreadsheets, and pre-
sentation software f r o m the desktop to the Internet.
I n f o r m a t i o n technology analysts believed that the
market f o r such applications—collectively called cloud
computing—could grow to $95 b i l l i o n by 2013. Google
had also entered i n t o alliances w i t h Intel, Sony, D I S H
Network, Logitech, and other f i r m s to develop the

technology and products required to launch Google
TV. Google T V was launched i n the U.S. i n 2011 and
w o u l d allow users to search live network and cable
programming; streaming videos f r o m providers such
as N e t f l i x , A m a z o n Video O n Demand, and YouTube;
and recorded programs on a D V R . The company also
launched its G o o g l e + social networking site i n 2011
to capture additional advertising opportunities.
Perhaps the company's most ambitious strategic
initiative i n 2012 was its acquisition o f Motorola
M o b i l i t y f o r $12.5 b i l l i o n , w h i c h put i t i n the
hard-
ware segment o f the smartphone and tablet computer
industries. Analysts f o l l o w i n g the transaction saw the
move to acquire Motorola M o b i l i t y as a direct attempt
to m i m i c Apple's strategy used f o r the iPhone and iPad
that tightly integrated hardware and software f o r its
most profitable and fastest g r o w i n g products. Google
had launched its A n d r o i d operating system f o r mobile

phones i n 2008 and allowed wireless phone manu-
facturers such as L G , H T C , and Nokia to produce
Internet-enabled phones boasting features similar to
those available o n Apple's iPhone. By 2012, A n d r o i d
was the leading smartphone p l a t f o r m w i t h a 50.9 per-
cent market share.
W h i l e Google's g r o w t h initiatives seemed to take
the company i n t o new industries and thrust i t i n t o
competition w i t h companies ranging f r o m Facebook
to M i c r o s o f t to Applet, its CEO, Eric Schmidt, saw the
new ventures as natural extensions o f the company's
mission to "organize the world's i n f o r m a t i o n and
make i t universally accessible and useful."1
I n A p r i l 2012, he explained the company's wide-
ranging strategic initiatives by commenting " I n some
ways we have r u n the company as to let 1,000 flow-
ers b l o o m , but once they do b i o o m y o u want to put
together a coherent bouquet."2

C O M P A N Y H I S T O R Y '
The development o f Google's search technology began
i n January 1996 w h e n Stanford University computer
science graduate students L a r r y Page and Sergey B r i n
collaborated to develop a new search engine. They
Copyright © 2012 by John E. Gamble. All rights reserved.
I f.M nib' |» rsuiiril i o p /
C-170 Part 2 Cases in Crafting and Executing Strategy
b T N I B I i 1 T h e l O Principles of Google's Corporate
Philosophy
1. F o c u s o n the u s e r a n d all e l s e will follow.
From its inception, Google has focused on providing the best
user experience possible. While many companies
claim to put their customers first, few are able to resist the
temptation to make small sacrifices to increase
shareholder value. Google has steadfastly refused to make any
change that does not offer a benefit to the users
who come to the site:
• The interface is clear and simple.
• Pages load instantly.
• Placement in search results is never sold to anyone.

• Advertising on the site must offer relevant content and not be
a distraction.
By always placing the interests of the user first, Google has
built the most loyal audience on the web. And that
growth has come not through TV ad campaigns, but through
word of mouth from one satisfied user to another.
2 . It's b e s t to do o n e thing really, really well.
Google does search. With one of the world's largest research
groups focused exclusively on solving search
problems, we know what we do well, and how we could do it
better. Through continued iteration on difficult
problems, we've been able to solve complex issues and provide
continuous improvements to a service already
considered the best on the web at making finding information a
fast and seamless experience for millions of
users. Our dedication to improving search has also allowed us to
apply what we've learned to new products,
including Gmail, Google Desktop, and Google Maps.
3 . F a s t i s better than s l o w .
Google believes in instant gratification. You want answers and
you want them right now. Who are we to argue?
Google may be the only company in the world whose stated goal
is to have users leave its website as quickly
as possible. By fanatically obsessing on shaving every excess
bit and byte from our pages and increasing the
efficiency of our serving environment, Google has broken its
own speed records time and again.
4. D e m o c r a c y o n the w e b w o r k s .
Google works because it relies on the millions of individuals
posting websites to determine which other sites
offer content of value. Instead of relying on a group of editors

