Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem Part II.pptx

Practical
Research I
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating
the Problem
PART TWO

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Research Question

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Research Question
Statement of the
Problem

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Research Question
Statement of the
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Types of Research
Questions

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Research Question
Statement of the
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Types of Research
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Scope and Delimitation

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Research Questions
Statement of the
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Types of Research
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Scope and Delimitation Significance of the Study

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Significance of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Research Questions
Statement of the
Problem
Types of Research
Questions

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Significance of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Research Questions
Statement of the
Problem
Types of Research
Questions

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Writing the Introduction
Research Questions
Statement of the
Problem
Types of Research
Questions
Scope and Delimitation Significance of the Study

Research Question
serves as a framework to the researcher. It is not
a typical question of what who, or why, but rather
a more complex and detailed inquiries about the
research topic. Research questions also help the
researcher to achieve the purpose of the research.

General Problem – a clear statement/sentence of the
major problem based on your topic.
Statement of the Problem
Specific Problem/research questions – sets of
specific questions that will answer/solve the
general problem.

Example: General Problem
Title: Experiences of Reaction and Coping of
Filipino Fathers and Mothers: During and after a
Natural Disaster.
General Problem: This study aims to determine the
experiences of reaction and coping of Filipino
Fathers and Mothers during and after a natural
disaster.

Example: General Problem
General Problem: This study aims to determine peer
tutoring and its effects on reading fluency of
Grade 11 students of Academic Senior High School of
the City of Meycauyan
Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading
Fluency of Senior High School Students.

Two Types of Research Question
Non – Researchable
Questions
Researchable Questions
Are questions of value,
answerable by Yes or No
Are questions of value, opinion,
or policy raised to gather data.
(Who, what, when, where, why, how)

Example: Non – Researchable Questions
1. Do all Grade 11 students eat breakfast before attending to their
morning class?
2. Should Senior High School students taking ABM be good in
Mathematics?

Example: Researchable Questions
Example 1: What is the profile of the students in terms of :
1.1. age;
1.2. gender;
1.3. grade and strand; and
1.4. health condition
Example 2. How does study habits influence the level of achievement of
Grade 12 students in English Subject?
Factor – isolating Question
Factor – relating Question

Example: Researchable Questions
Example 3. What are the effects of online learning on the level of
performance of Senior High School Students.
Example 4. Based on the findings, what policy may be formulated to
improve the school’s modular distance learning modality?
Situation – relating Question
Situation – producing
Question

Example: Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine peer tutoring and its effects on
reading fluency of Grade 11 students of Academic Senior High School
of the City of Meycauyan.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. How may peer tutoring be described as a strategy in
reading?
2. What is the level of reading fluency of Grade 11 students
of Academic Senior High School of the City of Meycauyan?
3. Does peer tutoring has significant effect on reading
fluency?
Fluency of Senior High School Students

The study was directed towards its main
objective of making an assessment regarding the use
of spiral curriculum in mathematics education.
Specifically, the researcher sought answers to
the following questions:
1. How may the profile of Mathematics teachers
be described in terms of:
1.1. age;
Title: Spiral Curriculum in Mathematics Education:
An Assessment

1.1. age;
1.2. gender;
1.3. highest educational attainment;
and
1.4. years of teaching Mathematics
2. What are the perceptions of teacher –
respondents in the spiral curriculum?
3. What are the disadvantages and
disadvantages of using spiral curriculum in
Mathematics?

Taking selfies or taking videos of oneself has become a social
phenomenon that has been brought about by the use of modern gadgets,
particularly, the mobile phones. Adolescents take pictures or videos
of themselves, their possessions, their latest happenings or gigs,
their friends, their food – anything, anyone they take a fancy on,
anywhere, anytime. A good number of people say that this social
phenomenon has evolved into narcissism. There is, to date, a dearth
of research on this topic.
This study aims to investigate the root causes of narcissism,
as well as its manifestations and possible forms of interventions.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the underlying causes of narcissism?
Title: Narcissism in Teenagers: Root causes, Manifestations
and Interventions

2. How has technology contributed to narcissistic behavior?
3. What are the manifestations of narcissistic behavior in
adolescents?
4. What forms of intervention can be done to address this
behavior of adolescents?
5. How can the following help in developing healthy self –
esteem, positive outlook and attitudes in adolescents?
A. Parents
B. Curriculum Planners
C. Administrators
D. Teachers
E. Guidance Councelors
F. Peers
Title: Narcissism in Teenagers: Root causes, Manifestations
and Interventions

Delimitation– narrows the scope of the study. These
are the choices made and boundaries set by the
researcher.
Limitation – identifies the potential weakness of
the study. These are the influences, shortcomings
or conditions that are out of control.
Delimitation vs. Limitation

Scope of the study
The extent to which the researcher area
will be explored. It explains the
parameters within which the study will be
operating.

