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Zika virus
- 2. Zika Introduction • Belongs to the Flaviviridae family of positive strand RNA viruses. • Primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). • Many people won’t have symptoms or will only have mild symptoms. • Infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects.
- 3. • 1947: Zika virus was first discovered in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the Zika valley of Uganda. • 1948: isolated from mosquitos • 1952: isolated from humans • 2007-2016: the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic. Zika Introduction
- 4. Spread and Symptoms • Zika can be spread through • Mosquito bites • From a pregnant woman to her fetus • Sex with an infected person • Laboratory exposure • Zika may be spread through blood transfusion. • No reports of infants getting Zika through breastfeeding.
- 5. • Fever • Rash • Headache • Joint pain • Conjunctivitis (red eyes) • Muscle pain Spread and Symptoms
- 6. Spread and Symptoms Microcephaly Guillain-Barré syndrome
- 7. Viral Structure The surface structure and cross-section profile are show in (a). and (b). respectively. Genomic RNA M Protein E Protein C Protein
- 8. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention A diagnosis of Zika virus infection can only be confirmed through laboratory tests on blood or other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or semen. Specimens for nucleic acid testing (NAT) testing: ≤ 7 days. Serology (IgM detection): ≥ 7 days.
- 9. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention • There is no specific medicine or vaccine for Zika virus infection. • Treat the symptoms • Rest • Drink fluids to prevent dehydration • Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) • Take acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to reduce fever and pain
- 10. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention • Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. • Stay in places with air conditioning and window and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside. • Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and outside your home. • Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are overseas or outside.
- 11. www.creative-diagnostics.com info@creative-diagnostics.com 1-631-624-4882 1-631-938-8221 45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley, NY 11967, USA
Editor's Notes
- This presentation provides information on the zika virus, includes zika introduction, how Zika is spread, zika symptoms, zika Viral Structure, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Content of these slides comes from Creative Diagnostics company.
- Zika virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family of positive strand RNA. Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species. Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only have mild symptoms. Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects. .
- Zika virus was first discovered in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the Zika valley of Uganda in 1947. And subsequently isolated from mosquitos in 1948 and from humans in 1952 from Uganda and Tanzania. After that, there are only a few infected case reported in Africa and south Asia area for a long period of time until 2007 when it caused a first large outbreak of disease on Yap Island in Micronesia, followed by outbreaks in Oceania in 2013-2014. Following its introduction into Brazil in 2015, the virus has spread rapidly across the Americas. In July 2015 Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome. In October 2015 Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly.
- Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite during the day and night. A pregnant woman can pass Zika virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. A person infected with Zika virus can pass it to his or her sex partners. Zika virus may be spread through blood transfusions. Transmission of Zika virus through breast milk has not been documented. Benefits of breastfeeding outweigh theoretical risk of Zika virus transmission through breast milk. There is no evidence that Zika is spread through touching, coughing, or sneezing.
- Anyone with possible exposure to Zika virus through travel or sexual transmission should go to a doctor or healthcare provider if they have any of the symptoms listed. Symptoms include Fever Rash headache Joint pain Conjunctivitis (red eyes) Muscle pain
- Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain grows. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results in a smaller head size. Some babies with microcephaly have been reported among mothers who were infected with Zika virus while pregnant. Researchers recently confirm the possible link between Zika virus infection and microcephaly. Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves convey sensory information from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by weakness and numbness or tingling in the legs and arms, and possible loss of movement and feeling in the legs, arms, upper body, and face.
- Zika virus is enveloped, spherical, ~50 nm in diameter with an electron dense core of ~30 nm. It contain a genome of ~10.8 kb positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, and a proteome of a single polyprotein, co- & post-translationally cleaved into 11 mature proteins, mainly include E, M and C protein. The E and M proteins are organized in icosahedral symmetry consisting of 60 repeating units, and each asymmetric unit contains three individual E proteins (molecules A, B and C). The E proteins are arranged as dimers, with three dimers lying parallel to each other forming a raft; there are 30 such rafts covering the viral surface. The E ectodomain contains three domains: DI, DII and DIII.
- A diagnosis of Zika virus infection can only be confirmed through laboratory tests on blood or other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or semen. Specimens for nucleic acid testing testing: Whole blood, serum collected in a dry tube and/or urine collected from patients presenting with onset of symptoms ≤ 7 days. Serology (IgM detection): Whole blood collected in a dry tube and serum collected from patients presenting with onset of symptoms ≥ 7 days. Wherever possible, paired serum specimens should be collected at least 2-3 weeks apart, ideally with the first serum specimen collected during the first 5 days of illness.
- There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat Zika virus. Zika virus disease is usually mild and requires no specific treatment. People sick with Zika virus should Get plenty of rest, drink fluids to prevent dehydration. Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of bleeding. If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider before taking additional medication.
- Protection against mosquito bites is a key measure to prevent Zika virus infection. When in areas with Zika and other diseases spread by mosquitoes, take the following steps: • Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. • Stay in places with air conditioning and window and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside. • Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and outside your home. • Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are overseas or outside