Reference Groups

Reference Groups
Reference groups exist in every society. Even though you don't think about falling into one or more reference groups you do. Each person probably
falls into more then one of these groups. As you age and grow
into another. Reference groups are formed by people's positions in society. This can have both positive and negative effects on a person.
When I was 19, I became a single mother of twin boys. I found a job at a local convenience store and began working. After a while, a chance for
advancement came up. I applied for the position. During my
interview the district manager told me that because I was a young single mother I would not receive the promotion since single mothers are more
likely to take time off and to steal....show more content...
I felt embarrassed to tell people that I was a single mom. I was ashamed and thought I would never get anywhere
with people thinking that because I was a young mom I was not worthy of a chance.
I belong to the PTA (actually two of them). A group of parents who get together to find ways to help our kids and our schools. We sponsor book fairs,
carnivals, ice cream socials. At the beginning of the school
year we purchase all the school supplies for our elementary students. Teachers come to use if they need help in their class room, or funding for an item
or a trip. The feeling you get helping make your children's
schools better places is amazing. Kids come up to you when you are helping at an event and say thank you. The PTA becomes a group of friends by
the end of the school year who can not wait for September to
come so we can start doing things together again. Before I actually joined the PTA, I thought it was just a bunch of stay at home moms who baked
cookies for back sales and collected box tops, because they had so

much time on their hands. I was wrong, most of us work, go to school, have multiple children, run businesses. The one thing that ties us all together is
our
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Informal Reference Groups
A reference group is people who we want to resemble. When I was a freshman in college I dressed very plain such as a pair of jeans with a basic
t–shirt. As the months, went by I started dressing differently such as wearing lipstick, color jeans, nice shirts, etc. Also, I act differently more of a
preppy attitude. I was surrounded by a group of people who dress nicely and act preppy. This reference group molded me because I admire their
appearances and attitudes. There are different reference groups that can be identify such as informal, formal membership and disclaimant. Informal
reference groups have interests and goals in common. For example, relatives, mothers in the community and peers. A formal reference would be have
one main goal in

XYZ Scholarship Analysis
I am a senior enrolled at Seaman High School; I am deserving of the XYZ Scholarship because I am hard–working, humorous, and intelligent. For
example, on top of schooling and extra–curricular activities, I work an average of 25 hours every week. When my work is finished and I have gone
home, I help my mother take care of my niece and nephew, whom my parents are taking care of permanently. Your scholarship asks for those who
strive to make it in life, and hard work will bring me there. In addition, many of my superiors and peers tell me I possess a humorous personality.
Currently, I participate in an improv troupe at my local community theater and have written a comedic short story. This is an important quality because
it portrays my compassion

The Theory Of Public Relations
Introduction
Scholars all around the world are debating about the question, what public relations is. The term itself provides a really broad definition. It suggests
that public relations is about relationships between the public and someone else. The question that follows is what kind of relationship and with whom.
Since it is about relationship and relationships are influenced and defined by many different factors, such as culture, politics, religion and economics, it
is not surprising that there have been a wide range of public relations definitions, theories and practices.
The Institute of Public Relations (IPR), an association for public relations practitioners established in 1948, tried to define the term public relations in
1987 tried as "the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and understanding between an organisation and its public" (The
Institute of...show more content...
Today the PRSA writes:
"At its core, public relations is about influencing, engaging and building a relationship with key stakeholders across a myriad of platforms in order to
shape and frame the public perception of an organization." (Public Relations Society of America, 2017).
The PRSA has similar to the IPR ignored the mutuality aspect from Harlow. The IPR and PRSAdefinition from 1987 and today are similar in the
managing aspect, in the sense of the "planned and sustained effort".
The different definitions provided so far show the complexity and difficulty of the term. Everyone seems to believe that public relations is something
similar and still different.
The changing emphasizes shown above and throughout history illustrate that public relations is an evolving profession and term, which is being
influenced by different factors around the

