Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Growth in Trade
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The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
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Ch 3 sec 3
Trade routes developed along East Africa, leading to cities forming to protect exchanges and a new trade language called Swahili mixing elements of different tongues. Zimbabwe prospered through cattle, gold, slaves and ivory exports until around 1450 when its famous stone Great Enclosure structure was abandoned.
Ch 3 sec 2
The document summarizes several African empires that existed in medieval times, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. It notes that Ethiopia was the first to introduce Christianity through Frumentius and had to defend itself from Muslim invaders. Ghana prospered through salt and gold trade, converting to Islam. Mali's King Sunjata set up a large empire after defeating rival rulers, also converting to Islam, while Mansa Musa of Mali made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca. Songhai was founded by Sunni Ali but later collapsed when confronted with Moroccan forces equipped with firearms. West Africa saw development of agriculture, iron production, and gold trade, with camel caravans
Colonization of Singapore
The British colonized Singapore in 1819 under Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles to gain control of the strategic trading port between China and India. As a British colony, Singapore became an important center for trade and helped expand the British Empire in Asia. However, colonization also negatively impacted native Singaporeans, who faced heavy taxes and became a lower social class than the British colonizers.
Timbutku
Timbutku was an important city in Mali located on the Niger River that served as a center of learning and trade. It brought together North African merchants and Muslim scholars due to its location along gold and salt trade routes. Timbutku is credited with beginning the idea of universities and contained a large collection of books, making it an early center of learning in West Africa.
Age of exploration
Europeans explored other areas of the world for religious, economic, and patriotic reasons. Technological advances like the caravel ship and navigation tools enabled their exploration. The Portuguese were early explorers of Africa. Spain also claimed new lands, with Christopher Columbus reaching the Americas in 1492 while seeking a route to Asia. Countries established trading empires and outposts in regions like India and Africa to profit from the spice and other trades. Rival European powers challenged Portugal's early control and sought to share in the economic benefits of exploration.
Africa Notes
1) Several major empires rose and fell in pre-colonial Africa, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa known for trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt.
2) In East Africa, the Aksum and Zimbabwe empires grew wealthy through trade of ivory and gold along Indian Ocean trade routes.
3) Trade brought economic growth as well as spread of Islam and Christianity throughout Africa, with Timbuktu becoming a center of learning under Mali rule.
Trade R outes Notes
During the Medieval Period, major trading routes developed across Asia, Africa, and Europe, including the Silk Road, maritime routes in the Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan routes. These trading networks aided the spread of technology, culture, religions, and goods between different regions. Goods like spices, textiles, and porcelain were traded, and ideas such as paper, crops, and religions diffused widely. States and empires in Africa engaged in this trade and were influenced by other civilizations in the Eastern Hemisphere.
01_04_WH_JuliaLister
During the Golden Age of Islam, the discovery of papermaking from China increased accessibility to writing. Scholars from around the world gathered in the "House of Wisdom" in Baghdad to translate literature and knowledge into Arabic. As the Abbasid Empire expanded under Islamic rule, Arabic became the dominant language across the diverse region as Islamic law was universally applied.
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Ch 3 sec 3
Trade routes developed along East Africa, leading to cities forming to protect exchanges and a new trade language called Swahili mixing elements of different tongues. Zimbabwe prospered through cattle, gold, slaves and ivory exports until around 1450 when its famous stone Great Enclosure structure was abandoned.
Ch 3 sec 2
The document summarizes several African empires that existed in medieval times, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. It notes that Ethiopia was the first to introduce Christianity through Frumentius and had to defend itself from Muslim invaders. Ghana prospered through salt and gold trade, converting to Islam. Mali's King Sunjata set up a large empire after defeating rival rulers, also converting to Islam, while Mansa Musa of Mali made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca. Songhai was founded by Sunni Ali but later collapsed when confronted with Moroccan forces equipped with firearms. West Africa saw development of agriculture, iron production, and gold trade, with camel caravans
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The British colonized Singapore in 1819 under Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles to gain control of the strategic trading port between China and India. As a British colony, Singapore became an important center for trade and helped expand the British Empire in Asia. However, colonization also negatively impacted native Singaporeans, who faced heavy taxes and became a lower social class than the British colonizers.
Timbutku
Timbutku was an important city in Mali located on the Niger River that served as a center of learning and trade. It brought together North African merchants and Muslim scholars due to its location along gold and salt trade routes. Timbutku is credited with beginning the idea of universities and contained a large collection of books, making it an early center of learning in West Africa.