Scope of the study
The study will focus on …………
The scope of this study will be ……………
The study will cover ……………….
The study will consist of ………………

Delimitation of the study
Boundaries that narrow the scope of the
study.

Delimitation of the study
The study will be limited to …………
This study is confined to ……………
The study will not cover the ………………

Content of the Scope and Delimitation
• General purpose of the study
• Important details of the study
• Population/target respondents, sample
size
• Geographical location/setting
• Duration/ research timeline

Sample of the Scope and Delimitation
The study will cover the determination of the effects of peer
tutoring to reading fluency. The primary subjects of this research
study will consist of Grade 12 students enrolled in Academic Year 2020
– 2021. The respondents will be limited to ten (10)Grade 12 students
who are in HUMSS section of Academic Senior High School in the
Division of Meycauyan, Bulacan.
Moreover, the participants are purposely selected by referring
to their record of grades in the English subject Reading and Writing.
In the pretest, the participants are marked as non fluent level 1
readers. On the other hand, the peer tutors will be composed of honor
students in the same class. They are the real – life peers of the
aforementioned participants.
Fluency of Senior High School Students

The focus of this study is on the workplace ergonomics in the corporate
office setting. The study would on the relationship of workplace ergonomics and
its effects on employees’ stress levels and safety. Moreover, the study would
look into the current behavior and approach on workplace ergonomics that
Philippine corporations employ in their work environment. This study on
workplace ergonomics does not encompass benefits received by employees outside
of the said subject matter. In addition, this study does not aim to measure
productivity levels of its respondents.
The participants of this study will be limited to large corporations
whose employees engage in repetitive tasks. The companies involved in this
study limit to multinational companies within the country. The data from the
study would come from existing literatures, interviews and surveys from company
employees. Furthermore, the data results from this study would only be
quantified from the instruments stipulated by the researchers.
Title: Workplace Ergonomics: Perceptions on Employees’Stress
Levels and Safety

To conduct this research, 100 regular or contractual employees where the
primary respondents. They came from the different working areas in Makati City,
where convenience and availability to carry out the questionnaires needed in
this study where factored in. Work position of the employee were taken. The
study investigated big and remarkable companies that practice environmental
stewardship as their CRS. Environmental Stewardship has two objectives. The
first objective basically tackles the conservation of wildlife, protection of
natural resources and protection of the historic environment. The second
objective tackles genetic conservation and flood management. This study focuses
only on the first objective, specifically the reforestation and improvement of
the environment. The researchers selected the environmental stewardship because
of the alarming changes in the environment that our society is witnessing
today. This is to bring about the sense of urgency and responsibility in all
members of the community.
Title: Employee Commitment to Environmental Stewardship as a
Component of Corporate Social Responsibility

The study covers individual experiences and coping of Filipino fathers
and mothers. It will focus only on individuals who were affected by natural
disasters, specifically those who were affected by floods due to typhoon. The
researcher focused only on two specific typhoons: Ondoy and Habagat, because
they believed that these typhoons had the most significant impact on People’s
lives. The severity of the impact of these typhoons was so tragic that the
research participants were able to instinctively recall information and their
experiences that happened during those events.
This research focused on the perspective of fathers and mother. Another
limitation of this research was the area covered wherein the researchers
focused only on Filipino participants who resided in the National Capital
Region (NCR) during and after the typhoons struck.
Title: Experiences of Reaction and Coping of Filipino Fathers
and Mothers: During and After and Natural Disaster

This study was limited to cyber bullying victims, with ages ranging from
11 to 18 years old and who are enrolled during the school year of 2020 – 2021
at the Valenzuela National High School.
The study was undertaken from October 2020 to June 2021. The students in
this condition were presented with different issues, but the researcher focused
on theory, emotional quotient and resiliency level. Other aspects of their
personality were considered in this study. Thus, the High School Personality
Questionnaire was used as one of the instruments in this study to identify the
fourteen personality traits of the respondents. The BarOn Emotional Quotient
Inventory: Youth Version (BarON EQ-iYV) was utilized for the respondents’ level
of emotional quotient. More so, the Resilience Scale for Adolescents was
employed to determine the respondents’resiliency level.
Respondents of this study were victims of cyber bullying who signified
to have experienced three or more of the cyber bullying types and were given
consent by their parents to participate in the study.
Title: Personality Traits, Emotional Quotient and Resiliency level of
High School Cyber Bullying Victims: Basis for Life Skills Session
Program

Identifies the beneficiaries and
benefits the study will give when the
problem is solved. Presents how your
research contributes to the target
group of people.

