2. Chapter Overview
• Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
• Accessory Organs of the Head
• Swallowing
• Stomach
• Accessory Organs of the Abdomen
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
• Phases of Digestion
• Food Molecules
• Metabolism 2
3. Essential Terms
Digestion
process of mechanically or chemically breaking down
food.
absorption
passage of small molecules into blood and lymph.
digestive system: -
organs which carry out process of digestion and
absorption
metabolism
all the chemical reactions of the body
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
4. Introduction
Digestive System
1. Composed of GI tract and organs
2. Breaks down ingested food for use by
the body
3. Digestion occurs by mechanical and
chemical mechanisms
4. Excretes waste products or feces
through process of defecation
4
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
6. GI Tract / Alimentary Canal
Continuous tube from mouth to anus
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
7. Accessory Digestive Organs
Provide mechanical and chemical mechanis
ms to aid digestion
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
9. Functions of Digestive System
1. Ingestion
2. Secretion
3. Mixing and propulsion
• Motility
4. Digestion
• Mechanical and chemical
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
10. Physiological Processes of the Digestiv
e Tract - simplified
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
11. Layers of GI Tract
Same in all areas of GI tract
From deep to superficial:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
13. #1 Mucosa
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis
mucosae
#2 Submucosa
Submucosal
nerve plexus
#3 Muscularis
Inner circular layer
Myenteric
nerve plexus
Outer longitudinal
layer
#4 Serosa or Adventitia
Vein, artery,
lymph vessel
(within mesentery)
(a) Tunics
Lumen
Design of the Four Layers in the GI System
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Anatomy and Physiology of diage
stive system
14. Layers of GI Tract
Mucosa
Epithelium
Type varies
Lamina propria – areolar connective tissue
MALT – mucus-associated lymphatic tissue
Muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle
Submucosa
Areolar connective tissue
Blood and lymphatic vessels
Neurons – submucosal plexus
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
15. Layers of GI Tract
Muscularis
Skeletal and smooth muscle
Neurons – myenteric plexus
Serosa
Areolar and simple squamous epithelium
Visceral peritoneum
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
16. Peritoneum: The peritoneum is a membrane made up of two layers.
One layer lines the cavity and the other layer lines the organs.
The peritoneum helps support the organs in the abdominal cavity and
also allows nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels to pass through to
the organs
Mesothelium
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
17. Folds of Peritoneum
Greater omentum
Adipose tissue
Falciform ligament
Liver to anterior abdominal wall
Lesser omentum
Mesentery
Small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
Mesocolon
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
22. Neural Innervation of GI Tract
Regulated by autonomic nervous system
Enteric division
Myenteric plexus
Submucosal plexus / plexus of Meissner
Able to function independently from rest of nervous
system
Linked to CNS by extrinsic sympathetic and parasympat
hetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves decrease GI secretions & motility
Parasympathetic nerves increase GI secretion and motili
ty 22
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
24. Mouth Parts of Digestive System
Mouth formed by several parts:
Cheeks
Lips
Orbicularis
Vestibule
Oral cavity
Hard and soft palate
Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch
24
26. Tongue
Skeletal muscle and mucous membrane
Helps form floor of oral cavity
Extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic muscles
Lingual frenulum
Papillae
Lingual glands
Lingual lipase
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
27. The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The
tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue called
mucosa. Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue
its rough texture. Thousands of taste buds cover the
surfaces of the papillae. Taste buds are collections of
nerve-like cells that connect to nerves running into
the brain.
The tongue is anchored to the mouth by webs of
tough tissue and mucosa. In the back of the mouth,
the tongue is anchored into the hyoid bone. The
tongue is vital for chewing and swallowing food, as
well as for speech.
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system 27
28. The four common tastes are sweet,
sour, bitter, and salty. The tongue
has many nerves that help detect
and transmit taste signals to the
brain. Because of this, all parts of the
tongue can detect these four
common tastes.
