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The History of American Police.pptx
- 1. THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN POLICE
- 2. What will we learn? The Roots of Policing The first policing agencies in the US The Eras of of Policing
- 4. BOW STREET RUNNERS 1st organized force Organized in London by Henry Fielding in 1749 Disbanded in 1839 in favor of the Metro Police Also published the “Weekly Pursuit”
- 5. London Metropolitan Police Founded by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 Began with 1000 officers Purpose was to: Considered the first professional police force Officers called “Peelers” and “Bobbies” Judged on absence of crime not high-profile police action Relieve military from “policing” urban violence Use nonviolent means to keep peace (not armed) Reduce tension & conflict between officers & public
- 7. Colonial American Policing Self-Policing Colonists Similar backgrounds, similar religious beliefs, little to steal, nowhere to hide, towns provided protection against wilderness Responsibility placed on citizen to combat crime
- 8. The Constable • Chosen by townspeople • Suppressed violations of community religious/moral edicts • Keep drunks in line • Watch for gambling & prostitution Night Watch • A patrol of volunteers, supervised by Constable • Report drunks and single women out after dark • Could avoid duty by paying others to take your shift Slave Patrols • Organized by plantation owners to catch, return, & punish runaway slaves • Brutal and mostly “lawless”
- 9. First policing in the US 1801 - Boston was the first city to have formal night watch 1833 - Philadelphia the first city to have day & night watchmen 1845 – New York City creates model for modern policing by combining day & night watch under a chief. Officially 1st police department 1852 – New Orleans & Cincinnati 1854 – Boston & Philadelphia 1855 – Chicago & Milwaukee 1857 – Baltimore & Newark The 1st NYC Police Car c. 1905
- 12. August Vollmer • Chief of Police in Berkley, CA • Instituted university training for police officers • Helped develop the School of Criminology at UC- Berkley (1916) • Model for university-trained professional policing • Put officers on bicycle and motorcycle patrol • First to adopt fingerprinting technology to aid in criminal investigations • First police leader of note to hire officers with college degrees • Created the Berkeley Police School in 1908
- 14. The First Federal Agencies George Washington appoints first 13 US Marshals in accordance with Judiciary Act •1789 Secret Service is established •1865 FBI established with 8 Secret Service Agents, 14 newly hired agents, and 12 accountants. Charged with investigating antitrust land fraud and similar matters •1908
- 16. Exit Questions What were the major milestones in the historical development of policing in the Western world? What is the significance of due process of law for American policing?
Editor's Notes
- The Bow Street Runners were the first professional police force, organised in London by magistrate and author Henry Fielding in 1749. The group would end up successfully solving and preventing crimes until 1839 when the force was disbanded in favour of the Metropolitan Police, leaving behind a legacy for modern-day policing. Before the introduction of the Bow Street Runners and anything of the like, policing took the form of privately paid individuals used to maintain law and order without a formal system connected to the state. This resulted in unofficial policemen who were known as ‘Thief Takers’ who would capture criminals for money and negotiate deals in order to return stolen goods whilst claiming rewards. People who partook in this activity, such as a figure called Charles Huitchen and his accomplice Jonathan Wild, were voluntarily policing the streets of London for big profits when in fact, these men and others like them were often behind much of the crime in the area. The informal, volunteer based system was not working. Henry Fielding, along with his half-brother John who was also a magistrate, founded the Bow Street Runners, a paid police force with the intention of preventing and fighting crime. Henry was known for his motto of ‘quick notice and sudden pursuit’. He was keen to use the general public to help, somewhat similarly as before, by using adverts and pamphlets asking for assistance. The force he set up included six paid constables to patrol the streets of London. The name the Bow Street Runners referred simply to their location, whilst the term ‘runners’ referred to their pursuit of criminals, although it was not a name that was particularly well-received by the constables themselves. The constables were formally trained, paid and full-time serving officers, very different from the more informal, privately funded system which had been operating. Instead the men were paid using a government grant, therefore creating a closer link to a state-run law enforcement system. They were also to receive rewards when they caught their suspects, much like the Thief Takers, only with more formality and control in place. This idea proved to be effective and by 1800, there were said to be around sixty-eight Bow Street Runners fighting crime in London. The police force was essentially London’s first professional police force of its kind, using organised methods of dealing with crimes, formal work settings and a proper law enforcement system. The Bow Street runners differed from their ‘thief-taker’ predecessors because they were not only formally attached to the Bow Street magistrates office, but they were also paid by central government. Much of the work was being conducted from Henry Fielding’s own office and the court at No. 4 Bow Street. The constables would arrest offenders on the authority of the magistrates and would travel across the country in pursuit of the criminals
- A more organized approach is needed in law enforcement due to industrialization, crowded cities, and increase in crime