The efficiency of the battery system in any electric vehicle (EV) determines its cost and vehicle performance. Challenges, such as range anxiety and charging time, have been a hindrance to increasing EV sales. As a leading market intelligence firm, BIS Research strives to stay on top of the latest emerging technologies in the mobility sector, among several other industry verticals. In the bid to do the same, BIS is conducting a deep intelligence webinar on the current paradigm shift happening for battery technologies in electric vehicles. Here are all the details: Webinar Topic: Emerging Battery Chemistries | Reimagining EVs Beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries

1. Emerging Battery
Chemistries –
Reimagining EVs
beyond Conventional
Li-Ion Batteries
Emerging Tech Webinar
April 2023

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Speakers
Konstantin Solodovnikov
Chief Executive Officer
Innolith
Vani Dantam
Chief Operating Officer (Energy
Storage Technologies)
NexTech Batteries, Inc.
Pranav Nagaveykar
Research Engineer
Université Paris-Saclay
Dhrubajyoti Narayan
Principal Analyst
BIS Research

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Agenda
▪ Introduction
▪ Current Trends and Future Potential
▪ Key Developments and Industry Players
▪ Investments and Key Minerals
▪ Presentations of Guest Speakers
▪ Konstantin Solodovnikov
▪ Vani Dantam
▪ Pranav Nagaveykar
▪ Concluding Remarks by Dhrubajyoti
Narayan
▪ Q&A

4. Overview of the
Electric Vehicle
Battery Industry

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Electric Vehicle Battery: Current Trends and Future Potential
Trends
➢ Solid-State Batteries
➢ Nickel-Rich Cathodes
➢ Dry Electrode Manufacturing to
Reduce Battery Costs
➢ Emergence of Lithium Iron
➢ Phosphate Batteries
Growth Factors
➢ Increasing Demand for Electric
Vehicles
➢ Reduction in Cost of Electric
➢ Vehicle Batteries
➢ Increased Investments and
Collaborations
➢ Government Policies and
Regulations
Business Challenges
➢ Procurement Concerns Over
Raw Materials
➢ Environmental Concerns
➢ Related to EV Batteries
➢ Concerns Over Battery
Safety
Opportunities
➢ Sustainable and Low-Carbon
Materials
➢ Innovations in Battery
➢ Chemistries
➢ Recycling and Circular Economy
in EV Batteries

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Electric Vehicle Battery: Key Developments and Industry Players
Key Industry Players in Electric Vehicle Battery Market
Company Date Description
Samsung
SDI
May 2022
Samsung SDI collaborated with Stellantis to set
up a battery gigafactory in Indiana, U.S.
CATL March 2023
CATL began series production of its upgraded
third generation cell-to-pack (CTP) battery
system named Qilin.
LG Energy
Solutions
January 2023
LG Energy Solutions and Honda Motor Co.
formed a joint venture named L-H Battery
Company to set up lithium-ion battery cell
factory in Ohio, U.S.
Nissan February 2023
Nissan announced its target to start the
production of liquid-free, low-cost solid-state
batteries by 2025.
Solid
Power
January 2023
BMW announced the start of the next phase of
joint research and development with Solid
Power for the development of automotive solid-
state batteries.
Key Developments in Electric Vehicle Battery Market

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Electric Vehicle Battery: Investments and Key Minerals
Announced EV and EV Battery Manufacturing Investments
By Company, till 2022
Mineral Share in an Average Electric Vehicle Battery
Source: Atlas EV Hub
95
77
70
50
46
40
36
35
34
33
0 20 40 60 80 100
Volkswagen
Hyundai
Toyota
Ford
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Stellantis
Tesla
General Motors
CATL
($Billion)
28.10%
18.90%
15.70%
10.80%
10.80%
5.40%
4.30%
3.20% 2.70%
Graphite
Aluminum
Nickel
Copper
Steel
Manganese
Cobalt
Lithium
Iron
Source: Transport & Environment