or solely on the frequency with which certain terms
appear, Google ranks every web page using a breakthrough
technique called PageRank™. PageRank evaluates
all of the sites linking to a web page and assigns them a value,
based in part on the sites linking to them. By
analyzing the full structure of the web, Google is able to
determine which sites have been 'Voted" the best
sources of information by those most interested in the
information they offer.
5. You don't n e e d to be at your d e s k to n e e d a n a n s w e
r .
The world is increasingly mobile and unwilling to be
constrained to a fixed location. Whether it's through their
PDAs, their wireless phones or even their automobiles, people
want information to come to them.
6. You c a n make m o n e y without doing evil.
Google is a business. The revenue the company generates is
derived from offering its search technology to
companies and from the sale of advertising displayed on Google
and on other sites across the web. However,
you may have never seen an ad on Google. That's because
Google does not allow ads to be displayed on our
results pages unless they're relevant to the results page on
which they're shown. So, only certain searches
produce sponsored links above or to the right of the results.
Google firmly believes that ads can provide useful
information If, and only if, they are relevant to what you wish
to find.
Advertising on Google is always clearly identified as a
"Sponsored Link." It is a core value for Google that there
be no compromising of the integrity of our results. We never
manipulate rankings to put our partners higher in
our search results. No one can buy better PageRank. Our users

trust Google's objectivity and no short-term gain
could ever justify breaching that trust.
7. T h e r e ' s a l w a y s more Information out there.
Once Google had indexed more of the HTML pages on the
Internet than any other search service, our engineers
turned their attention to information that was not as readily
accessible. Sometimes it was just a matter of integrating
new databases, such as adding a phone number and address
lookup and a business directory. Other efforts
required a bit more creativity, like adding the ability to search
billions of images and a way to view pages that
were originally created as PDF files. The popularity of PDF
results led us to expand the list of file types searched
to include documents produced in a dozen formats such as
Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint. For wireless
users, Google developed a unique way to translate HTML
formatted files into a format that could be read by
mobile devices. The list is not likely to end there as Google's
researchers continue looking into ways to bring all
the world's information to users seeking answers.
(Continued)
I Aja r V j l h n - . p e r s o n a l 1 o p / I
E X H I B I T 2 Performance of Google's Stock Price, August 1
9 , 2 0 0 4 , to June 2 0 1 2
(a) Trend in G o o g l e I n c . ' s C o m m o n S t o c k P r i c e
~i i i i i 1 1 r

05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Y e a r
700
-100
(b) Performance of G o o g l e I n c . ' s S t o c k P r i c e v e r s
u s the S & P 500 Index
+450%
+400%
05 06 ~07~ 08 09
Y e a r
t̂ o~
-50%
11 12
translation feature that accommodated 51 languages.
The company also released services f o r mobile phone
uses such as M o b i l e Web Search, Blogger Mobile,
Gmail, Google News, and Maps f o r Mobile. A complete
list o f Google services and tools f o r computers and
mobile phones i n 2012 is presented i n Exhibit 3.
G O O G L E ' S B U S I N E S S M O D E L

Google's business m o d e l had evolved since the com-
pany's inception to include revenue beyond the
licensing fees charged to corporations needing search
capabilities on company intranets or websites. The
2000 development o f keyword-targeted advertis-
i n g expanded its business m o d e l to include revenues
f r o m the placement o f highly targeted text-only spon-
sor ads adjacent to its search results. Google was able
to target its ads to specific users based o n the user's
browsing history. The a d d i t i o n o f advertising-based
revenue allowed Google to increase annual revenues
f r o m $220,000 i n 1999 to more than $86 m i l l i o n i n
2001. A summary o f Google's financial performance
I A ] 1 MM in v r - o n a l c o p , i
E X H I B I T 3 (Continued)
> J
* - *
Product Search
Search for stuff to buy
Scholar
Search scholarly papers

