Capitol Tech U Doctoral Presentation - April 2024.pptx
Biodiversity-SIM[772].pptx
1. Makati Science High School
Osias St. Poblacion, Makati City
It’s More FUN in the Philippines!
BIODIVERSITY EDITION
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION MATERIAL
by
Jeanie P Martizano
Master Teacher I
2. ““Extinction is the
most irreversible
and tragic of all
environmental
calamities. With
each plant and
animal species that
disappears, a
precious part of
creation is callously
erased.””
-Michael Soule, noted American
conservation biologist
3. GUIDE
CARD
This strategic intervention material (SIM) is
designed to help broaden your understanding of the
importance of biodiversity and the current status particularly in
the country, and raising community awareness about the
threats to biodiversity. In turn, it is hoped that you will take
action and contribute to the preservation of biodiversity.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the learner is expected to:
1. describe the status of biodiversity in one’s locality
2. make a personal and group vision for the future in relation
to biodiversity
SIM
4. INSTRUCTION
S TO THE
LEARNER
1. Take good care of this material. Do not write
unnecessary marks on it.
2. Turn the pages gently. Avoid folding and tearing any
page of this material.
3. Read carefully and understand each idea presented.
4. Use a clean sheet of paper in answering the test and
all the activities.
5. After answering the test, check with the answer key
on the next page. Try not to look at the answers
unless you are through taking the test.
You don’t need to answer the test again if you get a low
score. Just read, understand and enjoy.
Good luck!
Ready to
take the
challenge?
Get your
paper and
pen ready
and turn
to the
next page.
5. BIODIVERSITY contributes to many
aspects of human well-being, for
instance by providing raw materials
and contributing to health. Human
actions, however, often lead to
irreversible losses in terms of diversity
of life on Earth and these losses have
been more rapid in the past 50 years
than ever before in human history.
What factors are responsible for this
rapid loss of biodiversity? What would
need to be done to significantly slow
this trend?
INTRODUCTION
6. ECO-LOGO ACTIVITY
Identify and give the meaning of the following symbols.
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
ACTIVITY
1
Check
your
answers
with the
key on
the next
page.
7. ECO-LOGO ACTIVITY
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
Were you
able to
identify
them all?
If not, don’t
worry. An
explanation for
each symbol is
provided.
Try working
on the next
activity. Turn
to the next
page.
8. WHAT and WHERE IN THE WORLD?
What and where in the world is the……
1. Largest flower
2. Smallest bat
3. Largest bat
4. Smallest hoofed animal
5. Smallest primate
6. Smallest commercial fish
7. Smallest fish
8. Smallest shell
9. Largest shell
10. Largest fish
ACTIVITY
2
Check
your
answers
with the
key on
the next
page.
9. WHAT and WHERE IN THE WORLD?
1. RAFFLESIA - Largest flower
Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. It contains
approximately 28 species, all found in southeastern Asia, on
Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand and the
Philippines.
2. PHILIPPINE BAMBOO BAT - Smallest bat
The smallest bat in the world is the Philippine bamboo bat (vespertilionid),
which belongs to the vespertilionid family. This bat measures about
four centimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length and has a wingspan of 15
cm. Approximately, it weighs 1.5 grams (1/20 ounce).
3. GOLDEN CAPPED FRUIT BAT - Largest bat
The giant golden-crowned flying fox, also known as the golden-capped
fruit bat, is a rare megabat and one of the largest bats in the
world. It is endemic to forests in the Philippines.
10. 4. PILANDOK - Smallest hoofed animal
South of Palawan, lies the Balabac Island, home of the world's smallest
hoofed
mammal - the Philippine mouse deer. Locally known as
Pilandok
(Tragalus nigricans), this ruminant stands only about 40
centimeters
at the shoulder level.
5. TARSIER - Smallest primate
Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) measures only about twelve
centimeters in
length. Found in the islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and
Mindanao,
the Philippine tarsier got its name from its elongated tarsus
bone.
6. SINARAPAN - Smallest commercial fish
World's smallest commercial fish: Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis)
found only
in Lakes Bato and Buhi in Camarines Sur province. Sinarapan
grows
to an average length of 1.25 centimeters, only slightly longer
than the
11. WHAT and WHERE IN THE WORLD?
7. DWARF GOBY - Smallest fish
Pandaka pygmaea, the Dwarf pygmy goby, is a tropical freshwater fish of
the family Gobiidae. It is one of the smallest fish in the world by
mass, and is also one of the shortest freshwater fish. It is known
as bia and tabios in the Philippines.
8. PISIDUM - Smallest shell
Pisidum, the world's tiniest shell, can be found under Philippine waters.
Pisidum measures less than 1 millimeter long.
