Development of British Revenue Policies & their Impact on Indian Agriculture.pptx
Land Revenue Systems in British India Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. There were broadly three types of land revenue policies in existence during the British rule in India. Before independence, there were three major types of land tenure systems prevailing in the country: The Zamindari System The Mahalwari System The Ryotwari System The basic difference in these systems was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue. ssues with the Zamindari System For the Cultivators: In villages, the cultivators found the system oppressive and exploitative as the rent they paid to the zamindar was very high while his right on the land was quite insecure. The cultivators often had to take loan to pay the rents, on failing to pay the rent, they were evicted from the land. For the Zamindars: The revenue had been fixed so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay, and those who failed to pay the revenue lost their zamindari. The zamindars were not so keen about improving the land. As long as they could give out the land and get rent, they preferred it. For the Company: By the first decade of the 19th century, the cultivation slowly expanded and prices rose in the market. Although this meant an increase in the income of Zamindars, it was no gain for the company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been settled permanently. The Ryotwari System In the British territories in southern India, there was a move away from the idea of Permanent Settlement. A system that came to be known as the Ryotwari System, was devised by Captain Alexander Read and Sir Thomas Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor of Madras Presidency (1819–26). Under the Ryotwari system, the land revenue was paid by the farmers directly to the state. In this system, the Individual cultivator called Ryot had full rights regarding sale, transfer, and leasing of the land. The ryots could not be evicted from their land as long as they paid the rent. It was prevalent in most of southern India, first introduced in Tamil Nadu. It was later extended to Maharashtra, Berar, East Punjab, Coorg and Assam. The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers. Issues with the Ryotwari System This system gave much power to subordinate revenue officials, whose activities were inadequately supervised. The system was dominated by the mahajans and moneylenders who granted loans to cultivators by mortgaging their land. The moneylenders exploited the cultivators and evicted them from their land in case of loan default. The Mahalwari System By the early 19th century, the Company officials were convinced that the system of revenue had to be changed again. The revenues cannot be fixed permanently at such a time when the Company needed more money to meet its expenses of administration and trade.
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Development of British Revenue Policies & their Impact on Indian Agriculture.pptx
- 1. Topic : Development of British Revenue Policies & their Impact on Indian Agriculture. REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BHOPAL, NCERT HISTORY -By DEEPTI KUMARI B.A. B.ED. 3rd Semester Roll No:. 06 1. https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fqph.cf2.qu oracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-95ebecb9537ed1975958f377afa1586f- lq&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWhat-is- Ryotwari-system&tbnid=01x- VcZY2DGyYM&vet=12ahUKEwjHqrjgs877AhWBKbcAHRsGB5kQMygAe gQIARAr..i&docid=RxN1dws2I9IbgM&w=602&h=667&q=land%20reve nue%20system%20under%20british%20rule%20in%20india%20map& ved=2ahUKEwjHqrjgs877AhWBKbcAHRsGB5kQMygAegQIARAr 2. https://encrypted- tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6f2qvwToOUlAr0WiIUeRjQw VrHBcyj2wVTZQM5YtdtDQLKK_j
- 2. Topics to be covered A Brief Background of land tenure system 1765 (A turning point) Izaredari System Zamindari or Permanent Settlement System Ryotwari System Mahalwari System Some other Land tenure systems Impact of British Land revenue policies on Indian agriculture Conclusion
- 3. Background • During Mughal rule and Akbar’s land survey for fixation of revenue. • Revenue was 1/3rd of total produce, from cultivator. • In 18th century - Mughal Empire start declining – (Results – Unable to collect taxes effectively). • Emergence of Zamindars and Taluqdars . • Corruption increases . • Hereditary system and Mughal Emperor & Nawab of Bengal weak to remove them. https://encrypted- tbn0.gstatic.com/images? q=tbn:ANd9GcSs1nGliUBS IhFJMJZKGVI8Rd99nmHCi pHbXT3dT0FYw26VLxT4
- 6. After the Battle of Buxar (1764) East India Company received the grant of Diwani (Rights of revenue collection) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765.