Toolbar
Add a search box to your browser
Trends
*"* Explore past and present search trends
Videos
* Search for videos on the Web
^ Web Search
_ Search billions of Web pages
WVtl Code
" Developer tools, APIs and resources
Labs
Explore Google's technology playground
Blogger
Share your life online with a blog—it's fast, easy, and free
f r "1 Calendar
{ ) Organize your schedule and share events with friends
- % ? Docs
rziA
* J> Create and share your online documents, presentations,
and
spreadsheets

jp. Google Mail
Fast, searchable email with less spam
( f } Groups
C£> Create mailing lists and discussion groups
§ Knol Share what you know
O f f c u t Qrkut
Meet new people and stay in touch with friends
Picasa
Find, edit and share your photos
(Continued)
E X H I B I T 4 Financial Summary for Google, 2 0 0 1 , 2 0 0 5
- 2 0 H ($ millions, except per share amounts) n
<3
R e v e n u e s $37,905 $29,321 $23,651 $21,796 $16,594
$10,605 $6,139 $86
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues 13,188 10,417 8,844 8,622 6,649 4,225 2,577
14
Research and development 5,162 3,762 2,843 2,793 2,120 1,229
600 17
Sales and marketing 4,589 2,799 1,984 1,946 1,461 850 468 20
General and administrative 2,724 1,962 1,667 1,803 1,279 76

387 25
Contribution to Google Foundation — — — — — — 90 —
Charge related to the resolution of
Department of Justice investigation 500 — — — — — — —
Total costs and expenses 26,163 •8.9-13 15,338 15,164 11,510
7,055 4,121 75
Income (loss) from Operations 11,742 10,381 8,312 6,632 5,084
3,550 2,017 11
Impairment of equity Investments — — — (1,095) — — — —
Interest income (expense) and other, net 584 415 69 316 590
461 124 _ L D
Income (loss) before income taxes 12,326 10,796 8,381 5,854
5,674 4,011 2,142 10
Provision for income taxes 2,589 2,291 1,861 1,627 1,470 934
676 3
Net income (loss) $ 9,737 $ 8,505 $ 6,520 $ 4,227 $ 4,204 $
3,077 $1,465 $ 7
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic $30.62 $26.69 $20.62 $13.46 $13.53 $10.21 $5.31 $0.07
Diluted $29.76 $26.31 $20.41 $13.31 $13.29 $9.94 $5.02 $0.04
Number of shares used in per
share calculations:
Basic 323 319 316 314 311 301 276 95
Diluted 396 323 319 318 316 310 292 187
Net cash provided by operating activities $14,565 $11,081 $
9,316 $ 7,853 $ 5,775 $ 3,581 $2,459 N/A
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable 44,626 34,975 24,485
15,846 14,219 11,244 8,034 N/A
securities

Total assets 72,574 57,851 40,497 31,768 25,336 18,473 10,272
N/A
Total long-term liabilities 5,516 1,614 1,745 1,227 611 129 107
N/A
Total stockholders' equity 58,145 46,241 36,004 28,239 22,690
17,040 9,419 N/A
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Source: Google, Form S - 1 , filed April 2 9 , 2 0 0 4 ; Google,
2 0 0 9 , 2 0 1 0 , and 2011 10-K reports.
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that tracked the effectiveness o f each ad. Google also
offered a keyword targeting p r o g r a m that suggested
synonyms f o r keywords entered by advertisers, a
t r a f f i c estimator that helped potential advertisers
anticipate charges, and m u l t i p l e payment options
that included charges to credit cards, debit cards, and
m o n t h l y i n v o i c i n g .
Larger advertisers were offered additional
services to help r u n large, dynamic advertising
campaigns. Such assistance included the availabil-
i t y o f specialists w i t h expertise i n various industries
to offer suggestions f o r targeting potential customers
and i d e n t i f y i n g relevant keywords. Google's adver-
tising specialists helped develop ads f o r customers
that w o u l d increase click-through rates and purchase
rates. Google also offered its large advertising cus-

