3. PLACENTA PRAEVIA
When the placenta is implanted partially or
completely over the lower uterine
segment, it is called placenta praevia.
4. CAUSES OF PLACENTA PRAEVIA:
Dropping down theory.
Persistence of chorionic activity.
Defective decidua.
Big surface area of the placenta.
5. PREDISPOSING FACTORS :
Multiparity
Maternal age: >35 years
Race: Asian women
Infertility treatment
Presence of uterine scar
Prior curettage
Prior placenta praevia
Multiple pregnancy
6. TYPES:
Type-I: Low lying
Type-II: Marginal
-Anterior
-Posterior
Type-III: Incomplete or
partial central
Type-IV: Complete Or
central
Clinically:
Mild degree: I & II ant.
Major degree: II post.
III & IV
7. DANGEROUS TYPE OF PLACENTA PRAEVIA
Type II posterior placenta praevia
Cause-
1. Because of the curved birth canal major thickness
of placenta overlies the sacral promontory, thereby
diminishing the antero-posterior diameter of the
inlet & prevents engagement of the presenting
part. This hinders effective compression of the
separated placenta to stop bleeding.
2. Placenta is more likely to be compressed if
vaginal delivery is allowed.
3. More chance of cord compression or prolapse
which may produce fetal anoxia or even death.
9. CAUSE OF BLEEDING:
Placental growth slows on later months of
pregnancy, but the lower uterine segment
progressively dilates.
Placenta gets separated due to shearing effect.
Maternal sinuses become open up
Bleeding occurs
10. MANAGEMENT OF PLACENTA PRAEVIA
Diagnosis:
Clinical features:
Symptoms: Sudden onset , painless, apparently causeless
& recurrent bleeding.
Signs:
General examination: General condition & anaemia are
proportionate to visible blood loss.
Abdominal Examination:
Size of uterus: proportionate to the period of gestation.
Feel of uterus: Soft, relaxed & elastic without any localised area
of tenderness.
Malpresentaion: Berech or transverse or unstable lie is more
frequent.
Fetal head: High floating
FHS: Usually present
11. Vulval inspection:
To see whether the bleeding is still occurring or not.
Character of blood: Bright red
Investigation:
Confirmation of diagnosis: USG of Pregnancy profile
Others:
Hb%
Blood grouping & Rh typing & cross matching
RBS
13. DEFINITIVE TREATMENT:
Termination of pregnancy.
According to the type of placenta praevia:
A) Type I & Type II anterior: Normal vaginal delivery (
If maternal & fetal condition is good)
B) Type II posterior, Type III & Type IV: Caesarean
section
14. COMPLICATIONS:
Maternal Complication:
During pregnancy:
1. APH with varying degrees of shock.
2. Malpresentation
3. Premature labour
During labour:
1. Early rupture of membrane
2. Cord prolapse
3. Intrapartum Haemorrhage
4. Post partum haemorrhage
5. Retained placenta