• Refer to the statement of the problem
• What are the benefits or advantages of
the study based on the statement of
the problem?

A. Paragraph Form
B. Enumerated Form

A. Paragraph Form
The beneficiaries of the study were clearly cultural
minorities themselves, the Kankaneys, because the study was designed
to identify their needs and concerns that pertinent remedies or
programs can be done to improve on their situation.
The government (GO’s) and non – government organizations
(NGO’s) were likewise benefited by the cultural minorities benefited
by the study in the sense that its findings helped them identify the
needs of the people and served as a basis for them to design an
integrated, comprehensive and attainable program for the cultural
preservation and development of the respondents.
For the teachers, educators, curriculum planners,
administrators and researchers, the findings of the study facilitated
the formulation of implementing guidelines in the teaching of culture
in all school levels nationwide, to acquaint them of the different
cultural aspirations of the different cultures.

B. Enumerated Form
The Covid 19 Pandemic has greatly affected huge aspects of the government,
economy, livelihood, businesses, jobs and most especially the vulnerable communities. It
is the clear intent of the researcher to find out the effects of the pandemic to indigent
citizens particularly in the face of an indigent family.
Consequently, this research will be a significantly beneficial to different sectors and
stakeholders of the country particularly the following:
Indigent Citizens. This group of people is directly affected by the adverse
consequences of the pandemic. They are the great beneficiaries of this research. Their
stories and experiences will be heard and this paper can be potentially used as a data
for the government to provide policies to support this vulnerable community in time of
health crisis.
Local Government. This paper can be used by the local government as a data basis
for decision and policy making in supporting and delivering immediate assistance to
vulnerable communities in areas under their care when a disaster or similar crisis
happens.
National Government. This study opens the eyes of the national government
officials with the reality of the huge effects of pandemic to people especially the less
fortunate ones. With this, the national government can make policies, comprehensive
protocols, immediate assistance and concrete solutions when another health crisis
happens.

1. Decide on a format and style.
A. Hierarchical Style –arranged according to
position/authority
B. According to Importance Style – arranged from the
most benefited to the least benefited
2. Be SPECIFIC
3. Make it short and simple.

Example of Significance of the Study
The researcher believes that this study will not only yield
data that will be helpful to her, more so, to the following groups
of people:
The Learners. In particular, the Grade 12 students will be
equipped with how peer tutoring is done as to how it works to
improve reading fluency. Hence, students may aspire effective peer
tutors in order for them to improve their reading fluency. On the
other hand, the study would benefit those being tutored by improving
their fluency in reading through peer – mediated instruction.
The Teachers. The result of this study will offer teachers
particularly language teachers with empirical information on the
effect of peer tutoring to the reading fluency of the students.
Thus, it will lead them to employ peer tutoring as an approach in
handling the slow – readers.
Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency of Senior High School
Students

Example of Significance of the Study
School Reading Coordinators. They may include peer tutoring as
a component of reading program since it plays an important role in
improving fluency in reading. This study will also be a useful guide
in formulating an effective approach in reading remediation.
Students

Theory
A concept formulated to explain,
predict, and understand
phenomena
Framework
A structure or frame of
reference designed to support
something
• Theories that serve as the building blocks or skeleton
for the foundation or bases of the study.
• The researcher cites and discusses related theories
that serve as the foundation of variables and their
relationship, to make the study more scientific and
understandable for readers.

1. Examine the research problem and consider the key variables
in your research.
2. Review your related literature and choose the theory
applicable to your study.
3. Discuss the theory and its relation to your present study.
• Title of theory, author/proponent, theoretical principle
and the relationship/relevance to present your study.

1. The study is anchored on …………
2. This study is supported by the theory of ………..
3. This study is founded on the theory of …………
4. The theoretical underpinning of this study is …….