Conformity And Consumer Behaviour Essay
(golf, snowboarding, surfing). Aspiration reference groups also exert a strong influence over consumer purchasing behaviour. Individuals frequently
purchase products thought to be used by a desired group in order to achieve actual or symbolic membership in the group (Hawkins & Mothersbaugh,
2010:228).
Therefore conformity is a need for affiliation and belonging to the group based on associative purchasing. This forms a deeper social belonging
whereby the people emulated are those whom you view yourself as belonging to or whom you wish to attract. Finding familiarity, acceptance and
belonging. These affiliations form a deeper effort or attempt of social acceptance. Finding that space where people belong annd finding acceptance
wihin the parameters...show more content...
Therefore friends and family have a critical inflence on consumer decisions as influencers. These influencers are subject to conformity within their
social and cultural circles and provide guidance to the consumer as to what is acceptable for purchase in line with traditions and beliefs.
7.1.5Marketing and advertising
Participants of the study mentioned that television is an influencer of their purchase. Television is a communication channel for opinion leaders to
promote what they wear and the masses look toward what is acceptable and emulate what they see. Advertising and marketing are a sources of
information and these adverts show what is trending so decision making starts in the comfort of your own home. When consumers are out it browsing
or shopping, it reduces the

Reference Interview
For the second part of my assignment, I was asked to do a reference interview. This for me was the most exciting part of the assignment, since I
haven't asked a library professional for help since I was in elementary school. I was anxious to see how the librarian responded to me and was
interested in the quality of the resources we might find. Again, like the first part of the assignment, I wanted to pay close attention and look at my
interview experience with fresh eyes. I wanted a different environment than what I experienced at the music library, so I chose a different library. When
I went into the building, I did not see any signage indicating the area I was supposed to go if I needed help. So, I walked around the stacks for a...show
more content...
I would have been unable to write the paper if I only used the resources the staff member led me to. What I needed instead were articles that were more
current and contained well–researched information. He gave me an older book where the information is not as relevant as it once was. If the situation
were real, I would have wanted more information, but would not have known where to go. Also, there was no follow–up. He did not return to ask if I
found what I needed. I doubt if I would have went looking for him after our reference interview, I would have been able to locate him again. He found
me a book then abandoned me as quickly as he

Example Of A Reference Group Essay
. One of my reference groups would be my teachers in the past throughout my k–12 grade years and my professors now. I want to be successful one day
so I work as hard as I possibly can in all of my classes to succeed. My teachers have made such a positive influence on me because they just give us
their experiences that are good or bad and make sure we don't make the same mistakes as them so we can succeed. Some students won't care but I
do because I want to be successful. So, all of the techniques I was taught to get an A in the classroom have all been helpful and help me now in
trying to achieve my career. All of the advice and techniques I was given from my teachers and professors are applied to my daily struggles I face now
while doing...show more content...
However, this experiment was all fake, the learner was also a person who knew what was going on just like how it was for the AschConformity, there
were no real shocks they just gave fake screams to make it seem like it was real! The whole point was to test if the teacher would follow the
directions and go all the way to 450 volts. Some people actually gave up because they couldn't live with hurting an innocent person and some people
went all the way to 450 volts. I remember watching this experiment in one of my high school classes I am still just as shocked as I was while
watching the video. 3. Donald Trump has been claiming that the crime rates in the United States have been skyrocketing, while reading the "Crime
'Carnage'" section in the article he never really discusses the crime rates overall, during his inauguration speech he only discusses the crime rates that
have happened in the past year. According to the article, the "FBI data shows that the violent crime rate has been on a "decline" since 1991 when it
increased up to 758.2 but it was only half of that in 2015 with a rate of 372.6". The murder rates also increased, increased by 14% according to the
analysis from the Brennan Center for Justice but only