tomers bulk posting services that helped launch and
manage campaigns i n c l u d i n g ads using hundreds or
thousands o f keywords.
Google's search-based ads were priced using an
auction system that allowed advertisers to bid on key-
words that w o u l d describe their product or service.
Bids could be made on a cost-per-impression (CPI) or
cost-per-click (CPC) basis. Most Google advertisers
placed bids based o n CPC frequency rather than h o w
many times an ad was displayed by Google. Google's
auction p r i c i n g m o d e l assigned each bidder a Qual-
i t y Score, w h i c h was determined by the advertiser's
past keyword click-through rate and the relevance o f
the ad text. Advertisers w i t h h i g h Quality Scores were
offered lower m i n i m u m bids than advertisers w i t h
poor quality scores.
Google allowed users to pay a CPC rate lower
than their b i d price i f their b i d was considerably more

than the next highest b i d . For example, an advertiser
w h o b i d $0.75 per click f o r a particular keyword w o u l d
be charged only $0.51 per click i f the next highest bid
was only $0.50. The AdWords discounter ensured that
advertisers paid o n l y 1 cent more than the next h i g h -
est b i d , regardless o f the actual amount o f their bid,
A d S e n s e
Google's AdSense program allowed web publishers
to share i n the advertising revenues generated by
Google's text ads. The AdSense program served con-
tent-relevant Google text ads to pages on Google Net-
w o r k websites. For example, an Internet user reading
an article about the state o f the economy at R e u t e r s ,
corn w o u l d see Google text ads by investment maga-
zines and companies specializing i n home business
opportunities. Google N e t w o r k members shared i n
the advertising revenue whenever a site visitor clicked
a Google ad displayed on their sites. The more than

1 m i l l i o n Google N e t w o r k members d i d not pay a
fee to participate i n the program and received about
60 percent o f advertising dollars generated f r o m the
ads. Google's AdSense program also allowed mobile
phone operators to share i n Google revenues i f text
and image ads were displayed o n mobile handsets.
Owners o f dormant domain names, web-based game
sites, video sites, and news feed services could also
participate i n the AdSense program. The breakdown
o f Google's revenues by source f o r 2005 through 2011
is presented i n Exhibit 6.
O t h e r R e v e n u e S o u r c e s
The company's 2006 acquisition o f YouTube allowed
i t to receive advertising revenues f o r ads displayed
d u r i n g Internet videos, w h i l e its 2008 acquisition
E X H I B I T 6 Google's Revenues by Source, 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 1 0
($ millions)
Advertising revenues:
Google websites $26,145 $19,444 $15,722 $14,414 $10,625 $
6,333 $3,377
Google Network

websites 10,386 8,792 7,166 6,715 5,788 4,160 2,688
Total advertising
revenues 36,531 28,236 22,889 21,129 16,413 10,493 6,065
Licensing and other
revenues 1,374 1,085 762 667 181 112 74
Net revenues $37,905 $29,321 $23,651 $21,796 $16,594
$10,605 $6,139
Source: Google, 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 0 9 , 2 0 1 0 , and 2011 10-K
reports.
A|a Watt-ins per«on.il i • py
h X ! f 7 Google's Revenues and Long-Lived Assets by
Geographic Region,
2 0 0 7 - 2 0 1 1 (in millions)
United States $17,560 $14,056 $11,194 $10,636 $ 8 , 6 9 8
United Kingdom 4,057 3,329 2,986 3,038 2,531
Rest of the wodd 16,288 11,936 9,471 8,122 5,365
Total revenues $37,905 $29,321 $23,651 $21,796 $16,594
United States
Rest of the world
Total long-lived assets
$15,963