- 8. Revenue Collection Chart This chart clearly shows the increment in revenue collection by EIC which completely disorganized the Agrarian economy of Bengal. https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4
- 9. A Turning Point (1765) In 1765 EIC got Diwani rights . Trade to Revenue Demand Need for revenue collection : • Purchase of raw material • Cost of Maintaining troops • Salary of Englishmen • Cost of administration
- 17. Land Revenue Policy Permanent Settlement Ryotwari Settlement Mahalwari System
- 18. Area of different land tenure systems under British Rule https://encrypted- tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q= tbn:ANd9GcQl7IrfUkmSxT- vm2SU083OirVlkZmFAUO3S SicxT3AijcnFti9
- 19. Permanent Settlement / Zamindari System o By whom – Lord Cornwallis (1786-93) o Under permanent settlement Act 1793 o When – 1793 o Where – Bengal ,Bihar and Orissa and Banaras of UP, North Karnataka . https://encrypted- tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=t bn:ANd9GcQF0I0u4kCrUDg_lf StmYlie5zvQVUAsYq3htswX_ QbmgmQvrZT
- 20. Idea On Permanent Settlement • John Shore was against the Idea of concluding permanent settlement before Survey of the Land and capabilities of peasant. • But Cornwallis conclude to impose permanent settlement system In March 1793 because court of directors also support his idea. John Shore Lord Cornwallis https://encrypted- tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjoB2OHNOi6zcZLi Aq-NaKsNr54Q_H5bn__kAuX-KOH8FBm8ig https://encrypted- tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQidZTYH1YB9U_Y zmz6x-XMD88tdNdyxVaRMFm_OWT_ML4oeHcg
- 21. Aim of Permanent Settlement To resolve the problem of agrarian crisis and distress that had resulted in lower agriculture output. Generate regular Income
- 22. CONDITION LEADING TO PERMANENT SETTLEMENT https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 23. PLANNING OF EAST INDIA COMPANY https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 24. EAST INDIA COMPANY TAKING FIXED REVENUE https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 25. Concept Behind Permanent Settlement Regular flow of tax income . Investment in agriculture by landlords Investment by landlords and increment in surplus Zamindars will become loyal to britishers
- 26. EAST INDIA COMPANY INTRODUCED SETTLEMENT PLAN https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 27. Features of Permanent Settlement Covers 19% of the British territories (Bengal, Bihar & Orissa). Zamindars role as landlords ,and hand to pay fixed revenue otherwise their land included in bidding “ Sunset Law “ introduced in 1794. Zamindar could sell or transfer his land. In this system, the zamindars got 1/9th part while gave 8/9th to the government.
- 29. EXPECTED FLOW OF MONEY (ON - PAPER) https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 30. FLOW OF MONEY (IN REALITY) https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 31. FAILURE OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 32. Reason Behind It’s Failure For the Cultivators (Oppressive and Exploitable) For the Zamindars 1. Had to lost zamindari when can not collect revenue on time 2. They did not invest Surplus in the Land 3. Absentee Landlords : Landlords were living away from their villages For the East India Company (Settled system & Decreasing profits )
- 33. Repercussion of Permanent Settlement https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ
- 34. CONCLUSION •Slavery started in the society. •Exploitation of peasants. •Condition of Famine •“Absentee landlordism”.
