PATIENT SAFETY & EARLY INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

1. PRESENTATION ON BLOOD GROUP & IT’s TYPES

2. INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS BLOOD GROUP?/ DEFINITION OF BLOOD?
>> ONE OF THE CLASSES (SUCH AS THOSE DESIGNATED A, B, AB, OR O) INTO WHICH INDIVIDUALS OR
THEIR BLOOD CAN BE SEPARATED ON THE BASIS OF THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF SPECIFIC
ANTIGENS IN THE BLOOD.
• WHY WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THIS?
>> AS A NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE
• TYPES OF BLOOD GROUPS!
>> A
B
AB
o

3. HISTORY
 The human ABO blood groups were
discovered by Austrian-born American biologist
Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Landsteiner found that
there are substances in the blood, antigens and
antibodies, that induce clumping of red cells
when red cells of one type are added to those
of a second type.

4. What are A,B,AB and O blood groups
blood group A –
has A antigens on
the
red blood cells
with anti-B
antibodies in the
plasma.
blood group O –
has no antigens, but
both anti-A and anti-
B antibodies in the
plasma.
blood group B –
has B antigens
with anti-A
antibodies in the
plasma
Blood group AB-
People who
are type AB have both
A and B antigens on
their red blood cells
and therefore don't
make any A or B
antibodies

5. HISTORY OF RH FACTOR
The term "Rh" was originally an abbreviation of
"Rhesus factor." It was discovered in 1937
by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener,
who, at the time, believed it to be a similar
antigen found in rhesus macaque red blood
cells. It was subsequently learned the human
factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey
factor, but by then, "Rhesus Group" and like
terms were already in widespread, worldwide
use.
Alexander S. Wiener
Karl Landsteiner

6. • Rh factor!
>>Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the
surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein,
you're Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh
negative. Rh positive is the most common blood type.
- factor was discovered in 1940
by K. Landsteiner and A. S. Wiener#
# So now bloods can be classified by these ->
1) A- a) A+
2) B- b) B+
3) o- c) o+
4) AB- d) AB+
1) A+
2)B+
3)O+
4)AB+
a) A-
b)B-
c)O-
d)AB-

7. Rh HEMOLYTIC DISEASE
If the mother is Rh-negative, her
immune system treats Rh-
positive fetal cells as if they were a
foreign substance.
The mother's body makes
antibodies against the fetal blood
cells. These antibodies may cross
back through the placenta into the
developing baby. They destroy
the baby's circulating red blood
cells.

8. BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
Bombay blood group, is a rare blood type. This
blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay, now known
as Mumbai, in India, by Dr. Y. M. Bhende in 1952. It is mostly
found in the Indian sub-
continent (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan) and parts of
the Middle East such as Iran.
The first person found to have the Bombay phenotype had a
blood type that reacted to other blood types in a way never
seen before. The serum contained antibodies that attacked
all red blood cells of normal ABO phenotypes. The red blood
cells appeared to lack all of the ABO blood group antigens
and to have an additional antigen that was previously
unknown.

9. METHODS OF BLOOD GROUPING & TYPING
Observations:
If any agglutination occurs it is visible with naked eyes as
dark reddish clumps of different sizes. If agglutination is
minimal, it can be confirmed by examining it under a
microscope.

10. TUBE METHOD
CELL GROUPING
 Prepare a 2-5% cell suspension in saline from the unknown
blood sample.
 Take 3 test tubes 1,2,3 and put a drop of anti-A (blue),anti-B
(yellow) and anti-AB serum (pink) to them.
 Add one drop of red cell suspension in each test tube.
 Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for one minute.
 Look for agglutination either with naked eye or under the
microscope.
SERUM GROUPING
 Let the unknown blood sample stand for some time
and separate the serum.
 Add 2 drops of unknown serum in test tubes 4,5,6.
 Add 1 drop of 2-5% cell suspension of known blood of
A, B and O group into these test tubes.
 Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for one minute.
 Look for agglutination either with naked eye or under
the microscope.

11. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 Blood transfusions work to replace blood that is lost due
to injury or surgery. People can also get blood
transfusions to treat certain medical conditions.
 A blood transfusion is a procedure that
restores blood to the body.
 A healthcare professional will pass blood through a
rubber tube into a vein using a needle or thin tube.
 The sections below will cover the different types of
blood transfusion procedures available, as well as the
different types of blood.

12. Importance
1) To classify the different types of bloods
2) For safe transfer of blood from donor to receiver
3) To avoid wrong blood transfer
4) For a better life
5) More research
PROTOCOL OF ABO BLOOD GROUPING