2. MSC IN CHILD HEALTH (UCT),
MSC INT HEALTH (SWEDEN),
P.G PEDS (KCN),
BSC NSG (UNZA),
DIP NSG (KSN)
ERIC CHISUPA
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
3. UNIT 4: EXPANDED PROGRAMME
FOR IMMUNIZATION
• 4.1 Definition of key terms
• 4.2 Review of immunology
• 4.3 Introduction to Expanded Programme for
Immunization (EPI)
• 4.4 Immunization guidelines and schedule
• 4.4.1 Target groups for vaccination
• 4.4.2 Vaccination schedule
• 4.4.3 Administration of vaccines
• 4.4.4 Side effects of vaccines
• 4.4.5 School health and nutrition programme
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• At the end of session you should be able to:
• Define different key terms that are used in Expanded
Programme for immunization.
• Describe immunology
• Explain the back ground of Expanded Programme for
Immunization (EPI)
• Discuss the Immunization guidelines and schedule
• Identify the Target groups for vaccination
• Describe the Vaccination schedule
• Explain the Administration of vaccines
• Discuss the Side effects of vaccines
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
5. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
• IMMUNITY: is the state of having sufficient biological
defenses to avoid infection or disease or other unwanted
biological invasion.
• IMMUNOLOGY: This is the branch of biomedical
science that deals with the response of an organism to
antigenic challenge and its recognition of what is self and
what is not.
• ANTIGEN: is any foreign substance that elicits an
immune response.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
6. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM cont…..
• ANTIGEN: is the substance that binds specifically to the
respective antibody
• ANTIBODIES: also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig),
are specialized immune proteins, produced normally by
specialized B cells because of the introduction of an
antigen into the body, and which possesses the
remarkable ability to combine with the very antigen that
triggered its production.
• VACCINE: Is a substance that is used to produce
immunity.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
7. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM
cont…..
• VACCINATION: is the administration of antigenic
material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune
system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen
• IMMUNIZATION: is the process by which an
individual's immune system becomes fortified against an
agent (known as the immunogen). or
• IMMUNIZATION is the process of protecting a person
from a specific disease.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
8. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM
cont…..
• PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION: is the transfer of active
humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies,
from one individual to another OR
• PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION: This is the acquisition of
readily formed antibodies ( Transplacental transmission,
immunoglobulin administration)
• ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION: this stimulating the
immune system to produce antibodies & cellular elements
against an infectious agent
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
9. 4.2. REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
• Immunology deals with the defense mechanisms of the
organism that help it to combat its susceptibility to
foreign organisms, material, etc.
• This branch looks at immunity system which is the
capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from
entering it.
• There are two types of components that are involved in
immunity. These are:
– Non-specific component or innate immunity.
– Specific component or adaptive immunity
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
10. Nonspecific immunity or innate
immunity
• is the natural resistances with which a person is born with.
• It provides resistances through several physical, chemical
and cellular approaches.
• Microbes first encounter the epithelial layers, physical
barriers that line skin and mucous membranes.
• Subsequent general defences include secreted chemical
signals (cytokines), antimicrobial substances, fever, and
phagocytic activity associated with the inflammatory
responses.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
11. • The phagocytes express cell surface receptors that can
bind and respond to common molecular patterns
expressed on the surface of invading microbes.
• Through these approaches, innate immunity can prevent
the colonization, entry and spread of microbes.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
12. Specific immunity or Adaptive immunity
•consists of two responses
which are:
1.Humoral response
2.Cell mediated response
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
13. Humoral immune system
• The is the first way of the body’s response to antigens and
it happens through substances called antibodies which
circulate within the body and can act against antigens at
sites very far from where they were originally produced.
• Antibodies are produced by special cells called B-
lymphocytes which are within the lymphatic tissues of the
body.
• They are complex chemical substances called
immunoglobulin's which match the particular antigen they
were made for just a key matches one particular lock
only.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
14. Humoral immune system cont…
• FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES
1.IgM
2.IgD
3.IgE
4.IgA
5.IgG
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
15. Cell mediated immune system
• This is the second way of the body’s response to antigens
and it happens through other special cells called T-
lymphocytes and macrophages that circulate through the
body and destroy micro-organisms or other cells that the
micro-organisms may have invaded.
• The special T-cells are tuned in the same way as
antibodies to a particular infecting germ
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
16. CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNITY SYSTEM
1. NK cells
2. cd4 cells
3. Macrophages
4. Phagocytes
5. Helper cells
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
17. • Both these systems (humoral immune system and cell
mediated immune system), are specific for a particular
infection or toxin,
• Thet are capable of retaining the memory of the antigen.
• The response to specific antigens by both systems is the
reason why immunity developed against one disease, such
as measles does not protect against other diseases such as
poliomyelitis or pneumonia.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
18. • Memory recall protects the body against subsequent
attacks by the same antigens, whether germs or poisons.
• If a person is exposed again to an infection he has already
had or been vaccinated against, the body will quickly
recall the cells and make more antibodies to neutralize the
toxins or fight off the micro-organisms and prevent the
establishment and spread of the infection again.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
19. • Adaptive immunity is often sub-divided into two major
types depending on how the immunity was introduced.
• Naturally acquired immunity which occurs through
contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact
was not deliberate.
• Artificially acquired immunity which develops only
through deliberate actions such as vaccination.
• Both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be
further subdivided depending on whether immunity is
induced in the host or passively transferred from an
immune host.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
20. Types of immunization
• There are two types of
immunizations which are:
•Passive immunization
•Active immunization
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
21. • Passive immunization:
• This happens when readymade antibodies are taken and
given to another person, because the person receiving
these antibodies is not making them himself. It is acquired
through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an
immune host, and is short lived—usually lasting only a
few months.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
22. • Active immunization:
• This happens automatically when a person gets an
infection and develops his own antibodies. is induced in
the host itself by antigen and lasts much longer,
sometimes lifelong.
EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA
