2. 19.(a) What do you understand by the theory of 'continental drift'? Discuss the
prominent evidences in its support. (100 words)
(b) The recent cyclone on east coast of India was called 'Phailin'. How are the tropical
cyclones named across the world? Elaborate. (100 words)
20. (a) Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of
the world. (100 words)
(b) What do you understand by the phenomenon of 'temperature inversion' in
meteorology? How does it affect weather and the habitants of the place? (100 words)
21. Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 deg N
latitudes and on the western side of the continents. Why? (200 words)
22. (a) Bring out the causes for more frequent occurrence of landslides in the
Himalayas than in the Western Ghats. (100 words)
(b) There is no formation of deltas by rivers of the Western Ghats. Why? (100 words)
23. (a) Do you agree that there is a growing trend of opening new sugar mills in
southern States of India? Discuss with justification. (100 words)
(b) Analyze the factors for the highly decentralized cotton textile industry in India.
24. With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and more
significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for "the
generation of atomic energy in India and in the world. (200 words)
25. It is said that India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the
needs of the country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resource does not
appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved.
3. Q16. Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the EI-
Nino effect. Do you agree? 10
Q17. Why are the world's fold mountain systems located along the margins of
continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of fold
mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes. 10
Q18. Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines
archipelagos. 10
Q19. Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf
of Mexico. Why? 10
Q20. Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the
symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. 10
Q21. Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks
and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed
beyond the Darjeeling area. Explain. 10
Q22. Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region
despite fertile soil and good availability of water? 10
Q23. Account for the change in the spatial pattern of the Iron and Steel industry in the
world. 10
Q24. Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed to
meet the resource crisis in the world. 10
Q25. How does India see its place in the economic space of rising natural resource rich
Africa? 10
4. Physical geography
&why there is rapid rate of
increase of temperature in
the upper region ?
------ . This is due to the
absence of radioactive
minerals like uranium and
potassium . They are found in
plenty upto 100 km depth
only.
-------Average rate of
increase of temp with depth
(thermal gradient)----1
degree(C) for every 32 mtr
,thus at 48 km it is 1200
degree(C) to 2000 degree(C)
7. Q.why marine sediments
above the basaltic layer
goes on increasing with
distance from ridge?
Q. Why earthquake occur
near MOR?
8. &. Difference between magma of continental
(andesites)volcano and oceanic(basalt) volcano ?
9. &.explain mid- plate volcanoes? (eg central sahara / hawaii
island)
>The mantle plumes that form hotspots are thought to be
relatively stationary, while tectonic plates are not. As the
plates continue to move away from oceanic volcanoes, the
volcanoes cool and subside, producing older islands, atolls,
and seamounts. As continental volcanoes move away from a
hotspot, they cool, subside, and become extinct. In this way,
hotspots can produce lines of volcanoes, known as hotspot
tracks.
11. &. What are geomorphological effects of earth quake?
----fissures gap / avalanches/ sediments slump / alluvial
plain compaction .
***homoseismal line (time) ….isoseismal line(intensity
/destructiveness)
&. What is fissure eruption ?
----along fissure or series of fissure / cracks . No explosion .
Pyroclastic(solid rocks of different size) material are absent .
No volcanic cone but plains and plateaus . No pipe directly to
magma chamber .
12.
13. &. Why great britain and much of western europe warmer for
the latitude ?
&. California weather condition ? Cold current
14. &. Heating of lower layers of air ? Nearness + dense (water
vapour and dust)
&. Convection currents rise upto outer boundary of
troposphere . Why? Sudden drop in lapse rate .
15. &. Temperature gradually increase from the equator towards
the pole . Why? Lower height of stratosphere at the pole.
16. &. Distinguish frontal inversion from other types of inversion
?
-----sloping
------more moisture in frontal region .
&. What is isonomals ?
-----thermal anomaly : difference between observed mean
temperature and mean temperature of their parallels
-----line joining same thermal anomaly .
18. &. Broken sub-polar low pressure belt in north but continuous
in the south . Explain?