9. GIANT CLAM - Largest shell
The giant clam, Tridacna gigas, is a clam that is the largest living bivalve
mollusk. T. gigas is one of the most endangered clam species.
10. BUTANDING - Largest fish
Donsol, a fishing town in Sorsogon province, serves as a sanctuary to a
group of
40 whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), which are considered as the
largest
fish in the world. Locally known as "butanding", whale sharks visit
the
waters of Donsol from November to May.
12. Were you
able to
identify
them all?
What have you
noticed with
where these
organisms are
found?
Yes! Most are
endemic to
the
Philippines.
Amazing right!
Come on and let’s
have more fun
learning about the
country’s
13. Biodiversity is the measure of the number, variety and
variability of living organisms. It includes diversity within
species, between species, and among ecosystems. The
concept also covers how this diversity changes from one
location to another and over time. Indicators such as the
number of species in a given area can help in monitoring certain
aspects of biodiversity.
WHAT IS
BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity is everywhere, both on land
and In water. It includes all organisms, from
microscopic bacteria to more complex plants and
animals. Current inventories of species, though
useful, remain incomplete and insufficient for
providing an accurate picture of the extent and
distribution of all components of biodiversity. Based
on present knowledge of how biodiversity changes
over time, rough estimates can be made of the
rates at which species become extinct.
14. STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY
The Philippines is a treasure trove of biodiversity or
the variety of life on earth. It is believed to harbor more diversity
of life than any other country on earth on a per hectare basis. It
is in fact one of the 17 megadiverse countries which host 70-
80% of the world’s biodiversity. Yet, Philippine biodiversity is
alarmingly endangered, making it a biodiversity hotspot as well.
As a paradise of biodiversity, the country’s terrestrial
ecosystems are home to many of the best and rarest wildlife
species. It has more than 52,177 described species, half of
which are endemic or found nowhere else on earth. There are
more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded for the
Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic); 157 are threatened
(128 are threatened endemic).
15. Floral diversity is just as extraordinary, with between
10,000 and 14,000 species of vascular and non-vascular plants,
more than half of which are endemic to the Philippines.
Altogether, the country is host to some 5 percent of the world’s
species of flora and is ranked 5th in the world in terms of
number of plant species.
The archipelago is also now recognized as one of the
most important centers of amphibian and reptile diversity in
Southeast Asia. An estimated total of 359 species of amphibians
(101 species) and reptiles (258 species) are now known in the
country. Of the 359 species, 246 are endemic – currently the
highest known percentage endemism among vertebrates.
It is home to 576 species of birds (195 are endemic).
This record makes the Philippines the 4th country in the world
terms of bird endemism. About 45 species are either extinct in
the wild, critical, or endangered.
16. With 174 mammalian species (111 are endemic), the
archipelago has the greatest concentration of terrestrial
mammalian diversity in the world and the greatest
concentration of endemic mammals in the world on a per unit
basis. In the last 15 years, field researchers, mostly at high
elevation areas, have found new species, in particular of murid
rodents, in Luzon, Mindanao, and Mindoro. Several new
species have been discovered in small islands such as
Sibuyan (five new species) and Camiguin (two new species),
catapulting these islands to a new status as centers of
mammal endemism. These recent discoveries demonstrate
why it cannot be assumed that all centers of endemism in the
Philippines have been documented. Unfortunately, the mammal
assemblage in the Philippines is the 8th most threatened in the
world, with 50 threatened species.
17. REFLECTION PAPER 1
DIRECTION: On a 1 whole sheet of paper, write your responses
on the following questions.
1. Differentiate between endangered and endemic.
2. The Philippines is known for its high species diversity and
endemicity, why is this so?
ACTIVITY
3
WHY IS
BIODIVERSITY
IMPORTANT?
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER 1
DIRECTION: Make a matrix similar to the one shown identifying
the importance of biodiversity. You may add more boxes as
necessary.
Importance of Biodiversity
Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain
from ecosystems. Biodiversity plays an important role in the
way ecosystems function and in the many services they
provide. Services include nutrient and water cycling, soil
formation and retention, resistance against invasive species,
pollination of plants, regulation of climate, as well as pest and
pollution control by ecosystems. For ecosystem services it
matters which species are abundant as well as how many
species are present.
ACTIVITY
4
18. Biodiversity provides many key benefits to humans
that go beyond the mere provision of raw materials. Biodiversity
loss has negative effects on several aspects of human
wellbeing, such as food security, vulnerability to natural
disasters, energy security, and access to clean water and raw
materials. It also affects human health, social relations, and
freedom of choice.
It is estimated that the current rate of species
extinction is between 1,000 and 100,000 times more rapid than
the average rate during the last several billion years. The growth
of human populations, consumption levels, and mobility is the
root of most of the serious threats to biodiversity today.
