General Biology Lesson 9 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_Reproduction and Development_ANIMALS.pdf

GENERAL BIOLOGY: LESSON 8
Compare and
Contrast Process in
Plants and Animals:
Reproduction and
Development
(ANIMALS)
Prepared By: Sir Cee Jae Q. Darunday
Biology
2

Objectives:
I. I can describe the different stages in
animal development.
II. I can differentiate the developmental
process in monozygotic and dizygotic
twins.
III. I can describe the human reproductive
organ systems.
IV. I can illustrate the human female
menstrual cycle.
V. I can explain processes in human
development.
VI. I can differentiate various forms of
human contraception.

Biology
2
Stages of Animal
Development

Biology
2
1. Gametes
The gametes are produced by the process of
meiosis which differs from mitosis in that only
one of each chromosome ends up in the cells
after division.
The male gamete, the sperm, is small and
almost always flagellated.
The female gamete us usually large since it
contains yolk, and spherical.

Biology
2
2. Fertilization
At fertilization only a single sperm penetrates
and adds its chromosomes to those in the
egg.
The fertilized egg then has a pair of each
chromosomes, one each from the male parent
and the other of each from the female parent.

Biology
2
2. Fertilization
To prevent additional sperm from penetrating
the egg a fertilization cone is produced to
produce the original sperm into the egg
quickly.
Then a fertilization membrane expands
around the egg and pushes away and “locks
out” other sperm cells.

Biology
2
3. Embryonic Development
Cleavage Stage
Morula Stage
Bastula or Blastocyst Stage
Gastrula or Primitive Streak

Biology
2
Cleavage Stage
The first identifiable period of embryonic
development occurs as the fertilized egg
begins to divide. These early divisions are
called cleavage divisions and each cell
produced is a blastomere.

Biology
2
Morula Stage
continued division leads to a solid ball of
cells called the morula.

Biology
2
Blastula or Blastocyst Stage
If the embryo is spherical it is called a
blastula; if it is a flattened disc it is called
a blastocyst, both are equivalent stages.
At the blastula stage, the cells form a
hollow sphere. The cavity inside is called
the blastocoel.

Biology
2
Gastrula Stage
In the gastrula, a depression forms at one
end of the embryo, cells move in to form
a saclike pouch.
The embryo is now essentially two
layered. The cavity of this new pouch is
called the archenteron which is
surrounded by the original, now much
smaller blastocoel.

Biology
2
Gastrula Stage
The archenteron opens to the outside
through the blastopore. The blastopore
will eventually become either the mouth
or the anus of the adult animal.

Biology
2
Primitive Streak Stage
In the case of the blastocyst, the
flattened embryo, the next stage is called
the primitive streak stage. A slit forms in
the center of the sheet of cells (= the
primitive streak) and cells migrate into
the slit and under the original layer of
cells to form a double layered disc. This
stage is equivalent to the gastrula above.

Biology
2
Embryonic Development

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Development
In animals the embryo may develop into any
of several forms, some that resemble the
adult, some that live and feed independently
and others that are completely dependent on
the mother for sustenance.

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Development (LARVAE)
Further development varies considerably in
different animal groups.
In some animals, especially marine ones, the
embryo soon develops into a freeliving larval
form.
While each phylum and sometimes each class
usually has its own characteristic larvae, there
are a few larval forms that are found in more
than one phylum.
Similar larvae imply similar ancestry; indicating
that the phyla are relatively closely related.

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Planula Larvae
A simple multicellular, oval larva with no
discernable organs its surface is covered with
cilia

4. Post Embryonic
Trochophore Larvae
A top-shaped larva with a digestive tract
beginning at the mouth and terminating in an
anus. Tufts of cilia are found at each end and
bands of cilia surround the wider central area
of the larva
Biology
2

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Nauplius Larvae
A triangular larva with three pairs of jointed
appendages, eyespots, and digestive organs.

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Bipinnaria Larvae
An elongated larva that bulges at both ends,
with a curving digestive tract with mouth and
anus, and bands of cilia encircling the larva

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Development (NYMPHS)
Nymphs are immature stages of animals that
at least somewhat resemble the adult of the
species and that live and feed independently

Biology
2
4. Post Embryonic
Development (FETUS)
In addition to embryonic development,
vertebrates (higher animals) produce an
immature stage that does resemble the adult
but that is usually completely dependent on
the mother for nutrition and protection.

Biology
2
Monozygotic and
Dizygotic twins

Biology
2
Differentiate Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins

Biology
2
Male and Female
Reproductive Organs

Biology
2
Male Reproductive Organ
The male reproductive system consists of a pair of
testes which produces the male reproductive cells
called sperms and the hormone testosteron.
It is contained in sac like structures called scrotum.
From each testis arises a tube called vas deferens.
It joins into the urethra.
The urethra is enclosed in a muscular organ called
penis.
It has an opening called genital pore.
The seminal vesicles and prostate glands produce
fluids which provide nutrition and help in the
movement of the sperms.

Biology
2
Male Reproductive Organ

Biology
2
Female Reproductive
Organ
The female reproductive system consists of a
pair of ovaries which produces the female
reproductive cells called ova or eggs and the
hormone oestrogen.
Above the ovaries are tubes called oviducts
or fallopian tubes.
The two oviducts unite into a bag like
structure called uterus.
The uterus has opening called vagina.

Biology
2
Female Reproductive Organ

Biology
2
Fertilization in Human
Beings

Biology
2
Fertilization in Human
Beings
During sexual intercourse the sperms from the
male enters into the vagina of the female.
The sperms reaches the oviduct.
One sperm fuses with an egg and forms a
zygote.
The zygote then gets implanted in the uterus.
The zygote then starts dividing to form an
embryo.
The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s
blood through the placenta.
The development of the child takes nine months
and then the child is born.

Biology
2
Fertilization in Human Beings

Biology
2
Menstrual Cycle
The ovary produces one egg every
month and the uterus prepares to
receive the fertilized egg.
Its wall becomes thick and spongy with
blood vessels for nourishing the embryo.
If fertilization does not take place then
the uterus wall breaks and comes out of
the vagina as blood and mucous.
This cycle takes place once every month
and is called menstruation.

Biology
2
Prevention of pregnancy (
Contraception )
Pregnancy can be prevented by three
main methods.
They are barrier methods chemical
methods and surgical methods.

Biology
2
Contraception )
Barrier methods
consists of using condoms, diaphragm,
cervical caps, Copper T etc.

Biology
2
Contraception )
Chemical methods
consists of taking drugs like oral pills,
vaginal pills etc.

Biology
2
Contraception )
Surgical methods
consists of removing or tying a small part
of the vas deferens in males (Vasectomy).
or fallopian tube in female (Tubectomy).

Biology
2
Surgical Method (Vasectomy and Tubectomy)

Task #1
Digital Informative Poster Making
Inidividual Project:
With the List Provided by the Subject Teacher,
CREATE a DIGITAL INFORMATIVE POSTER depicting
how to prevent acquiring STDs.
Must Include the following:
Information of the STD
Symptoms (for MALE and FEMALE)
Complications (for MALE and FEMALE
Treatment

General Biology Lesson 9 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_Reproduction and Development_ANIMALS.pdf

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