BIBHU SANTOSH BEHERA,OUAT, BHUBANESWAR

1. Regd No:-1001343091Dept.Of Mechanical
Engineering
Name of the Scholar:-RUDRAASHISH BEHERA,B.Tech(Mechanical
Engineering)
Key Author:-Bibhu Santosh Behera,Ph.D (Extension Education),OUAT
Vijayanjali Institute Of
Technology,Balasore,Odisha2013

2. Jute, the “Golden fibre” has been an important cash crop for the
cultivators of the eastern zone of India, and is also a valuable exchange
earner for the country. Jute stick, agro-waste and jute caddies, mill waste
are potential raw materials for generation of biomass energy.
Jute stick is a pale coloured, highly porous hence very light and
voluminous, woody structure of the jute plant around which the fibres
form skin or the bark. The estimated amount of jute stick available in
India per annum is about 4 million tones. Most of it is used for domestic
purposes as fuel; temporary fencing, etc., whereas, a small fraction of it is
used industrially. Chemically jute stick is a lingo-cellulosic raw material,
the composition analysis of which is given below [1, 2].

3. The jute industry generates about 40,000 tonnes of processing waste as
by-products, commonly known as jute caddies. The major constituent of
this waste is un-spinnable jute fibre. The other constituents are batching
oil, machine oil and grease, barks of jute plant and in-organic dirt’s.
Traditionally the jute industry uses this waste along with coal as fuel for
the boiler to generate steam which is required to run the sizing and
calendaring machines. Use of caddies as a fuel is problematic, mainly due
to its poor fuel value and thermal efficiency [3, 4]. The chemical
composition of jute caddies is given below
Holocellulose 72.70
Alpha Cellulose 40.80
Pentosans 22.10
Lignin 23.50
Extractives 1.90
Ash 1.00

4. .
Constituent Average Value Percent (%)
Range Percent (%)
Fibre (3 mm – 100 mm) 85 (85-86)
Oil and grease 5.00 (3.5-6.5)
Bark & remnants 5.00
(4-6)
Clay and Dirt 4.50 (4-6)
Foreign matter 1.00 (1-1.5)

5. 1. Charring of Jute stick
• The carbonization of jute stick is done in a cylindrical shaped
stainless steel drum of size 1100 mm x 800 mm, designed and
fabricated at NIRJAFT, Kolkata (Figure 1). The drum is having an
out let door with cloth/felt gasket and also provided with a tray for
collection of charcoal. Jute stick is fed into the charring drum and
ignited, after which the lid of the drum is closed. Charcoal is produced
in a period of 1.5 hr.
2. Briquetting of jute stick charcoal
• Briquettes from jute stick charcoal is prepared in a machine with the
specifications viz. feed capacity 25 Kg/hr, screw diameter – 160 mm,
screw length – 600 mm, orifice diameter – 30 mm, cutting length –
120 mm and power supply – 440 Volts after mixing it with different
binders. (Figure 2).

6. The whole process of making jute stick briquettes is shown in the
flow cahrt
Carbonization
Mixing with binders
Briquetting
JUTE STICK
JUTE CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL MIXTURE
BARIQUETTES

7. Thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) of jute stick briquettes is done from
40°C to 1500°C @ 10°C/ min. Measuring instrument used is NETZSCH
make STA 449C. Surface area of samples is measured by BET method.
Measuring instrument is Quantachrome make NOVA 4000e. BET
analysis of the sample at five relative pressure points is obtained. For
measuring carbon content the instrument used is LECO C 600 Carbon
analyzer. The infra-red spectra is recorded in a Jasco 4200 FTIR
Spectrophotometer.

8. The analysis involves determination of moisture content, volatile matter,
fixed carbon and ash. Initially 5 gm of caddies sample is taken and is
heated in the absence of oxygen at 110°C. The weight loss is recorded as
0.455 gm, which is the moisture content calculated as 9.10 %. After
evaluation of moisture content, the remaining mass i.e. 4.545 gm (5.00 –
0.455) is taken as 100 % and volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content
is calculated at each step of heating. As the temperature increased further
to about 250 - 300°C, the material decomposed and gases and liquids in
the form of volatiles get released. The process completes at 700°C.
During heating in the range of 250-700°C the weight loss recorded is
3.577 gm which is 78.71 % of 4.545 gm and it is the volatile matter. At
this stage the solid residue left back is the mixture of carbon as coke and
ash contents of the sample. The temperature is increased further to 900°C
and weight loss is recorded as 0.554 gm which is 12.19 % of 4.545 gm
and termed as carbon content. The amount left out i.e. 0.414 gm (4.545 –
3.577 – 0.554) which is 9.10 % of 4.545 is termed as ash content of the
sample

9. Figure 3, shows the caddies from the jute mill. It contains lots of foreign
particles, dust particles, jute stick chips and other unwanted material that
accumulates during the course of jute fibre processing. Before subjecting
the caddies into the hammer mill, it is cleaned manually for smooth
functioning of the size reduction process. Due to the fibrous nature of
caddies, it is not easily flow able in the briquetting plant. Hence, it is
mixed with rice husk and saw dust in the proportion of 40:60 for
increasing its flow ability (Figure 4.). The briquettes prepared from
mixture of jute caddies with saw dust & jute caddies with rice husk are
shown in Figure 5. The whole process of making jute stick briquettes is
shown in the flow cahrt