10. ❙
❙
❙
❙
❙
❙
❙
❙
❙

11. ❚
❚
❚

14. → →

15. ° °
°
°

16. ❙
❙
❙
❙
❙
❙

17. ° °

19. ❚
❚
❚

24. Vani Kumar Dantam
Chief Operating Officer
Next Generation Battery Technology

25. ❑ In 1964, Russian Astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev developed models for
different types of civilizations based on how much energy is consumed
and produced (Type 1 - 10⁴TW, Type 2 - 10¹⁴TW, Type 3 - 10²⁴TW).
❑ Later, the model was extended up to Type 7 by Sci-Fi writers, integrating
British theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson’s “Dyson spheres” all the
way into Type 7.
❑ In 2021, global energy production capacity was 11.05TW (0.11% of what
is needed to become Type 1). Fossil Fuels account for 4.4TW, and
Renewables and ESS account for 3.2TW of the 11.05TW.
HISTORY

26. ❑ American physical chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875 – 1946), the
father of Li-Ion batteries, developed the first Li-Ion based energy
storage solution in 1912.
❑ Though his invention changed the world, he never won the Nobel
prize despite being nominated 41 times.
HISTORY

27. ❑ In 1976, British chemist Michael Stanley Whittingham patented the
first viable lithium-based battery. The low weight, high-energy
density nature of his battery, coupled with its capability to work at
room temperature, was considered a breakthrough.
❑ In 2019, Whittingham was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry alongside John Bannister Goodenough from the U.S. and
Akira Yoshino from Japan for their contributions to Lithium-ion
battery technology.
HISTORY

28. ✓ Lower cost ($/KWh/Yr)
✓ Higher performance & life
✓ Faster rechargeability
✓ Superior safety (Production & Usage)
✓ Lower weight & volume
✓ Lower carbon footprint
✓ Regionally available & sustainable materials
OBJECTIVES

29. ➢ New & environmentally favorable chemistries
➢ Less CapEx intensive & quicker electrode pasting
➢ Less CapEx intensive cell assemblies
➢ Shorter formations
➢ Application-based BMS & module design
➢ Application-based electrode metrics
DEVELOPMENTS
Development of next-generation batteries is driven by:

30. ➢ Total Addressable Market (TAM)
➢ The TAM for batteries is significant and growing
rapidly, driven by rising EV penetration, technology
trends and environmental concerns.
2030
2020
264 GWh
$50bn TAM
2020
2025
2030
2025
1.2 TWh
$125bn TAM
2030
2.3 TWh
$180bn TAM
Solid-State is expected to open up
new market opportunities driving
upside to TAM
THE BATTERY DECADE

31. Powering the future
✓ Founded in 2016 in Carson City, Nevada
✓ Goal of becoming the industry leader in Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) and Solid State battery technology
✓ Exclusive license to the University of California Berkeley Lab’s Li-S battery intellectual property
✓ Strong foundation through continued research to amass a large patent portfolio, trade secrets, and manufacturing expertise
✓ Multidisciplinary team of 33 (including 4 PhDs) in the U.S.
✓ Deep expertise in materials synthesis, design & prototyping, operations, and battery cells
✓ Invested ~$20 million to date, plan to invest $30+ million more in the next 3 years to improve product and scale up
ABOUT US

32. NexTech is in a prime position to bring Li-S technology to market
NexTech’s Lithium-Sulfur batteries will disrupt many markets:
▪ NexTech will enter the market as the only company to have produced cells with more than 400Wh/Kg and
400Wh/L gravimetric and volumetric energy densities respectively
▪ $60/KWh (2026 target) BOM at commercial production levels
▪ Successfully completed UN38.3 certification of current cell designs
▪ Build Pilot Plant in the next 18 months to increase the production capacity and produce additional cell designs
NexTech’s Li-S batteries offer a unique and superior value proposition due to:
▪ Lower cost with simplified manufacturing processes
▪ Weight advantage
▪ Improved safety profile with better performance
Approach
Target
Markets
Value
Proposition
STRATEGIC GOALS
▪ Electrification of transportation
▪ Electrification of agricultural machines
▪ Drones/eVTOLs
▪ Replacement for current lead acid batteries
▪ Electrification of Industrial machines
▪ Grid Storage