&. What is thermal wind ?(change with height )
&. What is jet streams , rossby waves ?
19.
20. &. Types of jet stream ?
-----polar front JS (west to east)
-----westerly sub-tropical JS
-----tropical easterly JS (east to west)
-----polar night JS or stratosphere subpolar JS
-----local JS (in response to local thermal or dynamic
condition ). Eg. Somali (findlater)
&. The stratosphere , which remains dry and cloudless in the
absence of water vapour , develop occasional cirrus clouds .
Why?
&. Triggering of Cyclone and anti cyclone on the surface by JS
. ?
----JS maintains the chemical composition of the atmosphere
(oxygen and nitrogen ) ,uniform over the globe .
-----aids navigation .
&.southern oscillation / EL-NINO .
21. Climate of antarctica :
>the lowest surface air temperature ever recorded (-89.2°C)
was taken at Vostok Station, East Antarctica.
>Why is it cold in Antarctica?
--->sunlight (insolation) hits the surface at a low angle (low
angle of incidence).
--->During the dark period in the austral winter, there
continues to be heat output to space, but there is no
insolation input.
--->high reflectivity (albedo) of the snow and ice.
>Why is Antarctica colder than the Arctic?
- the Arctic is mainly ocean surrounded by land mass,
whereas the land mass of Antarctica is surrounded by the
Southern Ocean.
22. -There is high surface elevation across Antarctica because
ice has built up on top of a large continental landmass. (By
contrast, Arctic sea ice is floating and is only two to three
metres thick.)
>Why is Antarctica so dry?
-Cold air cannot hold as much water vapour as warm air
-Precipitation is also limited by the influence of polar high
pressure.
-Lastly, Antarctica's aridity can also be explained in terms of
its “continentality”
Arctic Climate::
>The Arctic influences the weather and climate of the entire
Northern Hemisphere, and the cool northern region helps to
moderate the climate of the rest of the planet.
23.
24. >Arctic phenomena
---Optical and Acoustical Phenomena
>>Microscopic ice crystals are suspended in the air,
changing how light and sound travel over distances. Layers of
hot and cold air refract, or bend, light rays---Water Sky, Ice
Blink Mirages
>>Water sky refers to the dark appearance of the
underside of a cloud layer when it is over a surface of open
water. Ice blink refers to a white glare seen on the underside
of low clouds.
25. ---Optical Haze
>> blurring objects seen at a distance
---Whiteout
>> Whiteout occurs when the sky and snow assume a
uniform whiteness, making the horizon indistinguishable and
eliminating the contrast between visible objects both near
and far.
Importance of antarctica
>Ever since its origin 4.5 billion years ago, Earth’s climate has
been changing from periods of warm to cold and back. With
the threat of global warming/climate change seriously
affecting the lives of human beings around the world, it is
important to predict the future climatic scenario
26. environmental changes in Antarctica
>Diatoms: a tool to interpret climate change .Diatoms, which
are one of the most important part of the lake biota are
increasingly used in a wide range of application particularly in
past-climate reconstruction. A large number of diatom
species are highly sensitive to various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, salinity, temperature, nutrient etc.,
which are primarily modulated by climate.
27. environmental changes in Arctic
>As Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year,
polar bears (Ursus maritmus) have a limited
amount of time to hunt their historically preferred prey –
ringed seal pups – and must spend more time
on land.
28. Impacts of Tourism
Environmental impacts:
-->oil spills , Arctic vegetation, Garbage, waste, and pollution
>Helicopters, used for tourism, are noisy and produce a
variety of sounds that are disturbing to seabirds. Helicopters
cause panic flights and can lead to egg loss, particularly in
birds.
Cultural impact::
>Intrusive, inappropriate visitor behaviour violates traditional
customs.
Way forward::
>Conserving environmental quality ,Preserving cultural and
social values by means of participatory decision-making .
Creating sustainable economies . Ensuring positive visitor
behaviour, safety, and enjoyment
