coal seam gas is methane adsorbed on coal.It can be extracted by hydraulic fracturing or fraccing.It is compressed to LNG and later used to produce electricity.

1. BASIL C ELDHO
H 7621
TKM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING

2.  INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 ORIGIN
 EXPLORATION
 EXTRACTION
 PROCESSING
 USES
 HURDLES
 CONCLUSION

3.  CSG is a hydrocarbon gas present in adsorbed state in coal
 CSG is composed of mostly methane with a content >98% and
small amounts of nitrogen(<10%) and carbon dioxide(<2%)
 Generally found within depth of 300-1000 m
 CSG is formed as a result of coalification process
 Coal seams can hold gas almost five times than that of a
conventional sand stone reservoir
 Coal seam gas and Shale gas are not the same

4. C S G SHALE GAS
SOURCE ROCK Coal seams
Low permeability fine
grained
sedimentary rocks
DEPTH 300-1000 m 1000-2000+m
GAS OCCURANCE Adsorbed on coal Stored within pores and
fractures
GAS COMPOSITION
Usually > 95 %
methane. Small
amounts of CO2 and
other gases may be
present
Mostly methane but may
also contain significant
quantities of higher
hydrocarbons

5.  CSG was first produced in Australia and was extracted at Sydney
Harbour from early 1900s
 It is estimated that worldwide CSG resource amount to 256 * 10^12 m3
 CSG is primarily distributed in 12 countries including
Russia,USA,Australia,China and Canada
 India has a reserve estimate of 248 billion tonnes and mainly found in
Jharkhand ,West Bengal ,MP ,Rajasthan and Gujarat

6.  CSG has mainly two genesis mechanism,
BIOGENTETIC mechanism of origin
THERMAL mechanism of origin

7. Courtesy: Oilfield Review Summer 2009

9.  Exploration wells are used to estimate the amount of
gas present
 Involve drilling to recover core samples that are used to
determine gas contents and compositions.
 pilot wells are then made are used to assess gas
production rates

11.  Extraction involve desorption of the adsorbed methane by reducing the
pressure
 Hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking”, is the technique used to boost the
flow of gas from a new well
 Large quantities of water and sand, together with certain chemicals, are
pumped into a newly drilled well at high pressure, to create fractures in
the underground rock layers such as shale deposits
 Gas can then migrate through the fractures, reaching the well much
faster than it would otherwise

15.  Extracted gas is cleaned
 Cooled to -161°C
 Compressed
 CSG is converted to LPG

16.  Most CSG will be burned from LNG to generate
electricity, domestically or abroad
 CSG is more thermally efficient than coal (+5 - 10%)
 Electricity from CSG is usually more GHG efficient
than coal (15 - 50%; est.)

17. Gas has been considered a suitable transition fuel to
renewable energy for three main reasons:
1. Next cheapest electricity source after coal
2. Lower emissions profile than coal
3. More flexible, as gas generation can start and stop
much more quickly than coal. This is particularly
important in electricity systems with intermittent
renewable sources such as solar and wind.

18.  Produced water
 Methane migration
 Lowering of water levels
 fugitive emissions, of methane and CO2
 resource conflict between agriculture
 Pollution

19.  CSG can be found almost anywhere there is coal
 It has the potential as an abundant clean energy supply to
help replace other diminishing hydrocarbon reserves
 Recent developments in technologies and methodologies
are playing a large part in harnessing this unconventional
resource.
 CSG has low emission profile than coal
 The environmental threats possessed by CSG extraction
has to be dealt meticulously

20.  John Williams, John Williams Scientific Services Pty Ltd; Ann Milligan ENRiT: Environment and
Natural Resources in Text; and Tim Stubbs, Yellow and Blue Pty Ltd: Environmental and Natural
Resource Consulting1
 Business Economics 463: Energy and the Environment Dr. Joseph Doucet Cassandra Brown Student
ID: 1015731
 www.resources and energy.nsw.gov.au
 Oil field review summer 2009
 GISERA
 AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL GREENHOUSE ACCOUNTS Coal Seam Gas: Estimation and Reporting of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
 Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Coal Seam Gas Production in Australia
Stuart Day, Luke Connell, David Etheridge, Terry Norgate and Neil Sherwood October 2012