33. ✓ Manufacturing: Li-S cells have a similar
structure & construction to Li-ion.
NexTech uses off-the-shelf manufacturing
equipment.
✓ Anode: NexTech uses a lithium-metal
anode with a proprietary manufacturing
process to facilitate high yield cell
assembly.
✓ Cathode: NexTech’s cathode consists
mainly of sulfur and graphene, without the
scarce, heavy, and expensive metals Li-ion
uses. Crucially, there is no oxygen in the
reaction, meaning no potential for thermal
runaway.
✓ Electrolyte: NexTech’s proprietary
electrolyte is the key to achieving the
highest cycle life in the Li-S market
segment.
✓ IP Protection: NexTech may elect to
manufacture and distribute our unique
cathode material and its proprietary
electrolyte to licensed OEMs or JVs,
thereby creating a recurring and
sustainable revenue stream.
Off-the-shelf
commodity
electrolyte
N xT ch’s
proprietary electrolyte
prevents polysulfide
shuttling & lithium
dendrites
Current
collector
(Al)
Current
collector
(Al)
Cu
Li
NexTech Li-S
Production Cells
can deliver:
Energy >350 Wh/kg
BOM Cost <$60/kWh
Typical NMC 811
Li-ion cell:
Energy ~275 Wh/kg
Cost >$120/kWh
Copper current
collector with a
graphite anode
showing lithium
ions in matrix
Lithium metal
anode treated
with a
proprietary
manufacturing
process
Dense cathode consisting of
nickel, manganese, cobalt,
and oxygen
Proprietary cathode blend consists primarily of sulfur and proprietary
graphene, both lightweight and abundant. No oxygen = no thermal runaway
TECHNOLOGY

34. NexTech’s competitors have not
overcome these common
commercialization issues
POLYSULFIDE
SHUTTLE
POLYSULFIDE
CONVERSION
INSULATION
OF S8 AND Li2S
LITHIUM
DENDRITE
FORMATION
✓ Proprietary electrolyte additives, and charge
profile dramatically reduce dendrite
formation
✓ Proprietary electrolyte will not dissolve
polysulfides
✓ Enables Li2S SEI layer to protect lithium
✓ Proprietary electrolyte does not allow
polysulfides to dissolve, which minimize the
shuttling effect
✓ Proprietary cathode design increases sulfur
conductivity, which eliminates insulation issues
✓ Demonstrated in high performance applications (10C)
✓ Industry experts
acknowledge NexTech’s
active materials (cathode)
are best in class.
NEXTECH IS SOLVING THESE ISSUES
Issues
Limiting
Li-S
Commercialization
✓ LISA European consortium
results validated that
NexTech’s cathodes and
cells exceed all other
suppliers’ results.
Improve cycle life to meet customer expectations

35. Electrode manufacturing Cell assembly Cell finishing
Conventional Lithium-ion cell
Nextech’s Lithium-sulfur cells
Sealing Degassing
Packaging Filling
Welding
Stacking /
winding
Formation Aging Testing Sorting
Mixing Drying
Coating Calendering
Cathode
Anode
Solvent recovery
Slitting
Mixing Coating Drying Calendering Slitting
-------------------------------- 9 days ----------------------------------
Filling &
sealing
Formation
& Testing
Coating
& Drying
2 days
Cathode
Anode
Mixing Calendering
Slitting
Slitting
Stacking /
winding
Packaging Welding Sorting
Li-S production requires - half the steps of Li-Ion - half the equipment and - half the time
Not required for Li-S
X
X Not required for Li-S
FACTORY PROCESS FLOW COMPARISON

36. MATERIAL LITHIUM-ION LITHIUM-SULFUR NOTES
Lithium Lithium carbonate Lithium metal
Ioneer & Albemarle contracted for lithium
WW lithium production is a major investment
area, costs expected to drop
Scarce metals Cobalt, nickel, manganese None
Normally expensive and big cost
spike recently
Other
materials
Toxic solvents (NMP)
Sulfur, carbon, graphene,
H₂O solvent
Contracted graphene supplier
Social issues
Conflict metals from the
Congo, Russia, and Indonesia
Readily available
minerals
Reduced reliance on
China supply chains
Electrolyte Standard formula Proprietary formula
In-house manufacturing and
product supply control
Li-S materials will be lower cost and easier to source.
MANAGING THE SUPPLY CHAIN