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system 28
29. Salivary Glands
Release saliva to oral cavity by ducts
3 pairs of salivary glands
Parotid: inferior and anterior to ears
Submandibular: base of the tongue
Sublingual: superior to sub mandibular
gland
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
30. Composition of Saliva
99.5 % water
0.5% other solutes
Ions: Na, K, CL etc
Mucus
Immunoglobulin A
Enzymes: amylase, lysosome
Salivation controlled by autonomic
nervous system
Stimulated by various mechanisms 30
31. Role of saliva
Water provide a medium to dissolve food that
gives taste and begin digestive reaction
Mucus lubricate the food
IgA: prevent attachment of microbe
Lysozyme: kill microbes, protect from
infection.
31
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
32. Regulation
Secretion of saliva is control by ANS
daily secret 1-1.5L
Normally PNS constantly stimulate release of
secretion control by ( VII and IX ) facial and
glossopharyngeal
The feel., taste , smell, sight, sound or thought
of food stimulate saliva
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
34. Teeth
External regions
1. Crown
2. Root
3. Neck
Internal components
1. Enamel
2. Dentin: # Cementum: (The main function of cementum is
to provide attachment to the collagen fibres present in the
periodontal ligament. This helps maintain the integrity of
the root and its position in the gum and bone.Cementum is
also deeply involved in the repair and regeneration of teeth.
)
3. Pulp cavity
Pulp Root canal.
34
40. Pharynx
Funnel shaped tube that extend from intern
al to esophagus posteriorly and larynx an
teriorly.
Composed of skeletal muscle
Lined by mucous membrane
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
40
41. Esophagus
Collapsible muscular tube through esophageal
of diaphragm
25cm long begins with laryngopharynx to
stomach.
Mucosa
Submucosa contains areolar connective tissue
Muscularis
Skeletal muscle
Upper and lower esophageal sphincter.
Adventitia
Attaches esophagus to nearby structures
Secrets mucus and transports food
41
43. Deglutition (i.e. process of
swallowing.)
Stages of swallowing
Voluntary
Mouth to oropharynx (i. e. the part of the pharynx that lies bet
ween the soft palate and the hyoid bone.)
Pharyngeal
Deglutition center in medulla oblongata and pons (i. e. the part of the
brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.)
Involuntary
Esophageal
Involuntary
Peristaltic contractions
43
47. Stomach
J shaped enlargement of GIT in epigastric,
umbilical, L hypochondriac regions
esophagus to duodenum
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
48. Stomach
Serves as mixing chamber and storage area for
ingested food
Allow for increased volume
4 main regions
1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus
Pyloric antrum connect to stomach and canal duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
Lesser and greater curvatures 48
54. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Mixing waves caused by peristaltic movement
Chyme released in process of gastric emptying
Proton pumps bring H+ into the lumen and K into
cell, at same time K and Cl diffuse out through the
K & Cl channels
Carbonic anhydrase forms carbonic acid to
provide H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO3
-)
54
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
56. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Chemical digestion stimulated by nervous
system.
Parasympathetic neurons release
acetylcholine.
Works with gastric system.
HCl released in presence of histamine
Pepsin begins digestion of proteins
Stomach protected by alkaline mucus secretion
Gastric lipase digests triglycerides
Few molecules absorbed by stomach
Water, ions, short-chain fatty acids, alcohol
56
61. Pancreas
Retroperitoneal, 12-15 cm long and 2.5 cm thick
Produces secretions to aid digestion
Head
Body
Tail
Pancreatic duct: -
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla,
Regulates passage of pancreatic juice and bile
Accessory duct.
61
66. Pancreatic Juice
1200-1500 mL /day
pH 7.1-8.2
Water
Salts
Sodium bicarbonate
Enzymes
Pancreatic amylase
Trypsin
Entereokinase
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Elastase
Pancreatic lipase
Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease 66
67. Liver and Gallbladder
Liver second larges organ,
Largest gland at 1.4 kg.