Introduction to Consumer Behaviour
Diary Assessment Activity
Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................pg.3
Section 1 – Diary Entries 2. Item #1........................................................................pg.3 3. Item #2 ........................................................................pg.6 4.
Item #3........................................................................pg.7 5. Item #4 ........................................................................pg.9 6. Item #5
........................................................................pg.11
Section 2 – Reflection of pre and post purchase 7. Item #1 .......................................................................pg.12 8.1 Emotions & justifications used in
the pre purchase ..........pg.12 8.2 Emotions & justifications used in the post purchase .........pg.13 8. Item #2
........................................................................pg.14 9.3 Emotions & justifications used in...show more content...
I moved through the process of selecting the right gym to join quite quickly as I was very motivated to get started. I took into consideration that this
purchase posed physical and social problems and considered those when making my decision.
Because I have used a gym before, I was able to put together a list of criteria for my new gym very quickly. With the help of online blogs, the
experience of my friends and my past experience I was able to make an evoked set of gyms quickly. I visited both potential gyms (evoked set) and
made my final decision based on what I felt on the day. See Figure 3
Figure 3
5. Item #4 Sam's Birthday Present With my boyfriend's birthday nearing, I decided to purchase him a sentimentally valuable gift. As I was making this
purchase for someone other than myself, I went through a gift selection decision–making process (See Figure 4). I felt that the greatest risk was
purchasing my boyfriend something he would not like (social risk).
It took me a few weeks to decide on this purchase, as it was very important to me and included a high level of involvement. I have a low dogmatic
personality, so was willing to take on the suggestions of Sam's friends and family.
This process was relevant to interpersonal gifting and after a couple of weeks I found myself with a case of 'gifting anxiety' because I have never
bought a significant gift for my boyfriend before.
Figure

Drug Therapy Case Study
1.Drug– or disease– related problem to presentation and current drug therapy for the problem are:
–Stopped taking hormone replacement therapy medications, hot flashes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol level, family history of breast cancer
and heart disease. Current drug therapy for hot flashes according to the table 18.1 is Premphase, which is a conjugated estrogen medication. Ask the
patient to get back to taking hormone replacement therapy medication if it was found there were no other alternatives. For treatment of high blood
pressure and heart disease, there is hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate. Lipitor is use to treat high cholesterol level.
2.Goals of pharmacotherapy for this patient are to cure and to manage the...show more content...
8. Monitors that can be use on this patient around the pharmacy is the heart rate, and high blood pressure monitor machine. Pharmacist should
recommend the blood pressure monitor, continuous glucose monitor to the patient to help check the signs regularly.
9. Nondrug therapies or lifestyle modifications might be useful in managing the patient's problem is to start exercising more, eat with a better diet that
is rich in variety of vegetables and

The first real life example of a reference group effecting how I felt about myself was when I decided to go back to college. The reference group
was other people employed by accounting firms that made more money and had more benefits than I did. I was unhappy with my current job, and
thought I deserved more than I was given. I compared my employment history and qualifications of those that worked in a similar field at other
companies. I felt as those my education was not impressive enough to be entitled to more money and benefits. However, the feeling that the
reference group made me feel, of being underqualified, also exhilarated me to go back to college to get my degree. The second real life example of a
reference group effecting how I

APA Style Analysis
APA Style Sample
APA (American Psychological Association) style is primarily used in the social science disciplines. It is formatted like MLA, and shows many
similarities, but is unique in several key points.
APA uses parenthetical (or in–text) citations within sentences, but rather than indicating the author's name and page number, APA includes author's
name and date of publication. The page number, represented with a p. or a pp., is only added to the citation when using a direct quote (not a summary
or paraphrase). If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, then place the date of publication in parentheses directly after the name. If the name is
...show more content...
All of the interviewees have been called 'exceptions to the norm' (Strong & Porter, 1998, p. 565).
Note the first example paraphrases an author that is named in the sentence, the second example paraphrases authors that are not named in the sentence,
and the third example provides a direct quote (thus the inclusion of the page numbers) but also does not identify the authors within the sentence. If the
authors were identified within the sentence in the third example, the authors' names would be followed by the year of publication and only the page
numbers would be in the parentheses at the end of the quote.
Finally, the bibliographic page in APA style differs from MLA, what APA calls the Reference page. You will notice a few immediate differences from
the MLA Works Cited format. With APA you include the initial of the author's first name rather than the complete name, the publication date

immediately follows the author's name in parentheses, and titles of articles are not surrounded with quotation marks (however titles of books,
magazines, journals, etc are still underlined). The lists are still alphabetized by author's last name (or title in the absence of an author) and the first line
is flush left while subsequent lines in the same entry are indented in (approximately 5 spaces or one tab). For journals and magazines, publication title
and volume number are both underlined,