37. 10
3
10
2
6
3
5
8
3
3
10
10
- 20 40 60 80
Contingency
Other capex
Cost of reactor lines
Casting
Assembly machines
Pouching/can
Formation channels
Handling + automated packaging
ERP & Control
DI Water Treatment and disposal
Dryroom + Dehumidifiers
Building fitup
Total Li-S Gigafactory cost
Millions
LI-SULFUR CELL MANUFACTURING IS 2-3 X LESS CAPEX INTENSIVE THAN LI-ION
2.5 GWh Li-S Gigafactory capex breakdown, in million $
73
Li-S directly eliminates at least 36% of capex compared
to a typical GWh-scale Li- Ion production plant
Receiving
Materials preparation
Electrode coating
Calendering
Materials handling
Electrode slitting
Vacuum drying
Control laboratory
Cell assembly in dry room
Filling and Celling in dry
room
Formation cycling and
testing
Module and pack
assembly
Rejected cell and scrap
18%
Typical Capex
breakdown for
Li-ion facility
10% 11%
12%
1%
2%
2%
2%
2%
5%
29%
Formation
cycling and
testing
considerably
reduced
Sealing and
drying
eliminated
Data from Argonne National Lab and Solid Power
5%
CAPEX

38. LI-SULFUR CELL MANUFACTURING IS 2-3 X LESS CAPEX INTENSIVE THAN LI-ION
170
150
136
128
126
114
114
107
106
61
30
xx
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
2017-18 2019-20 2021-22 2023-24
Cell capex efficiency, in million $/GWh
Data from Bloomberg NEF, FREYR
▪ Manufacturing of lithium-sulfur cells avoids some
of the most challenging and lengthy steps of the
production process, especially at the finishing stage
▪ This lean manufacturing process eliminates the need
for some of the most expensive capex, such as the
anode pasting equipment, some sealing
equipment, formation cycling, and testing equipment
▪ In addition, NexTech can use existing warehouse space
due to lack of solvent recovery/hazmat systems,
reducing building construction capex
▪ Overall, NexTech intends to develop its Gigafactory at
much lower capital cost, reducing the breakeven point to
~800MWh to 1.2GWh.
CAPEX

39. Introduction to Solid state batteries
Pranav Nagaveykar

40. INDEX
• Need for new battery technology
• Solid State battery (SSBs)
• Working of SSBs
• Energy Density of SSBs
• Different types of SSBs
• Current Challenges
• Interface Instability
• Future Scopes

41. Need for New battery technology
• Liquid electrolyte li ion batteries -
limited scope
• Even with using Silicon anodes, the
expected increase is not enough
• Safety of batteries is compromised

42. Dendrite growth in lithium battery leads to failure.
Source: SLAC National Laboratory, Stanford University
Dendrites

43. Thermal Runaway

44. Graphite
(negative
electrode)
Positive
electrode
Liquid
Electrolyte
Liquid
Electrolyte
Separator
Li
Metal
(negative
electrode)
Positive
electrode
Solid
state
electrolyte
Solid state & conventional battery architecture
Solid State Battery and conventional battery

45. How does transfer through Diffusion work?

46. Why do SSBs have more Energy density?
• Lithium
metal(3800mAh/g) vs
Graphite(372mAh/g)
Anodes.
• Higher density of Li
ion availability ->
higher energy
density.

47. Energy density increased on all levels

48. How Safe are Solid State batteries?
Figure: Solid state battery experiment at UCSD LESC department.

49. How fast do Solid state batteries charge?

50. Different type of Solid-State electrolytes
SSBs are broadly classified
under 3 types-
• Polymers (Blue)
• Oxides (Magenta)
• Sulfides (Orange)

51. Classification of Solid-State electrolytes

52. Challenges in Solid State Batteries

53. Anode
Cathode
Solid Electrolyte
Polymer
Surface
irregularities
Interface challenges

54. Interface stability
Objective is to minimizing the interfacial impedances between the SSE and the electrodes

55. Source: Roland Zenn; orovel.com
Solid state batteries from a) Solid power b) Quantumscape c)
SES Power and d) Factorial
a b
c d
Industrial developments in Solid-State Batteries

57. Conclusion

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Key Takeaways
Transition from Conventional Li-ion to New Chemistries
Several Upcoming Technology Trends
Better Performance than Conventional Li-ion
Cost-Effective Production Advantages
Emerging Companies in Battery Chemistry Ecosystem
Increasing Investments in EV Batteries
Evolving End Users Needs and New EV Models

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
Electric Vehicle and Energy: Research Production
Plan (2022 and 2023)
Recently Published Reports
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▪ Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market
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▪ Sulfur-Based Battery Market
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Upcoming Reports
▪ Global Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market
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System (BTMS) and Charging System for Electric Vehicles
For more information about any report please click on the report name, and please visit https://bisresearch.com/ for any other queries and report details

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Emerging Battery Chemistries – Reimagining EVs beyond Conventional Li-Ion Batteries
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