3,853
$19,816
$ 9,432
1,898
$11,330
$ 9,783
1,807
$11,589
$ 7,335
712
$ 8,047
$ 5,071
363
$ 5,434
Source: Google, 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 0 9 , a n d 2011 10-K reports.
Mobile S e a r c h and G o o g l e ' s
E m e r g i n g Rivalry with A p p l e
in S m a r t p h o n e s and Tablet
C o m p u t e r s
I n 2011, more than 5 b i l l i o n people worldwide and 234
m i l l i o n Americans ages 13 and older owned and used

mobile phones. More than 35 percent o f Americans
and a growing percentage worldwide accessed the
Internet f r o m mobile devices, and a rapidly growing
number o f mobile phone users were exchanging basic
mobile phones f o r smartphones. Smartphones like
Apple's iPhone could connect to the networks o f w i r e -
less carriers to make phone calls, access the Internet,
or r u n various Internet applications. Between March
2011 and June 2011, the number o f smartphone
users i n the U.S. had grown by 10 percent to reach
82.2 m i l l i o n .
Apple Inc. built its early reputation i n the 1980s
and 1990s o n its innovative Mac computer lines, but
i n 2010, only $17.5 b i l l i o n o f its net sales o f $65.2
b i l l i o n came f r o m the sale o f computers. I n 2011, Apple
was the world's largest seller o f smartphones, tablet
computers, and personal media players w i t h market
shares o f 19.1 percent, 85 percent, and 73 percent,

respectively. I n 2011, the iPhone accounted f o r $47.1
b i l l i o n o f its total sales o f $108.2 b i l l i o n . The iPad
con-
tributed revenues o f $20.3 b i l l i o n and iPod and related
music products accounted f o r sales o f more than
$13 b i l l i o n i n 2011. The company's h e f t y p r o f i t
margins
on its electronic devices allowed i t to record a net
income o f almost $26 b i l l i o n i n 2011. Apple's perfor-
mance accelerated i n 2012, w i t h the company setting
revenue and p r o f i t records d u r i n g the second quarter
o f 2012. The record sales and earnings were driven
largely by the iPhone, w h i c h saw a year-over-year rev-
enue increase o f 88 percent and iPad, w h i c h increased
by 151 percent f r o m the same period i n 2011. The
company's strong performance allowed its stock price
to increase so m u c h that i t became the most valuable
company i n the w o r l d i n 2011, as measured by market
capitalization. Apple's market capitalization h i t $600

b i l l i o n i n A p r i l 2012—a m a r k only achieved by one
other company i n history: M i c r o s o f t , i n 1999, w h e n its
valuation reached $619. Microsoft's market capitaliza-
t i o n i n A p r i l 2012 stood at $260 b i l l i o n . A summary o
f
Apple's f i n a n c i a l performance between 2007 and 2011
is presented i n Exhibit 8.
Google's i n t r o d u c t i o n o f its A n d r o i d operating
system f o r smartphones i n 2008 allowed i t to increase
its share o f mobile searches f r o m about 60 percent
to approximately 95 percent i n 2012, A n d r o i d was
not a phone but an operating system that Google
made available free o f charge to any phone manufac-
turer wishing to market mobile devices w i t h Internet
capability. Android's core applications matched most
I Ajd V.'cithiij p r-.final c o p , i
could grow to a $95 b i l l i o n market by 2013. M o v i n g

software applications to the cloud offered many pos-
sible benefits to corporate users, i n c l u d i n g lower
software acquisition costs, lower computing sup-
p o r t costs, and easier collaboration among employ-
ees i n different locations. The beta version o f Google
Apps was launched i n 2006 as a free w o r d process-
i n g and spreadsheet package f o r individuals, but was
relaunched i n 2008 as a competing product to M i c r o -
soft O f f i c e . Google Apps was hosted on computers i n
Google's data centers and included Gmail, a calendar,
instant messaging, w o r d processing, spreadsheets,
presentation software, and f i l e storage space. Google
Apps could be licensed by corporate customers at $50
per user per year. The licensing fee f o r the M i c r o -
soft O f f i c e and O u t l o o k package was typically $350
per user per year. I n d u s t r y analysts estimated Google
Apps users at about 25 m i l l i o n and paid subscribers at
about 1.5 m i l l i o n i n 2010. M i c r o s o f t estimated M i c r
o -
soft O f f i c e users at about 500 m i l l i o n i n 2010. Even
though Google Apps had not yet recorded any mean-
i n g f u l revenues as o f 2012, M i c r o s o f t had launched its
o w n cloud-based p r o d u c t i v i t y package called O f f i c e
365 to defend against Google's entry i n t o the produc-
t i v i t y software market.
Google's Chrome browser, w h i c h was launched
i n September 2008, and Chrome operating system
(OS) launched i n July 2009 were developed specifi-
cally to accommodate cloud computing applications.
The bare-bones Chrome browser was built o n a m u l -
tiprocessor design that w o u l d allow users to operate
spreadsheets, w o r d processing, video editing, and
other applications o n separate tabs that could be r u n
simultaneously. Each tab operated independently so
that i f one tab crashed, other applications r u n n i n g

