The document summarizes the mechanism of blood glucose regulation in the human body. It discusses how glucose enters the blood from dietary sources and is absorbed and transported into cells. The pancreas plays a key role by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon increases it. Diabetes occurs when there is either not enough insulin production or cells become resistant to insulin's effects, causing abnormal blood glucose levels. Precise control mechanisms attempt to keep glucose levels within a normal range for good health.

1. ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
DAIRY TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Presented by
Chander Mohan
18-P-DT-09
Class presentation
on
Mechanism of blood glucose regulation in human body

2. Content
Introduction
Sources of glucose in blood
Absorption and transport of glucose
Pancreatic regulation of glucose metabolism
Diabetes Mellitus
Conclusion

3. Introduction
Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)Remarkable precursor
Storage
Glycogen, starch
Ribose 5-phosphate
Broken down
Pyruvate
Oxidation via glycolysisOxidation via pentose
phosphate pathway
Normal blood glucose level during :
 Fasting - 70 to 110 mg/dl
 Post glucose load- 110 to 140 mg/dl
 Random - 70 to 140 mg/dl

4. Sources of glucose in blood

5. Absorption and transport of glucose
 The entry of glucose into cells takes place by diffusion via transmembrane glucose
transporter (GLUT)
 There are 12 glucose transporters encoded by human genomes
 GLUT-1, the most common isform is ubiquitously present in many cells and primarily
responsible for ensuring the basal glucose needs of the glucose.
 This particular phenomenon of transport is dependent on a concentration gradient and
quick metabolism of glucose

6. Pancreatic regulation of glucose metabolism
 Vital organ in regulation of blood glucose regulation
 Responsible for secreting two crucial opposing hormones insulin and glucagon
 Insulin lowers the glucose level while glucagon increases the glucose level.
 As an exocrine gland it is responsible for producing several digestive
enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum via pancreatic duct.

7.  As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes a variety of hormones that
are concerned with the regulation of blood glucose, including insulin,
glucagon, and somatostatin .
 These hormones are produced by groups of cells that under the
microscope appear as small clusters, or islands.
 They were discovered by the German anatomist Paul Langerhans; hence
they are called Islets of Langerhans, or simply pancreatic islets
Type of cell % Islet Endocrine hormone Function
Alpha cells 15-35 Glucagon Increases blood glucose levels
Beta cells 55-80 Insulin Decreases blood glucose levels
Gamma cells 3-5 Pancreatic polypeptide Regulates exocrine and endocrine function of the
pancreas
Delta cells 3-10 Somatostatin Inhibits insulin and glucagon release

8. Hypoglycemia
(Low blood glucose level)
Hyperglycemia
(High blood glucose level)Normal
Deviation from normal blood glucose levels

9. Response to an increase in blood glucose
Food
Glycogen
Insulin

10. Response to an decrease in blood glucose
Food
Glycogen
Glucagon
Gluconeogenesis

11. Homeostatic control

12.  Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of impaired carbohydrate metabolism caused
by either lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of the tissues to
insulin.
 There are two general types of diabetes mellitus:
 Type I diabetes, also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is
caused by lack of insulin secretion.
 Type II diabetes, also called non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM), is caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the metabolic
effect of insulin.
Table Showing clinical characteristics of patients with Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
Feature Type-1 Type-2
Age at onset Usually less than 20 years Usually more than 30 years
Body mass Low(wasted) to normal Obese
Plasma insulin Low or absent Normal to high
Plasma glucagon High, can be suppressed High, resistant to suppressed
Plasma glucose Increased Increased
Insulin sensitivity Normal Reduced

13. Conclusion
 There are a significant number of regulatory mechanisms controlling
the homeostasis of plasma glucose levels and attempt to keep the level
within acceptable physiological norms.
 Failure to do so, as in diabetes, has dire consequences leading to further
serious health risks such as cardiovascular disease
 The pancreas has key roles in maintaining normal blood glucose levels
by producing and releasing insulin and glucagon.

14. Thank you