- 35. References • https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbrainly.in%2Fq uestion%2F3939775&psig=AOvVaw1MEtG- c2OV30RCHVIZGvcc&ust=1668617712667000&source=images&cd=vfe&v ed=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjxnsLTsPsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY • https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-ryotwari-and-mahalwari- systems-of-land-revenue/ • https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems- in-british-india • NCERT TEXTBOOK • YouTube Videos • Wikipedia (Information & images) • Google Images • Microsoft office 365 (Online Slides Designing) • Slide Template : https://www.slidescarnival.com
- 36. THANK YOU -By DEEPTI KUMARI B.A. B.ED. 3rd Semester Roll No:. 06
- 37. Ryotwari Settlement • By whom :- Col. Read, 1792 (started) and Thomas. Munroe, 1820 (Formally established). • Where:- Started from Baramahal district/Madras presidency, later spread to Bombay, parts of Assam & Coorg provinces
- 38. Features of Ryotwari Settlement • Ryot – Persian word • No intermediary like Zamindar. • Ryot was owner of the land in this system . • Land revenue was fixed for 20-40 yrs at a time. • Revenue rates for dry land –50% and revenue rates for irrigated land - 60%. • Implemented on 51% area under British control. • Revenue was not fixed permanently so EIC can increase it in case of more production.
- 39. MERIT No middleman Peasants were now masters of their land Increment in Production = Increment in revenue EIC got support of peasant at starting DEMERIT Domination of moneylenders There was no any proper land assessment Most exploitative system. Expensive system for EIC Corruption among officials increases For Peasants For Peasants For EIC For EIC
- 40. Analysis of Ryotwari System It was not practically possible to collect revenue in a systematic manner from multiple ryots. Emergence of intermediaries and decaying of system. Even in condition of extreme drought And flood ryot had to pay revenue partially or wholly in cash. Ultimately land was given to moneylenders. So, at the end this system failed due to all these reasons.
- 41. Mahalwari System o By whom :- Holt Mackenzie o When :- 1822 o Where :- Punjab, Awadh, Agra, parts of Orissa ,M.P. ,Ganga valley and Northwest frontier provinces.
- 42. Features of Mahalwari System Divided lands into Mahals – village / group of villages Revenue collected by Lambardar (head of mahal). Peasants had the ownership rights . This settlement was agreed upon for 30 yrs. Cultivation carried out individually, but revenue was paid collectively . Implemented on 30% area Under British control. Modified zamindari system .
- 43. Merits of Mahalwari System • It was quicker and efficient system. • Due to this system income of government was fixed. • The government’s revenue has been stabilized
- 44. Demerits of Mahalwari System High land revenue Survey was practically based on faulty assumptions which lead to increase in corruption Productivity of land start declining (Fragmentation of land ) Food crops to cash crops (result – decrement in food surplus)
- 45. ANALYSIS When the system started peasants thought that the village headman collect revenue so they will be saved from dealing with corrupt revenue officers, but this not happened sometimes company spend more for the collection then the revenue collected consequently the system was regarded as a failure.
- 46. Land tenure systems worsened the condition of people
- 47. Impacts of this policies on Indian agriculture Vastly different from traditional land revenue system & made land a saleable commodity. Excessive tax demand +rigidity in tax collection = Turned the Indian rural economy down. Increment in power of moneylenders . Increment in population of landless labour. Due to High revenue demands Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted. Food scarcity and famines. Land revenue was now paid in cash. Continue…
- 48. Impacts of this policies on Indian agriculture Spread of practice of bonded labour. Commercialization of agriculture affect rural society: 1. Only benefit rich farmers – Increase inequality 2. Revenue in cash 3. Regional specialization of agricultural crops . Importance of panchayat declined. Emergence of different social classes : landlords, tenants and labourers. This land revenue systems harm the productivity of land .
- 49. Conclusion The effects of this drastic change are still felt today. In 21st century our government is still trying to uplift its farmers from poverty, poor yields, money lenders and other problems left behind by the company model and still for its remedy government brought many policies .
- 50. References • https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbrainly.in%2F question%2F3939775&psig=AOvVaw1MEtG- c2OV30RCHVIZGvcc&ust=1668617712667000&source=images&cd=vfe& ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjxnsLTsPsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY • https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-ryotwari-and-mahalwari- systems-of-land-revenue/ • https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue- systems-in-british-india • NCERT TEXTBOOK • Wikipedia (Information & images) • Google Images
- 51. THANK YOU -By DEEPTI KUMARI B.A. B.ED. 3rd Semester Roll No:. 06