PATIENT SAFETY & EARLY INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

1. BLOOD GROUP AND BLOOD TYPING

2. BLOOD GROUP AND BLOOD TYPING
 HISTORY:- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO
blood group systin 1901.
Janskey was first classification of blood into the
four types(A, B, AB and O) in 1907.

3. ABO BLOOD GROUP
 Based on the presence or adsense of antigen A and antigen B, blood is
divided into four group- A, B, AB and O.
 Blood group A contains antigen A and antibody B.
 Blood group B contains antigen B and antibody A.
 Blood group AB contains both antigen A and antigen B but does not
contain any antibody.
 Blood group O contains both antibody A and antibody B but does not
contain any antigen.

5. Rh FACTOR
 Rhesus(Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of
red blood cell.
 If it is present then the blood group is Rh positive.
 If it is absent then the blood group is Rh negative.
 During pregnancy, problems can occur, if the mother have Rh
negative and the baby have Rh positive.

6. H ANTIGEN
 The H antigen is produced by a alpha-2-L fucosyltransferase.
 The peraon, who having blood group O, the H antigen remains
unmodified.
 The H antigen contains the FUT1 gene, which is expressed in RBC’s.
 Atleast one functioning copy of FUT1 needs to be present for the H
antigen to be produced on RBC’s.

7. BLOOD GROUP AND RISK FACTOR
 AB negative is the rarest of the eight main blood types- just 1% of
donor have it.
 O negative and O positive are the best suited to donate red blood
cells.
 People with types AB and B are the greatest risk for heart disease.
 O blood type can be more susceptible to some bacterial and viral
infections than other blood types.

8. BLOOD TYPING
 There are two types of blood typing- one is Slide method and another one
is Tube method.
 SLIDE METHOD:- Add three drops of blood in a clean glass slide.
Add antisera A, B and D sequentially to the 1st 2nd and 3rd drop of blood.
Properly mix the antisera with the blood by separate toothpick.
Allow to stand for 2-3 minutes and note down the result on the basis of
clump formation.
If agglutination occurs it is visible with naked eye as dark raddish
clumps of different sizes.

9. TUBE METHOD:- This method is divided into two methods one
is cell grouping and another one is Serum grouping.
 CELL GROUPING:- Prepare 2-5% cell suspension in saline from
the unknown blood sample.
Take 3 test tubes and put a drop of anti-A(blue), anti-B(yellow) and
anti-AB(pink) serum.
Add one drop of red cell suspension in each test tubes and
centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 1 minute.
Look for agglutination either with naked eye or under microscope.

10.  SERUM GROUPING:- Let the unknown blood sample stand for some
time and separate the serum.
 Add 2 drops of unknown serum in test tubes 4,5,6.
 Add 1 drop of 2-5% cell suspension of known blood of A, B and O
group into these test tubes.
 Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 1 minute.
 Look for agglutination either with naked eye or under the microscope.

11. THANK YOU