f r o m Google's data centers were not affected. The
Chrome browser also provided Google w i t h a defense
against moves by M i c r o s o f t to make i t more d i f f i c u l t
f o r Google to deliver relevant search-based ads to
Internet users. Microsoft's Internet Explorer 8 allowed
users to hide their Internet address and v i e w i n g his-
tory, w h i c h prevented Google f r o m collecting user-
specific i n f o r m a t i o n needed f o r ad targeting. Mozilla's
Firefox browser employed a similar feature that pre-
vented t h i r d parties f r o m tracking a user's viewing
habits. The clean-running Chrome OS was an open-
source operating system specifically designed as a plat-
f o r m f o r cloud computing applications. Google had
entered into agreements w i t h Acer, Hewlett-Packard,
and Lenovo to begin producing netbooks that w o u l d
use the Chrome OS and Chrome browser to access
E X H I B I T 10 Worldwide Browser Market
Share Rankings, Selected
Periods, September
2 0 0 8 - J u n e 2 0 1 2
m •cHEIl JjMtj|>>>
Internet Explorer 67% 53% 42% 32%
Chrome 1 9 22 32
Firefox 26 31 28 25
Safari 3 4 5 7
Opera 2 2 2 2
Others 1 1 1 2
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: g s . s t a t c o u n t e r . c o m .
the cloud-based Google Apps p r o d u c t i v i t y software.

W o r l d w i d e market share statistics f o r the leading
browsers f o r selected periods between September
2008 and June 2012 are presented i n Exhibit 10.
G o o g l e ' s Initiatives to E x p a n d
S e a r c h to Television
I n mid-2010, Google entered i n t o an alliance w i t h
Intel, Sony, Logitech, Best Buy, D I S H Network, and
Adobe to develop Google T V . Google T V w o u l d be
b u i l t on the A n d r o i d p l a t f o r m and w o u l d r u n the
Chrome browser software to search live network and
cable programming; streaming videos f r o m p r o v i d -
ers such as N e t f l i x , A m a z o n Video O n Demand, and
YouTube; and recorded programs on a D V R . Google
T V users w o u l d also be able to use their televisions
to browse the Web and r u n cloud-based applica-
tions such as Google Apps. D I S H N e t w o r k satellite
service customers could use Google T V ' s features
w i t h the addition o f a Logitech set-top box or Sony
Internet TV.
Google acquired On2 Technologies, w h i c h was
the leading developer o f video compression technol-
ogy, i n February 2010 i n a $124 m i l l i o n stock and cash
transaction. The acquisition o f On2 was expected to
improve the video streaming capabilities o f Google
TV. Google also lobbied the Obama administration
f o r Federal Communications Commission "Net neu-
t r a l i t y " rules that w o u l d require Internet providers
to manage t r a f f i c i n a manner that w o u l d not restrict
I Aj.i W a t t i n 1 ' p * isoiic'1! 10|iy

E X I if 131 i 1 2 Financial Summary for Microsoft Corporation
and Microsoft's Online
Services Business Unit, 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 1 1 ($ millions)
Revenue $69,943 $62,484 $58,437 $60,420 $51,112
Operating income 27,161 24,098 20,363 22,492 18,524
Net income 23,150 18,760 14,569 17,681 14,065
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments $52,772
$36,788 $31,447 $23,662 $23,411
Total assets 108,704 86,113 77,888 72,793 63,171
Long-term obligations 22,847 13,791 11,296 6,621 8,320
Stockholders' equity 57,083 46,175 39,558 36,286 31,097
Revenue $ 2,528 $ 2,201 $ 2,121 $ 3,214 $ 2,441
Operating income (loss) (2,557) (2,337) (1,641) (1,233) (617)
Source: Microsoft, 2007, 2 0 0 9 , 2 0 1 1 , and 2012 annual
reports.
Semantic search technology offered the opportu-
n i t y to surpass the relevancy o f Google's search
results since semantic search evaluated the meaning
o f a w o r d or phrase and considered its context when
r e t u r n i n g search results. Even though semantic search
had the capability to answer questions stated i n c o m -
m o n language, semantic search processing time took
several seconds to return results. The amount o f time

