Medical knowledge

1. Medical knowledge
23.10.23
Medical
Kidney
1
The only purpose of the kidneys is to filter blood
1 KIDNEY

2. True or false
Ans: False
Explanation:
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, located just below the ribcage on either side of the
spine. They help filter your blood by removing waste and excess fluids, but they do much more. The
kidneys help maintain the balance of electrolytes in the body. In addition, hormones produced by the
kidney help regulate your blood pressure, make red blood cells, and help keep your bones strong.
2
Urine is made in the kidneys.
True or False
The correct answer is: True
Explanation:
Each day, the kidneys filter up to 150 quarts of blood and produce 1 to 2 quarts of urine, which is
composed of body wastes and extra water. The urine passes from the kidneys through tubes called
ureters, into the bladder where it is stored until it is filled. When the bladder reaches capacity, signals
are sent to the brain that it is time to urinate, and the urine is released out of the body through a tube
called the urethra.e
3
Medically speaking, which term refers to the kidney function?

3. A Hepatic
B Renal
C Dialysis
D Urinary
The correct answer is: Renal
Explanation:
"Renal" is the medical term that refers to kidney function. "Renal function" refers to the state of the
kidneys, and how well they filter blood. Two healthy kidneys provide 100% of your renal function.:
4
Common non-specific symptoms of chronic kidney disease include:
A Increased urination at night
B Loss of appetite
C Swelling of hands and feet
D All of the above
The correct answer is: All of the above
Explanation:
Kidney disease can have many different signs and symptoms that are non-specific, meaning, these
same symptoms could also be signs of dysfunction in another body organ.

4. Some non-specific symptoms of renal disease include:
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Difficulty concentrating
- Trouble sleeping
- Dry, itchy skin
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Blood in the urine
- Urine is foamy
- Puffiness around the eyes
- Loss of appetite
- Swelling in the ankles and feet
- Muscle cramps
5
A person can have chronic kidney disease without symptoms.
A True
B False
The correct answer is: True
Explanation:
It is possible to have kidney disease and have no symptoms for a long time. The damage to the
kidneys can occur slowly and gradually, over many years, even decades. The most common causes

5. of kidney damage include high blood pressure that is poorly managed, and uncontrolled diabetes.
6
Which kidney disease is known to be inherited?
A End-stage renal disease
B Protein disease
C Autoimmune kidney disease
D Polycystic kidney disease
The correct answer is:
Polycystic kidney disease
Explanation:
A type of kidney disease that is genetic, or inherited, is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Polycystic
means "many cysts," and this disorder is characterized by cysts in both kidneys (bilateral renal cysts).
These cysts can grow and cause the kidneys to get larger, while replacing the normal tissue. This can
ultimately result in chronic kidney disease and kidney failure over time.
7
Hemodialysis is the only treatment for kidney failure.
A True
B False

6. The correct answer is: False
Explanation:
Hemodialysis is a process that removes waste products and extra fluids from the blood – a job usually
performed by healthy kidneys – and it's one of the options for treating renal failure. Peritoneal dialysis
is another treatment option that filters the wastes and fluids, but it does so by using the lining of your
belly (the peritoneum). Dialysis is usually tried first when renal failure occurs. These options do not
cure renal failure, but they can improve the quality of life, and extend the lifespan for someone in
renal failure. The last resort option is a kidney transplant, whereby the patient receives a kidney from
a living or recently deceased donor. This can be a cure, however, the organ may be rejected, and the
patient will need to be on immunosuppressant medications for the rest of their life.
8
A doctor who specializes in kidney diseases is called a ________________.
A Urologist
B Endocrinologist
C Nephrologist
D Immunologist
The correct answer is: Nephrologist
Explanation:
A nephrologist is a physician who specializes in kidney diseases.
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7. There are _____ stages of kidney disease.
A 3
B 5
C 6
D 7
The correct answer is: 5
Explanation:
There are 5 stages of chronic kidney disease:
- Stage 1: Normal kidney function, but there are signs that point to kidney disease
- Stage 2: Mildly decreased kidney function, and there are signs that point to kidney disease
- Stage 3: Moderately reduced kidney function
- Stage 4: Severely reduced kidney function
- Stage 5: Very severe reduction in kidney function; end stage renal failure
10
People on dialysis should maintain diets high in __________________.
A Protein
B Fiber
The correct answer is: Protein

8. Explanation:
People on dialysis should maintain diets high in protein. High-quality protein produces less waste for
removal during dialysis. Good sources for protein include meat, poultry, fish, and eggs.
11
People on dialysis should eat reduced amounts of potassium.
A. True B. False
The correct answer is: True
Explanation: It is important that people on dialysis reduce their intake of the mineral potassium.
Potassium levels in the blood may build up and become elevated in between dialysis treatments and
can affect your heartbeat. Too much potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) can cause nausea,
weakness, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and can even lead to cardiac arrest and death.
12
Patients on dialysis can replenish lost nutrients with over-the-counter vitamins.
A. True B. False
The correct answer is: False
Explanation: Patients on dialysis need to follow a restricted diet, which may cause them to be
deficient in certain nutrients. However, it is not a good idea to try to replenish those nutrients with
over-the-counter vitamin and mineral supplements. Many supplements contain vitamins and minerals
that can be harmful to patients on dialysis. A doctor can prescribe supplements that are appropriate.
13

9. Patients with kidney diseases must manage fluid intake because fluid...
A Retention can cause swelling and weight gain
B Affects blood pressure
C Overload can result in heart trouble
D All of the above
The correct answer is: All of the above
Explanation: Healthy kidneys work to remove excess fluid from your body and they do so regularly. A
person on dialysis can have fluid buildup between treatments. Excess fluid can cause swelling and
weight gain, elevated blood pressure, and a buildup of fluid in the lungs that makes it more difficult to
breathe. Excess fluid also means the heart has to work harder. Patients on dialysis must carefully
control fluid intake, and that includes fluid from foods such as fruits and vegetables. Salt should also
be reduced or avoided, as it can make you thirsty, causing a greater fluid intake.
14
Too much phosphorus can cause itchy skin for patients on dialysis.
A True B False
The correct answer is: True
Explanation: An excess of phosphorus in the blood can make skin feel itchy, and it can also pull
calcium from the bones, leading to fractures. Processed foods are often high in phosphorus and
should be avoided. Patients on dialysis should work with a dietician to manage dietary intake of
phosphorus. Medications called phosphate binders may be prescribed to help absorb phosphorus
from the food and allow it to pass through the body without being absorbed into the bloodstream.
15

10. In India ________________ is the leading cause of kidney failure.
A Diabetes
B Infection
C Injury
D Smoking
The correct answer is: Diabetes
Explanation: The most common cause of renal failure in India is diabetes.
1. Diabetes (43.8% of new cases of kidney failure)
2. High blood pressure (26.8%)
3. Glomerulonephritis (7.6%)
4. Cystic diseases (2.3%)
5. Urologic diseases (2.0%)
6. Other causes, combined (17.5%)