While learning about the negative impacts of humans
on biodiversity, please keep a few things in mind. First, it is rare
that humans intend to make a species go extinct, or to threaten
biodiversity in some other way. Usually those impacts are the
WHY IS
BIODIVERSITY
LOSS A
CONCERN?
19. unfortunate by-products of people trying to provide a decent
living for themselves or to serve some other purpose. Second,
in the last 30 years or so, efforts to protect and preserve
biodiversity have expanded exponentially. As you learn about
the current threats to biodiversity, resist the temptation to
conclude that humans are simply foolish or short-sighted or
greedy, and instead consider the larger pressures and systems
that lead toward biodiversity loss.
There are many threats to biodiversity today.
Biodiversity loss in the Philippines stems from causes classified
into six broad categories.
The biggest ones can be remembered by using the
acronym H.I.P.P.O.W: Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Pollution,
Human Population, Overharvesting/Overexploitation and Weak
Institutional and legal capacities.
THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY
H.I.P.P.O.W.
WHY IS
BIODIVERSITY
LOSS A
CONCERN?
20. H.I.P.P.O.W.
HABITAT LOSS
Habitat Loss: This occurs when a particular area is converted
from usable to unusable habitat. Industrial activities, agriculture,
aquaculture, mining, deforestation, and water extraction are all
central causes of habitat loss. This includes deforestation for
wood for cooking food. Habitat fragmentation, the loss of large
units of habitat, is also a serious threat to biodiversity.
Habitat destruction and loss can be traced to anthropogenic
and nature-wrought causes. Anthropogenic activities include
destructive and unsustainable practices such as:
logging,
fires,
land conversion,
siltation,
destructive fishing methods, and
encroachment (advance beyond proper limits) and occupancy
in protected areas.
Nature-wrought destructions
Volcanic eruptions
Earthquakes
Typhoon
Pests
Diseases
21. H.I.P.P.O.W.
INVASIVE
SPECIES
Invasive Species: When an animal, plant, or microbe moves
into a new area, it can affect the resident species in several
different ways. New species can parasitize or predate upon
residents, hybridize with them, compete with them for food,
bring unfamiliar diseases, modify habitats, or disrupt important
interactions.
The catfish, locally known as "janitor fish", were
originally introduced locally for aquariums but careless handling
and weak controls allowed them to escape into the wild — just
like scores of other animals and plants. "The ecological threat of
invasive species is so great, they could transform the
landscape, wipe out native species and destroy the diversity of
the ecosystem," said government wildlife specialist Anson
Tagtag.
In the case of the suckermouth catfish, it has
multiplied faster than local species while competing with them
for food and building nests in mud banks, dirtying the
waters. Filipinos generally find janitor fish unpalatable so those
that are caught by fishermen go to waste.
Other invaders, such as the water hyacinth, were
brought into the country purely to decorate fishponds. Now this
floating water plant reproduces wildly, clogging water systems
and preventing sunlight from reaching other aquatic vegetation.
22. H.I.P.P.O.W.
Pollution: The discharge of toxic synthetic chemicals and
heavy metals into the environment has a huge impact on
species abundance, and can lead to extinctions. It’s important
to remember that substances that are “natural” can become
pollution when they are too abundant in a certain area. For
example, nitrogen and phosphorous are important nutrients for
plant growth, but when they concentrate in water systems after
being applied as agricultural fertilizers, they can cause “dead
zones” that are uninhabitable for fish and other wildlife. Also,
carbon dioxide is a “natural” component of the atmosphere, but
is considered a pollutant when emitted by human industrial
activities.
Bioaccumulation is an important concept connected with
pollution. This is the process of chemicals becoming
increasingly concentrated in animal tissues as they move up the
food chain.
Many agricultural and industrial chemicals are persistent
organic pollutants (POPs), which do not seem to cause
biological damage at very low concentrations. However, these
POPs are easily incorporated into organisms like bacteria,
phytoplankton, and other invertebrates at the bottom of marine
food chains. As those organisms are eaten by fish, and fish are
eaten by marine mammals, the POPs move up the food chain
POLLUTION
23. H.I.P.P.O.W.
Human Population: In the year 1800 there were less than 1
billion people on earth, and today there are about 6.8 billion.
Even without the vast increases in per capita resource use that
have occurred during this period, the pressures on biodiversity
would have increased during this time period simply based on
population growth. While the impacts that each human has on
biodiversity varies widely depending on the types and amounts
of resources that he or she uses (as in the I=PAT equation),
overall, increasing populations have lead to increasing threats
to biodiversity.
Overexploitation
Population pressure, poverty and paucity of livelihood
opportunities, dearth of values, and the "open access" nature of
many bioresources all contribute to the overexploitation and
non-sustainable use of our country’s biodiversity.