necessary to conduct a search had caused M i c r o s o f t
to l i m i t Powerset's search index to only articles listed
i n Wikipedia. Microsoft's developers were focused on
increasing the speed o f its semantic search capabilities
so that its search index could be expanded to a greater
number o f Internet pages. The company's developers
also incorporated some o f Powerset's capabilities i n t o
its latest-generation search engine, Bing, w h i c h was
launched i n June 2009. Banner ads comprised the bulk
o f Microsoft's online advertising revenues, since its
B i n g search engine accounted f o r only 14.4 percent o f
online searches i n July 2011. Even though the market
f o r display ads was only about one-half the size o f the
search ad market i n 2009, the advertising spending on
banner ads was expected to double by 2012 to reach
$15 b i l l i o n .
M i c r o s o f t was also m o v i n g f o r w a r d w i t h its o w
n
approach to cloud computing. The company's W i n -

dows Live service allowed Internet users to store
files online at its password-protected SkyDrive site.
SkyDrive's online f i l e storage allowed users to access
and edit files f r o m multiple locations, share files w i t h
co-workers w h o m i g h t need editing privileges, or
make files available i n a public folder f o r wide d i s t r i -
bution. Azure was Microsoft's most ambitious cloud
computing initiative and was intended to allow busi-
nesses to reduce computing costs by allowing M i c r o -
soft to host its operating programs and data files. I n
addition to reducing capital expenditures f o r software
upgrades and added server capacity, Azure's offsite
hosting provided data security i n the event o f natural
disasters such as fires or hurricanes.
Y a h o o
Yahoo was founded i n 1994 and was the third-most-
visited Internet destination w o r l d w i d e i n 2012, w i t h
nearly 500 m i l l i o n unique visitors each m o n t h . Face-
book was the second-most-visited website, w i t h more
than 700 m i l l i o n unique visitors each m o n t h i n 2012.
Almost any i n f o r m a t i o n available o n the Internet

could be accessed through Yahoo's web portal. V i s i -
tors could access content categorized by Yahoo or set
up an account w i t h Yahoo to m a i n t a i n a personal cal-
endar and e-mail account, check the latest news, check
local weather, obtain maps, check T V listings, watch a
movie trailer, track a stock p o r t f o l i o , maintain a golf
handicap, keep an online photo album, or search per-
sonal ads or j o b listings.
Yahoo also hosted websites f o r small businesses
and Internet retailers and had entered i n t o strategic
partnerships w i t h 20 mobile phone operators i n the
Ajii V.'iithii p r-final (.op,
strong competitor to Facebook, pushing f o r w a r d w i t h
its plans to become the dominant provider o f cloud
computing solutions, increasing search advertising
revenues f r o m markets outside the United States, and
extending search to television. Some analysts believed
the company's priorities should also include the devel-
opment o f semantic search capabilities, while others
were concerned that the company had strayed f r o m its
10 Principles—specifically, Principle 6, "You can make
money w i t h o u t doing evil."
The company agreed to a $500 m i l l i o n legal settle-
ment w i t h the U.S. JusticeDepartmenttoavoid prosecu-
t i o n on charges that i t accepted hundreds o f millions o f
dollars i n illegal ads f r o m unlicensed online Canadian
pharmacies selling controlled substances i n the U.S.
A m o n g the most disturbing aspects o f the case against