10. Removal of foreign material
Mixing with rice husk and saw dust
Briquetting
JUTE CADDIES RECEIVED FROM
MILL
CLEANED JUTE CADDIES
JUTE CADDIES: SAW DUST/RICE
HUSK MIXTURE
BARIQETTES

11. The time of carbonization for jute stick is 1.5hr with charcoal yield of
40.0%. The FTIR spectra of jute stick and jute stick charcoal are studied
and the spectral signature of different functional group has been evaluated
(Table1 and Table 2). The difference observed between jute stick and jute
stick charcoal has been enumerated below
•The characteristic IR peak of jute stick at 1593, 1455,1190 and 1030 cm-
1 is absent in jute stick charcoal
•The shoulder peak on 1736 cm-1 C-O stretching in carboxyl and un-
conjugated beta ketone is present in jute stick, where as, shoulder peak for
charcoal at 2093 due to Alkyne mono-substituted
•In jute stick charcoal three prominent peaks at 852, 652 and 600 is
prevalent which are due to presence of aromatic C-H out of plane
deformation, O-H out of plane bending and O-H out of plane bending at
the charcoal component.

12. The jute stick briquettes record exothermic peaks at 455.5°C and 547.2°C
and endothermic peak at 1404°C. Corresponding mass loss is 77.70%
(Figure 6). Specific surface area is measured through Multi-Point BET
plot and was found to be 1.428 m2/g. The pore size distribution is shown
in Figure 7. The calorific value and carbon content of jute stick briquettes
is found to be 18.59 MJ/Kg and 58.80% respectively.
The proximate analysis of jute caddies shows that, it contains volatile
matter of 78.71%, fixed carbon of 12.19 % and ash content of 9.10 %.
The results indicate that the ash content of caddies is higher than that of
jute stick (1-2%) due to the presence of high amount of dust particles, soil
etc. Based on the ash content, caddies can be classified as medium ash (5-
10%) material and be useful as a potential raw material for energy
conversion processes.

13. The high ash content containing alkali metal oxides like Na, K and Ca
tends to lower the fusion temperature of ash. This low ash sintering
temperatures tend to form clinkers during combustion/gasification and is
detrimental to the smooth operation of these high temperature working
appliances [5, 6, 7].
For the process parameters, the optimum moisture content of jute caddies
for grinding in hammer mill and feeding into briquetting plant (in mixing
with saw dust and rice husk) is found to be 10 – 15 % (w.b.) [8, 9, 10].
For production of briquettes of stable configuration, a ratio of 40:60 for
both the mixture (caddies and rice husk, 40:60) and (caddies and saw
dust, 40:60) was found optimum for briquetting machine. The briquettes
thus produced is having calorific value of 17.33MJ/Kg.

14. Table 1.
FTIR Spectra of Jute stick
Peak No. Position of Bands (cm-1) Functional groups Intensity
1 3355 O-H stretching (H-bonded) S
2 2900 C-H stretching in methyl and methylene S
3 1736 C-O stretching in carboxyl and un
conjugated beta ketone
Sh
4 1630-1635 H2O molecules in non-crystalline
cellulose
W
5 1593 Aromatic skeleton ring vibration S
6 1455 C-H deformation and CH2bending S
7 1190-1200 Phenolic H-O deformation Sh
8 1030 Aromatic C-H plane of deformation W

15. Table 2
FTIR Spectra of Jute stick charcoal
Peak No. Position of Bands (cm-1) Functional groups Intensity
1 3577 O-H stretching (H-bonded) S
2 3308 O-H stretching (H-bonded) S
3 2093 Alkyne mono-substituted Hydrogen
bonded O-H stretching
Sh
4 852 Aromatic C-H out of plane
deformation
Sh
5 652 O-H out of plane bending S
6 600 O-H out of plane bending S

16. Figure 1 Figure 4.
(Carbonization of jute stick in charring drum) (Jute caddies mixed with saw dust and rice husk)
Figure 2. Figure.5
( Briquetting of jute stick charcoal) ( Briquettes from jute caddies mixed with saw dust and rice)

17. Figure 3. Figure 7.
(Jute caddies received from mill) Pore size distribution (volume vs. diameter) of Jute stick pellet
figure2

18. Both jute stick and jute caddies are found to be potential raw materials for
producing briquettes of high calorific values. Jute stick can be briquetted
without mixing with other raw materials; where as caddies needs mixing
with saw dust and rice husk for increasing its flow ability in the
briquetting machine.

19. 1. Mathew, M.D, Gopal, M., Day, A. and Banerjee, S.K., 1984,
“Production of furfural from jute sticks”, Indian pulp paper, 39(3):
17-18.
2.Dasgupta, P.C. and Mazumder, A.K. 1968, “Jute stick cellulose as raw
material for industrial nitro-cellulose”, Reserach & Industry, 13(2):
152-153
3. Grover, P.D. 2004, “Characterization of biomass for energy generation”
Proceedings of National seminar on Biomass Management for Energy
Purposes – Issues and strategies held at Anand, Gujrat during 11-12,
December, 2004.
4. Jain A.K., 1997, “Availability and characteristics of paddy husk as
renewable sources of energy”, Journal of Agricultural Engg. 34(1): 10-14.
5. Srivastava, P.K. and Tomar, S.S., 1993, Advances in Biomass
utilization, Agricultural Engineering Today, 17(5-6): 1-19.

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