Overharvesting: This includes targeted hunting, gathering or
fishing for a particular species as well as incidental harvesting
such as by-catch in ocean fisheries. Ocean fisheries have been
particularly vulnerable to overharvesting during the post-WWII
period because of technological developments like refrigeration,
sonar, larger nets, and onboard processing.
OVERHARVESTING
POPULATION
24. H.I.P.P.O.W.
Major drawbacks in biodiversity conservation and sustainable
use include:
inappropriate, overlapping, conflicting and obsolete policies
and institutions
shortage of technical expertise
shortage of funds
weak information, education, and communication capacities
inadequate policy mechanisms
poor integration of research and development activities.
Many drivers affecting biodiversity are stronger today
than they were in the past and are also occurring together.
Because exposure to one threat often makes a species more
susceptible to another, multiple threats may have unexpectedly
dramatic impacts on biodiversity. Drivers of extinction range
from local to global in scope and from immediate to long-term in
their effects. For example, the extinction of species due to
habitat loss can be rapid for some species, while it may take
hundreds of years for others.
Along with its remarkable levels of species
endemism, the Philippines is one of the world’s most threatened
hotspots. The call to conserve and protect the environment is a
concern of all.
WEAK
INSTITUTIONAL
AND LEGAL
CAPACITIES
25. ACTIVITY 5
COMMUNITY
CHECK
Direction: Put a check mark () on the column if the statement
is true to your community and cross mark () if otherwise.
REFLECTION PAPER 2
1. Describe your
locality. (Use the
checklist as your
guide)
2. Identify the benefits
of development.
3. When does
development
become a
problem?
STATEMENTS /
1. Natural ecosystems can be found in our locality.
2. Solid waste segregation is implemented.
3. Factories and other commercial establishments are
present in our community.
4. Agricultural centers like poultries and piggeries can
be found in our community.
5. Burning of garbage can be seen everywhere.
6. Tree planting projects and gardening are practiced in
our community.
7. We always experience flood when heavy rains pour.
8. The air we breathe is polluted.
26. ASSESSMEN
T
DIRECTION: Using a fishbone diagram, identify the major
factors that contribute to the continuous decrease of biodiversity
in the country. Upon completing the diagram, answer the
following questions:
1. In your own little way, how can you help in preventing
biodiversity loss in the country?
2. Why should biodiversity be everybody’s concern?
3. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2010 as the
International Year of Biodiversity. It aims to promote
conservation of biologically diverse ecosystems for
sustainable development. How can a student like you
participate in such endeavours of the United Nations?
4. If you were to draft a law on environmental awareness ,
what would it be? What will be the features of this law?
What would be the sanction for violators?
27. ENRICHMENT
ACTIVITY 1
I pledge allegiance to Mother
Earth and to all life that it
nourishes.
All growing things, all species
of animals and all races of
people.
I promise to protect all life in
our planet. To live in harmony
with nature.
And to share our resources
justly, so that all people can
live with dignity,
in good health and in peace.
Now that you have
learned about the
state of your
community and of
the country’s
biodiversity, doing
your part to
conserve and
protect it is a must.
Write a pledge to
mother nature. See
the sample
presented
28. You are going to be a ‘shopping detective’. Starting with the
products you have at home or regularly buy, look to see if any
information about the following topics is provided on the product’s
packaging. Whenever you find some information, write down:
a) What the product is.
b) Which shop sells the product.
c) Which company makes the product. d) What is actually
written on the packaging about the topic.
Then go to some of your local shops and try to find some other
products that do contain some statements or information
about the topics listed below and do the same as above.
Use the following model:
I bought (saw) some . . . in . . . made by . . .. On the packaging
was written . . ..
GM
Non-Animal Tested
Free-Range
Organic
Low chemicals
Recycled
Recyclable
Fair Trade
Information about Additives, Colorings, Preservatives etc;
Use of words like ‘Natural, Eco, Green, Good for the Earth,
Please dispose of properly’, etc. and why they are used on this
product.
ENRICHMENT
ACTIVITY 2
SHOPPING
DETECTIVE
PORTFOLIO
29. ENRICHMENT
ACTIVITY 2
SHOPPING
DETECTIVE
PORTFOLIO
Any other ‘eco- messages’ or logos
Health information
Biodegradable
Any other useful information supplied about the product
If you see this logo on a product, would you:
a) be more likely to buy the product
b) be less likely to buy the product
c) It would not affect my choice
d) I am more concerned about . . . (e.g. the price).
Give reasons for your choice.
How the portfolio will be presented is at your discretion, be
creative.
Include the product as much as possible, or have its picture
taken otherwise.
You must have at least 10 and a maximum of 20 products.
Follow the format given for each product.
You may consult me for sample shopping detective portfolios.
