Its PPt presentation on 18CIV59 subject 2018 Scheme engineering

1. Bangalore institute of technology
VV Puram, Bangalore-04
18CIV59{Environmental Studies}
Guided By:
Ranjana K
Assistant professor. Presented By:
B.I.T. Srujan S
Tarun B R

2. ECOLOGY
& ENVIRONMENT

3. Concept of Ecology

4. Ecosystem : Open system & Flexible
 Biosphere contains both Biotic and
Abiotic components
Biotic components include flora and
fauna
Abiotic components include water,
light, temperature etc
The interaction between Biotic and Abiotic
components, where they exchange energy and
matter is called as Ecology
Ecosystem is a unit of Ecology.

5. Components of Ecosystem

6. *Light : Sciophytes & Heliophytes
Sciophytes are the Shade loving plant
Heliophytes the just need more sunlight
Abiotic Factors

7. 1. Megatherm- High temperature through out year
2. Mesotherm- Alternate high & low temperature
3. Microtherm- Low temperature
4. Hekistotherm- Very low temperature
Temperature

8. Water
1. Heavy rain through out year.
2. Heavy rain during winter & low during summer.
3. Heavy rain during summer & low during winter.
4. Scanty rainfall.

9. Edaphic Factors

10. Neutral pH is ideal for Agriculture

11. Producers (Autotrophs) : Photoautotrophs & Chemoautotrophs
a) Photoautotrophs
Biotic Factors

12. NITROBACTER
NITROSOMONAS
b)Chemoautotrophs

13. Herbivorous Ex: eats plants (Cow)
Carnivorous Ex: eats flesh (Tiger)
Omnivorous Ex:eats both plants
and flesh(Dog)
Detritivorous Ex:eats undecomposed
dead plants and animals
Consumers (Heterotrophs)

14. Decomposers

15. • First Law – “Law of Conservation of Energy”.
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can be
transferred as well as transformed”.
• Second Law – “There is always loss of energy during
transformation”
Two Laws of Thermodynamics

16. Flow of energy or sequence of eating or being eaten up is “Food Chain”
It provides “ Structural Stability” to ecosystem.
Each stage is represented by separate “Tropics”
Organisation & pattern of feeding is “Tropic Structure”

17. Example of Food Chain

18. 1. Gross Primary Production (GPP)- Total energy produced.
2. R – Energy lost.
3. Net Primary Production (NPP)- Energy transferred.
4. “Amount of Living Material” or “Standing Crop” – Energy in each Tropics.
5. Ecological Efficiency- Amount of energy transferred. (10%)
Important Terms

19. • Community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each
other in a specific environment.
• It is functional unit of Biosphere.
• It is flexible.
• It is Open system.
“An ecosystem is a functional unit composed of a biotic community
integrated with its physical non-living environment through flow of energy &
nutrients”
• 2021 – 30 : “Decade of Ecosystem Restoration”
Ecosystem

20. Grazing Food Chain Detrital Food Chain
Types of Food Chain

21. “Food Web” – Provides alternative arrangement for possible maintenance of
stability of Ecosystem.

22. Levels of Organization in Ecology

23. • Functional position or role of organism in environment.
• It comprises of
a) Habitat
b) Activity pattern of organism
c) Resource it obtains from habitat.
Ecological Niche

24. Broad & Narrow Ecological Niche

25. • Organisms that occupy same or similar “Ecological Niches” in different
geographical regions. (Convergent Evolution)
• Result of “Convergent Adaptation”.
Ecological Equivalent

26. • Interactions between & among the organisms.
1. Mutualism- Both benefit each other.
Ecological Relations

27. 2. Commensalism- One organism get benefits
while other is neither helped nor
harmed.
3. Parasitism- “Parasitism is defined as
the relationship between different
species in which one organism lives on or
in the other organism and benefits from it
by causing some harm.”

28. 4. Predation: Same as parasites here
one oraganism is killed and other is
benefited by that
5. Competition
a) Consumptive or Exploitative – For resources
b) Interference – For territory
c) Preemptive – For new territory by arriving first.
6. Amensalism- The presence of one species has a negative effect on another, but
the first species is unaffected.

29. Bearded Dragon
Arctic Ground Squirrel
Torpor, Hibernation, Brumation &
Estivation

30. Graphical representation of relationship between different organisms
in ecosystem.
Represents Tropical structure & Functioning of Ecosystem.
Ecological Pyramid

31. Pyramid of Numbers

32. Based on “Total Biomass” (dry matter) at each level.
(Total mass of organism at each tropic level).
It shows more accurate representation of amount of energy contained in each
tropic level.
Pyramid of Biomass

33. Gives best representation
of Tropic relationship.
Pyramid of Energy

34. “Benefits obtained from ecosystem to humankind (Resources& Process)”
Ecosystem Services

35. • All ecosystem regulate & maintain themselves under a set of Environmental
condition.
• Any environmental stress tries to disturb the normal ecological function,
ecosystem by itself tries to resist the change & maintain itself into
equilibrium.
• Inherent property of all living system to
resist change.
Ecosystem Regulation : Homeostasis

36. • Ecosystem is always in state of “Dynamic equilibrium”.
• Ecosystem survives in set of maximum & minimum values of environmental
stress (Ecological amplitude) referred as “Homeostasis Plateau”.
• Ecological Amplitude : Limits or range of environmental conditions, within
which an organism can live & function.
• Negative feedback mechanism brings back ecosystem into normal condition.
• Positive feedback mechanism leads to further stress & collapse of ecosystem.

37. • “Orderly process of change in community structure & function with time
mediated through modification in physical environment & ultimately leading
to stabilized ecosystem”.
• It may be
A) Autogenic- By living inhabitant of that community itself.
B) Allogeneic- By outside factor.
Ecological Succession

38. Orderly progression of change- “Sere”
Process of Succession

39. 1. Nudation - Creation of bare area, either by destruction of existing ecosystem or
newly created area (volcanic activity, earthquake etc.)
2.Invasion - Entry of first successful reproductive species on bare area created. It
is referred as “Pioneer”.
3.Co-operation & Competition – Initially there exist cooperation, later when
species increases, competition for food, space etc. (Inter-species & Intra-
species).
4.Stabilization – It is also referred as “Climax community”. More stable
community.

40. • Primary Succession – “presere”
Types of Ecological succession

41. Secondary Succession- “Old field Succession” – “subsere”

42. THANK YOU