Consumer Behaviour Assignment
Introduction Consumer is the ultimate user of a product or service. The overall consumer market consists of all buyers of goods and services. They
are faced with many decisions each day on deciding what product/brand should they use also where and how to get them. By learning consumer
behavior, we understand that it involves the activities of people when obtaining, consuming and disposing products and services. Marketers strive to
understand this behavior so they can better formulate appropriate marketing stimuli that will result in increased sales and brand loyalty. Culture plays
a large role in determining what products will be successful in a market. Culture itself refers to a set of values, ideas, artifacts and other...show more
content...
Reference groups are particular groups of people some people may look up towards to that have an impact on consumer behavior. Below are some
factors that influence the behavior of Chinese Manado in consuming clothes. вќ– Environmental Influence Environmental influence involves culture,
ethnicity and social class of a person. Chinese Manadonese that our group that our group observed is a modern group. They are not a traditional
consumer anymore. They have already got many influences from their environmental situation. They have an open–minded personality. Not only that,
their consuming behavior also influenced by the social class that they are in. the group that our group observed is included in medium high social class.
So they are consuming behavior is more into fulfill their wants and desire rather than thinking their primary needs. вќ– Reference Group and Personal
Influence Primary It is a social aggregation that is sufficiently intimate to permit and facilitate unrestricted face–to–face interaction. Family is a strong
influencer for Chinese Manado. They still hold on to their culture as having a strong kinship. Thus, family, for example, cousins, influences most of
their buying decisions. Informal Informal groups have a less structure and are likely to be based on friendship or interest. This is also one of the big
influencer to

Character Scholarships Sample
The Community of Character committee recognizes exemplary individuals and organizations in the community who demonstrate responsibility,
compassion, selfвЂђdiscipline, honesty, respect and integrity. Select high school students will also be honored with Juanita Haugen Community of
Character Scholarships.

In order to understand what reference group influences are, it is necessary to firstly understand what a reference group is. The depth of
information surrounding reference groups and the influences they poses on individuals, particularly on consumer purchasing behaviour is vast
and one could get lost in the mist of it all. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that only research relevant to this study is included in this section, thus an
overview of what a reference group is will be provided, then the different types of reference groups will be explored based on previous research,
then the data will start to look at the influences reference groups have on individuals, and their purchasing behaviour, in order to fully understand
the power that reference groups have. 3.2REFERENCE GROUPS (LONGER) In order to find a definition that is able to capture what a reference
group is in a comprehensive sentence, has been difficult and thus the following terms are the most relevant. The term reference group is defined as
'A group of people that influences the decisions and opinions of a person or group' (Cambridge, 2016). This term however, is very simplistic and
more detail is required to fully understand what reference groups are. Hyman (1942) originally characterised the term in a social status study and this
characterisation has been developed and refined numerous amounts of times since, (comb, 1943, Campbell, et al, 1960 and Shibutani, 1955). Park &
Lessig (1977) provided their version

Reference Checking Essay
REFERENCE CHECKING IS A PAIN BUT THINKING OF THE ALTERNATIVE SHOULD BRING YOU SOME RELIEF! In my 15 year career as a
staffing strategist /consultant representing small to medium– sized, privately held companies I have never come across a negative letter of reference.
They all speak of the applicant so fondly and full of admiration. Let's not kid ourselves, if otherwise would the applicant present it to the interviewer
in the first place? I don't think anybody would list a reference that would have anything but praise for them. An office manager confided in me that he
had a customer service representative that he wanted to get rid of. When he was called as a reference, he gave her a glowing review and basically lied
through his teeth. She got the job. You...show more content...
First and foremost you must remember that all reference checking must be done within legal parameters. (You may want to consult a business
attorney to explore the possibility of drafting a reference release of liability form.) Not only should you check the references provided, but you
should also pursue additional references of your choosing that will give you needed insight into the prospect's business and educational
background. In addition, you need to establish the nature of the candidate's relationship with the reference in order to gauge the level of credibility
of the information you will obtain from the reference. You also need to bear in mind that an employer can be held responsible for not doing his/her
due diligence by checking the references of a candidate who is being considered for hire. In the event that an employee commits an offense (for
example sexual misconduct) and if the employee has spent time in jail for committing such offense you may be held liable for failure to adequately
check the references. This is known as 'negligent hiring'. To ensure the safety of your other employees (and yourself) you should do a background
check prior to

