1. Overall energy balance
Energy production Energy conversion Energy usage
x x
Joule obtained / joule invested
j kWh obtained / joule invested
j Service obtained / kWh invested
CO2/joule CO2/kWh CO2/km
Topics: Topics: Topics:
- Oil extraction and refining; - ICE; - Weight;
- Biofuels; - Transmission; - Air drag, rolling resistance;
- GTL, CTL… - Power train energy management. - On board energy management.

2. ICE: the primary energy converter
10% gain in ICE efficiency leads to 10% fuel consumption reduction  Decisive topic
Better positioning of engine
Improvement of the BSFC map operation on the BSFC map
Topics: Topics:
- Improvement of combustion thermodynamic efficiency - Downsizing-downspeeding;
(effective expansion ratio) - Temporary energy storage (hybrid)
- Reduction in losses: pumping, friction, heat, non-burnt gases.
Tools & strategies: GDI turbo, VVT-VVL, Design & materials, variable & automated transmission, hybrid, VCR

3. VCR: next step for ICEs evolution
ICE evolution is an asymptote made of asymptotes
ICE evolution:
New bricks are progressively
added to ICE technological mix
and allow for new combinations
for reaching:
1. Optimum efficiency,
2. Adapted absolute cost,
3. Optimum cost/benefit ratio.
VCR is a new brick for pushing
back limits for these targets.
Current step is GDI turbo VVL - Next step is VCR

4. MCE-5 technology for implementing VCR
1. 6:1 to 15:1 continuous, responsive, precise and
cylinder selective CR control;
2. Low-friction, low-sensitive to load ;
3. Conventional invariable piston motion;
4. Red line: 6,500 rpm – 130 bar max in-cylinder pressure
MCE-5 : designed according to “what has to be done” and “ what has to be avoided” to provide best VCR service

5. MCE-5: a technology to push back the limits for FC reduction of ICE
NEDC – FC reduction – 1.3 ton vehicle – same driving dynamics – Manual GB