LEARNING THEORIES
Cognitive Learning Theory Behaviorism Learning Theory Constructivism Learning Theory
Plato
Descarte
John Seely Brown
Pavlov Jerome Bruner

LEARNING THEORIES
Thinking Theory Schema Theory Performance
Jean Piaget Roger Schank K. Anders Ericsson
Motivation/Reinforcements
Maslow Lockes Alderfer Vroom McClelland

LEARNING THEORIES
Multiple Intelligences Social Development Experiential Learning Theory
Howard Gardner Lev Vygotsky Jerome Bruner
Albert Bandura

OTHER THEORIES
Customer Satisfaction Emotional Quotient
Theory of Negativity
Thomassen’s Customer Satisfaction
Model
Festinger’s Theory of Dissonance
Daniel
Goleman
Carl Smith &
Aronson

Problem Statement
The major concern of this
study is to determine the roles
of school principals in
improving reading skills of
Senior High School students in
the Division of Meycauyan
City.
The study is anchored from the
theoretical support of the three models on the
effects of principals on student literacy and
achievement by Hallinger and Heck (1996 –
1998), the direct – effects model, where
principals directly affect student outcomes
without mediating variables; the mediated –
effects model, where the principals indirectly
affect student outcomes through mediating variables; and the reciprocal –
effects model where principals and features of the school have an interactive
relationship. Consequently, principals have a critical leadership role to
play in helping students improve their reading skills or literacy. This is
the principal, according to Crawford and Torgesen (2007), who inspired
high standards and the confidence that the goals of high standards can be
achieved.

Through the achievement of high standards, effective student performance
maybe integrated into the culture of the school.
The effective principal gave the leadership necessary to drive the
operations and activities that exist within the schools’ curriculum. In a
study done by Crawford and Torgesen (2007), this was found that effective
leadership is a dominant component when identifying successful schools.
Effective schools are those schools that demonstrate effective student
literacy and achievement through the direct influence of the school
principal.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Illustrates what the researcher expects to
find in the research; it guides the researcher by
giving clear directions to the research. It
explains the major variables in the study. It is
a diagram representing the relationship or
connections of variables.
What to consider?
1. RESEARCH TITLE
Students
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Research Paradigm
+
Explanation in Paragraph
=
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

What to consider?
2. RESEARCH QUESTION/STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Input Process Output

What to consider?
3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
VARIABLE 1 VARIABLE 2
RRL presents existing ideas and information that support your topic
as well as its weak and strong points. RRL narrows down the information to
be included in the conceptual framework.

RESEARCH PARADIGM
One Directional Relationship
Two Directional Relationship
A affects B
B does not affect A
A affects B
B also affects A

RESEARCH PARADIGM
1. IV – DV MODEL
2. IPO MODEL
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
used in experiment-based studies
Input Process Output
Largely used to isolate
the factor or major
variable that causes
the problem/phenomenon
under investigation

RESEARCH PARADIGM
3. PREDICTOR – CRITERION MODEL
used when relating or assessing the influence between 2
or more variables
VARIABLE 1 VARIABLE 2

RESEARCH PARADIGM
4. P MODEL
used in research studies that propose a program or any
intervention measure.
INTERVENTION

RESEARCH PARADIGM
5. POM (PROPOSED ORIGINAL) MODEL
used when the researcher presents an original paradigm.
Parent Peer
PROFICIENT AND
INDEPENDENT SHS
READERS
Teacher
Vocabulary
Fluency
Comprehension

SAMPLE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
READING FLUENCY
PEER TUTORING
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study. It consists of
two variables, peer tutoring as an independent variable and reading fluency as
the dependent variable.
In figure 1, peer tutoring as an independent variable pertains to an
efficient instructional method and a component of cooperative learning that
permits a teacher to provide in-depth specific instruction to an individual
student while at the same time ensuring that the remaining students in the
classroom remain actively engaged with the assigned task. It pertains to an
educational strategy that can meet the academic and social skills of diverse
learners simultaneously regardless of ability level. Peer tutoring employs
peers as one – on – one teachers to provide instruction, practice, repetition
and clarification of concepts.

SAMPLE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Another variable, reading fluency refers to the ability to read
expressively and meaningfully, as well as accurately and with appropriate
speed. It is often identified as words read correctly per minute and has three
elements – decoding, constructing meaning and parsing or chunking for prosodic
reading.

RESEARCH
INTRODUCTIO
N
• Contains the
background information
of the research topic
which establishes the
issue/concern leading
to the research.
• Careful presentation
of the importance and
validity of the
research problem.
• Its goal is to
convince the readers
on the validity and
necessity of the
study.s

TECHNIQUE IN WRITING RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
5 PARTS
The research problem;
Studies that have addressed the problem;
Deficiencies in the study;
The importance of the study for an audience; and
The purpose statement
1. DEFICIENCIES MODEL

TECHNIQUE IN WRITING RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
T - Trends
I - Issues
O - Objectives
C – Contributions
2. T-I-O-C APPROACH

TECHNIQUE IN WRITING RESEARCH INTRODUCTION
3. INVERTED PYRAMID APPROACH
General topic/Background
Info
Define major
variables
Facts, statistics
Legal bases
Reason for
conducting
the
study

Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem Part II.pptx

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