Orwell's Ideas
A major theme for both of Orwell's works is the idea that people, ignorantly, don't care about what they say or think, and then because they don't have
minds of their own they are easier to manipulate. In Politics and the English language Orwell says how people don't think about what they are writing
and then that leads them to use words and phrases that they don't completely understand; meaning they have no control over their own mind.

The Foundations of Group Behavior
The Foundations of Group Behavior – Presentation Transcript 1. THE FOUNDATIONS OF GROUP BEHAVIOR AN INTRODUCTION TO
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR By: Stephen Robbins & Timothy Judge Prepared by: GREGAR DONAVEN E. VALDEHUEZA, MBA
Lourdes College Instructor 2. Learning Objectives * Differentiate between formal and informal groups. * Compare two models of group development.
* Explain how role requirements change in different situations. * Describe how norms exert influence on an individual's behavior. * Explain what
determines status. * Define social loafing and its effect on group performance. * Identify the benefits and disadvantages of cohesive groups. * List the
...show more content...
15. * Common Classes of Norms * Performance norms (formal) * Appearance norms (formal) * Social arrangement norms (informal) * Allocation of
resources norms (formal & informal) * Conformity * Adjusting one's behavior to align with the norms of the group. * Reference Group –
important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform. * Deviant Workplace
Behavior * ( antisocial behavior or workplace incivility ) * Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threatens
the well–being of the organization or its members. 16. Typology of Deviant Workplace Behavior Stealing from the organization Lying about hours
worked Sabotage Property Wasting resources Intentionally working slowly Leaving early Production EXAMPLES CATEGORY Stealing from
coworkers Verbal abuse Sexual harassment Personal aggression Blaming coworkers Gossiping and spreading rumors Showing favoritism Political
EXAMPLES CATEGORY 17. * Status * A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. 18. * What Determines
Status? * Status Characteristics Theory * Theory stating that differences in

APA Quiz Essay
APA QUIZ
1.
The Reference section should start on a separate page under the centered heading References, which does not use bold font. The reference entries
should appear in alphabetical order by authors' surname (or by title if works do not list an author) regardless of the type of source (e.g., book, film,
journal article, website).
A. True
According to the APA Quick Reference Guide made by The University of North Carolina School ofSocial work, the heading styles applied to the body
of the paper; title page, abstract, references, tables are not considered parts of body of the paper; therefore, headings on those pages are not bold.
They also confirm that only the sources cited in the text of your paper are listed...show more content...
Therefore, option B is correct because it follows APA rules ofcitation.
4.
Which choice shows the correct format and APA stylefor the first use of the Jeffrey T. Swan, Dennard Q. Rail, Mary N. Bushcombe (1995) source in
the text of the following sentence: . "... found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and
often interfered with their social commitments.
.
A. Jeffrey Swan, Dennard Rail, and Mary Bushcombe found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too
burdensome and often interfered with their social commitments (1995).
.
B. Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe (1995) found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and

C. Swan, Rail, and Bushcombe (1995) found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and
D. Swan, Rail, and Bushcombe (1995) find that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and
According to Northhampton community college, when citing works by two authors: Provide the last names of both authors. Use the word "and" to
separate the names in the sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the

Reference List: Annotated Bibliography
Reference list – a list of references (entitled 'References') that you have used and cited within your text. It is compiled in alphabetical order according
to authors' surnames. The reference list is located at the end of your document.
Bibliography – a list of references that you have used and cited within your text, plus any additional information or sources that further describe the
resources you used to help you in preparing your work. Abibliography is compiled and presented in the same way as a reference list and located at the
end of your document.

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Reference Groups