Google related to the Justice Department's assertion
that L a r r y Page knew o f the practice and had allowed
i t f o r years, I n commenting about the case, Rhode
Island U.S. A t t o r n e y Peter Neronha stated "We sim-
ply k n o w i t f r o m the documents we reviewed, the w i t -
nesses that we interviewed, that L a r r y Page knew what
was going o n . " 1 0
The company agreed to a $22.5 m i l l i o n f i n e levied
by the FTC f o r bypassing Apple Safari web browser
privacy settings to place tracking files on users o f
Apple computers, iPhones, and iPads. Also, the com-
pany was under investigation by authorities i n Canada,
Australia, Germany, Italy, the United K i n g d o m , and
Spain over its Street View data collection practices
between 2008 and 2010. Data collected f r o m home
W i - F i signals by Google included e-mails, usernames,
passwords, and other private data. I n 2010, Google
co-founder Sergey B r i n said the company "screwed
up" by collecting personal data t h r o u g h wireless net-
works i n an attempt to improve its mapping system. 1 1
I n 2012, the FCC concluded that Google d i d not
violate U.S. wiretapping laws, but that i t d i d obstruct
the investigation, and so was f i n e d $25,000.
Also, the company's lobbying efforts to encourage
the FCC to institute policies to promote Net neutrality
had drawn the scrutiny o f the U.S. House Oversight
Committee. The p r i m a i y concern o f the House Over-
sight Committee involved communications between
the company and its f o r m e r head o f public policy
and government affairs, A n d r e w M c L a u g h l i n , w h o
had been appointed to the position o f W h i t e House
Deputy Chief Technology Officer. Ethics rules cre-
ated by an executive order signed by President Obama

barred all W h i t e House officials f r o m communicat-
i n g w i t h lobbyists or a company potentially affected
by pending policy matters. A Freedom o f I n f o r m a t i o n
Act ( F O I A ) request by a consumer group f o u n d that
M c L a u g h l i n regularly communicated w i t h Google
executives to discuss the administration's push to have
the Internet regulated by the Federal Communications
Commission to promote Net neutrality. McLaugh-
lin's e-mails could be obtained under the F O I A since
all W h i t e House e-mail accounts were required to
be archived under federal law. The House Oversight
Committee was particularly disturbed by McLaugh-
lin's alleged use o f a personal G m a i l account to avoid
having his communications w i t h Google executives
archived and subject to F O I A requests.
Some analysts believed that pressure to achieve
the revenue and earnings g r o w t h necessary to m a i n -
tain Google's l o f t y stock price may have caused
Google management to make decisions that pushed
the bounds o f its corporate philosophy. I t remained
to be determined i f Google's strategies could sustain
its growth and stock performance i n a manner that
w o u l d adhere to the company founders' early beliefs.
' G 0 0 Q l 6 , W W W . g o o g f e . c o m / c o r p o r a t e / ,
accessed July 13, 2010.
2 A s quoted In Brad Stone, ' T h e Education of
Larry Page," Bloomberg Businessweek, April
15, 2012, pp. 12-14.
3 Quoted in Google's Corporate Information,
w w w , g o o g ! « . c o m / c o r p o r a t » / H U t o r y . h t m
I.
4 Google, "Our Philosophy," w w w . g o o g t e . c o m /

c o r p o r a t e / t Q n t h f n g s . h t m S .
5 "For Some Who P a s s e d on Google Long
Ago, Wistful Thinking," The Wall Street Journal
Online, August 23,2004.
6 Quoted in "Gates vs. Google," Fortune, April
18, 2005.
7 Ibid.
8 Quoted In "With Google Gone, WIII Microsoft
Come Back to Yahoo?" Fortune, November
5,2008.
9 As quoted In "Google Announces First
Quarter 2012 Results and Proposal for New
C l a s s of Stock," Google Press Release, April
12, 2012.
1 0 Quoted In "New Heat for Google CEO," The
Wall Street Journal Online, August 27,2011.
" Quoted In "Google F a c e s European Probes
on Wi-Fi Data "The Wall Street Journal Online,
May 20,2010; and "Google Loses Bid to Dis-
miss Street View Suit Over Privacy-Violation
Claims," Bloomberg Online, June 30, 2011.
{ AJJ V . ' j t h n - . pi r s o n a l r o p y

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