Located inferior to diaphragm and took most of
the space of left hypochondriac region.
Gallbladder: pea shaped sac 7-10cm long
Closely associated with liver
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
68. Anatomy of Liver
Right (large) and left (small) lobe
separated by falciform ligament.
Round ligament,
Remnant of umbilical vein,
coronary ligaments,
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
69. Histology of Liver
Six side structure consist of
Hepatocytes radiating from central vein
Sinusoids
Reticulo endothelial cells: Stationary
phagocytes.
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Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
72. Bile Duct System
Bile secreted by hepatocytes
Bile ducts
Right and left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
Gallbladder for temporary storage of bile
Cystic duct
72
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
73. Blood Supply of Liver
Hepatic artery provides oxygenated blood
Hepatic portal vein provides deoxygenated
blood.
Nutrients, drugs, toxins, microbes.
Hepatic artery and vein carry blood to sinusoids
Substances exchanged by hepatocytes.
Blood drains to central vein and eventually hepatic
vein.
Portal triad
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct 73
Anatomy and Physiology of diagestive system
83. Absorption from small intestine
• Absorption of carbohydrates
• Absorption of amino acid
• Absorption of lipid: 95 % of the lipid
• Absorption of electrolytes: most of the
electrolytes
• Vitamins : absorbed by simple diffusion
• Water: total fluid- absorb nearly 8.3 L
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Anatomy and Physiology of diage
stive system
84. Large Intestine
• Long :- 1.5 Meter.
• Functions:-
• 1. Absorption,
• 2. Microbial Activity-Vit. K and Folic acid
• 3. Mass Movement,
• 4. Defaecation.
84
86. Digestion in Large intestine
• Mechanical
• chemical
• Chyme is prepared for eliminations by action
of bacteria which ferment remaining nutrients
releases hydrogen, co2, and methane gases.
• Bilirubin to simple stercobilin
• Vit B and Vit K bacterial products
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Anatomy and Physiology of diage
stive system
88. • Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a
digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal
sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the
esophagus and stomach. Many people, including
pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid
indigestion caused by GERD.
• A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ,
such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in
which it normally resides. ... Groin hernias are most
common type.
• Other hernias include hiatus, incisional, and
umbilical hernias.
88
89. • Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the
tissue which present in the inner wall of the abdomen
and covers and supports most of abdominal organs.
• Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from
bacteria or fungi.
• Intestinal obstruction is significant mechanical
impairment or complete arrest of the passage of
contents through the intestine due to pathology that
causes blockage of the bowel. Symptoms include
cramping pain, vomiting, obstipation, and lack of
flatus. Diagnosis is clinical, confirmed
by abdominal x-rays.
89
90. • Liver Cirrhosis : - is a complication of liver
disease that involves loss of liver cells and
irreversible scarring of the liver.
• Alcohol and viral hepatitis B and C are
common causes of cirrhosis, although there are
many other causes.
• Cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite,
yellowing of the skin (jaundice), itching,
and fatigue.
• Diagnosis of cirrhosis can be suggested by
history, physical examination and
90
91. blood tests, and can be confirmed by liver
biopsy.
• Complications of cirrhosis include:
– Swelling of the abdomen (ascites) and in the
hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
– Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
– Bleeding,
Liver cancer
91
92. References:
1. A Textbook of Human Anatomy and
Physiology-II, By, Dr. S. B. Bhise and Dr. A. V.
Yadav. Nirali Prakashan, Page No.:- 2.1-2.20.
2. https://www.slideshare.net/khushbo0/huma
n-digestive-system-49903659.
3. https://www.slideshare.net/heatherelira/the
-digestive-system-ppt.
4. https://www.ccri.edu/faculty_staff/biology/j
gluck/Digestion-FINISHED.ppt.
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