Neuroprosthetics are implantable devices that can replace or improve functions of the central nervous system. Popular examples include cochlear implants, which allow deaf people to hear, and auditory brain stem implants for those born without a cochlear nerve. Neuroprosthetics are also being developed for motor functions like controlling prosthetic limbs and for cognitive functions. Recent advances include a quadriplegic woman controlling a robotic arm to drink from a bottle using a straw, though current prosthetics still lack sensory feedback. Researchers are working to develop prosthetics that can provide sensations like touch, but this remains a significant challenge. With further research and funding, neuroprosthetics may someday restore full functionality for many disabilities.

1. Technology Will Save our Minds
and Bodies (Medical):
Neuroprosthetics
By Cody deVries

2. Introduction
• Imagine learning one day that you can no longer make use of a certain body
function – whether it’s hearing or you’ve lost complete control of your body
due to paralysis, it’s a reality for a number of people. About in in 50 people
worldwide suffer from some form of paralysis (that’s about 6 million people)
(Paralysis Resource Center, n.d.)
• Now, after learning you’ve lost the ability to use a certain body
function, imagine learning that you can gain the use of that function back;
this would be an indescribable feeling – and a feeling that is becoming a
reality for some, thanks to neuroprosthetics.

3. What Are Neuroprosthetics?
• Implantable devices
• Can either replace or improve a function of the central nervous system.
• Most popular is the cochlear implant (which allows deaf people to hear)
• First built in 1957
• Over 100,000 people use them today.
• Not an option for all who suffer from inability to hear.
Source: (wiseGEEK, n.d.)

4. Cochlear Implant Alternative
• Cochlear implant is not an option for all – some people are born without a cochlear
nerve, making a cochlear implant useless to them.
• There is another type of neuroprosthetic that is becoming more of a reality; the
auditory brain stem implant.
• Recently approve for children; was previously used mainly in adults who had their
hearing damaged.
• Amazing video of the first child to receive an auditory brain stem implant hearing
his father’s voice for the first time located here.
Source: (Yang. 2013).

5. Types of Neuroprosthetics
• Sensory prosthetics:
• Pass information into the body’s sensory areas such as sight or hearing.
• Motor prosthetics:
• Assist in regulation or stimulation of motor functions with issues, such as using the arm
and hand to pick up an object.
• Cognitive prosthetics:
• If the brain has problem areas, the idea is that cognitive prosthetics will help improve
these problems.
Source: (wiseGEEK, n.d.)

6. Growth In Brain-Controlled Prosthetics
• Researchers began by testing brain-controlled prosthetics on animals.
• Over the past fifteen years, researchers have demonstrated that:
• A robotic arm can be controlled by a rat to push a lever.
• A monkey is able to play a video game.
• The most miraculous achievement in brain-controlled prosthetics to date – a quadriplegic
person can sip from a bottle using a straw, which will be discussed further in the next slide.
Source: (Kwok, 2013).

7. Overcoming Paralysis
• The story of Kathy Hutchinson is a good example of how neuroprosthetics
are taking a giant step towards allowing people to overcome paralysis.
• Kathy suffered a stroke (which happens to be the leading cause of paralysis
(Paralysis Resource Center, n.d.) and is now paralyzed from the neck down.
• She can now control a robotic arm using just her thoughts to perform motor
skills (the example provided in the source is picking up a bottle for her to
drink from with a straw).
Source: (Kwok, 2013).

8. Not Quite There Yet…
• The Kathy Hutchinson case also proved that there is a large step yet to be taken in
the use of prosthetic limbs.
• Although Kathy was able to grab the bottle and drink from it, her focused stare
made it evident that even though she could see where her arm was, she couldn’t feel
what it was doing.
• She couldn’t tell when the fingers of her prosthetic hand actually grabbed the
bottle, and she wasn’t able to sense if the bottle was slipping from the grasp of the
prosthetic or not.
Source: (Kwok, 2013).

9. No Sense of Touch? So What!?
• Asking this question? Think harder.
• Imagine trying to pick up something, but not being able to feel it – or for that
matter, not being able to even feel your arm move.
• Although you may well still be able to pick the object up, the process would
be much slower and more clumsy than if you were able to feel the object and
your arm.
• This is where neuroprosthetics are currently at.

10. Looking Forward
• Creating a prosthetic with a sense of touch is a very difficult task.
• Think of all of the different feelings out there – from soft to hard, hot to
cold, smooth to prickly, and everything in between.
• Prosthetics researchers are working towards achieving prosthetics that can
feel.
• “It’s probably the next big thing that has to happen” – Robert
Kirsch, biomedical engineer at Case Western Reserve University in
Cleveland, Ohio.
Source: (Kwok, 2013).

11. Costs Associated With Sensory Feedback
• Most sophisticated device to include sensory feedback: prosthetic arm
developed at John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
• Program that arm was developed as a part of has spent $144 million since
2006.
• Arm contains more than 100 sensors that detect different sensations.
• Approval has not yet been given to use brain stimulation to give sensory
feedback from the prosthetic arm to any patients.
Source: (Kwok, 2013).

12. Future Implications
• With research of this type, it’s impossible to put a limit on what the future
could bring in relation to neuroprosthetics (Rosahl, 2007).
• The ability to access a human’s brain in order to access thoughts and deliver
them to produce an outcome outside of the human body is extremely
powerful.
• Some are concerned that this could even lead to a loss of personal
identity, because it really could be the beginning of the creation of human
robots (Rosahl, 2007) (think Terminator!).

13. Future Implications (cont.)
• Personally, I believe that the possibility of giving people who have physical
disabilities the opportunity to have the quality of life that anyone without a
disability has is incredible.
• It doesn’t seem like we’re a long shot away from being able to have the blind
see again or paraplegics and quadriplegics using their prosthetic limbs almost
as well as people without disabilities can use their limbs; all thanks to the
endless possibilities created by neuroprosthetics.

14. In Conclusion
• Neuroprosthetics is a rapidly growing field of science and technology that
will in all likelihood some day allow everyone to have the same quality of life.
• It’s impossible to draw a line at where this technology’s growth will stop.
• We are likely to see huge advancements in our lifetime (consider that the
technology went from animal testing to a quadriplegic person being able to
pick up a bottle within fifteen years.)

15. References
Kwok, Roberta. (2013). Neuroprosthetics: Once more, with feeling. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/neuroprosthetics-once-more-
with-feeling-1.12938
Paralysis Resource Center. (n.d.). Paralysis facts and figures. Retrieved from
http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm
Rosahl, Steven. (2007). Neuroprosthetics and neuroenhancement: can we draw a line? Retrieved from http://virtualmentor.ama-
assn.org/2007/02/msoc2-0702.html
wiseGEEK. (n.d.). What are neuroprosthetics? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-neuroprosthetics.htm
Yang, Mackenzie. (2013). WATCH: Boy hears his dad’s voice for the first time. Retrieved from http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/06/20/watch-boy-
hears-his-dads-voice-for-first-time/