Age of exploration
Europeans explored other areas of the world for religious, economic, and patriotic reasons. Technological advances like the caravel ship and navigation tools enabled their exploration. The Portuguese were early explorers of Africa. Spain also claimed new lands, with Christopher Columbus reaching the Americas in 1492 while seeking a route to Asia. Countries established trading empires and outposts in regions like India and Africa to profit from the spice and other trades. Rival European powers challenged Portugal's early control and sought to share in the economic benefits of exploration.
Africa Notes
1) Several major empires rose and fell in pre-colonial Africa, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa known for trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt.
2) In East Africa, the Aksum and Zimbabwe empires grew wealthy through trade of ivory and gold along Indian Ocean trade routes.
3) Trade brought economic growth as well as spread of Islam and Christianity throughout Africa, with Timbuktu becoming a center of learning under Mali rule.
Trade R outes Notes
During the Medieval Period, major trading routes developed across Asia, Africa, and Europe, including the Silk Road, maritime routes in the Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan routes. These trading networks aided the spread of technology, culture, religions, and goods between different regions. Goods like spices, textiles, and porcelain were traded, and ideas such as paper, crops, and religions diffused widely. States and empires in Africa engaged in this trade and were influenced by other civilizations in the Eastern Hemisphere.
01_04_WH_JuliaLister
During the Golden Age of Islam, the discovery of papermaking from China increased accessibility to writing. Scholars from around the world gathered in the "House of Wisdom" in Baghdad to translate literature and knowledge into Arabic. As the Abbasid Empire expanded under Islamic rule, Arabic became the dominant language across the diverse region as Islamic law was universally applied.
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The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
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The document discusses how Islam spread from the 7th century. The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires had weakened after 200 years of conflict, leaving societies tired of heavy taxation and diverse populations with little unity. This allowed Arab Muslims to establish control over vast lands. Initially, Muslims tolerated other religions if they paid a tax, though this changed after the Crusades and adopting the rule that converting from Islam was punishable by death.
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The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
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The document summarizes the origins of the human race according to Genesis. It describes how God created the world in 6 days and created man in his image to rule over the earth. It discusses how Adam and Eve were the first humans, but they sinned by eating the forbidden fruit which twisted human civilization. It then covers major biblical figures and events like Cain and Abel, the Great Flood in Noah's time, the Tower of Babel, and the resulting formation of nations and languages.
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The document summarizes the history of Israel, beginning with Abraham and his descendants. It outlines the major covenants God made with Abraham, the Israelites at Mount Sinai, David, and the new covenant. The Abrahamic Covenant promised that Abraham's descendants would become a great nation, possess the land of Canaan, bless all nations, and that his seed would bring blessing. The Mosaic Covenant established the Israelites as God's special nation if they obeyed his laws and demanded monotheism. The Davidic Covenant promised David's dynasty would last forever through a future ideal king or Messiah.
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The key causes of WWII were the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Hirohito in Japan. Germany's economy was ruined after harsh treatment following WWI, including huge reparation payments. Countries were increasingly aggressive in expanding their borders, which the weak League of Nations struggled to address. Germany openly disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and remilitarized the Rhineland. Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 marked the official start of WWII in Europe, while Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the U.S. into the war in 1941.
Ch 18 Sec 2 European Theater
Germany attacked France and cornered Allied forces at Dunkirk, but bad weather allowed the British navy to rescue troops across the English Channel. Germany then bombed Britain for over 3 months but failed to break the Royal Air Force. Hitler invaded the Soviet Union to seize its resources but faced scorched earth tactics, and later turned his attention to the Pacific by attacking islands like the Philippines. Several key events turned the tide of war, including Germany fighting on two fronts after invading the USSR, the US entering the war after Japan's attack, Italy surrendering following the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the Allied D-Day invasion of France leading ultimately to Germany's defeat on V-E Day in 1945, after which the US dropped atomic
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Ch. 17 Sec. 2 WWI
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After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch. 17 Sec. 5 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
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Ch. 14 Vocabulary
This document lists 10 vocabulary terms: socialism, proletariat, bourgeoisie, communism, Corn Laws, Parliament Bill of 1911, anti-Semitism, pasteurization, romanticism, and realism. These terms relate to political and economic systems, social classes, laws and government, science, and artistic movements from history.
Ch. 14 Sec. 1 "Reform in Western Culture"
This document summarizes various social reforms that occurred in Western culture between the 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of socialism and Marxism, which advocated for public ownership and a classless society. It also outlines women's suffrage and temperance movements that aimed to give women the right to vote and reduce alcohol consumption. Finally, it provides details on reforms in Britain that expanded voting rights and increased the power of the House of Commons, as well as rising anti-Semitism in Europe during the Dreyfus Affair in France.
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This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur proving spontaneous generation is false and pioneering pasteurization, and Darwin developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
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Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Growth in Trade
- 1. Trade in East Africa
- 3. โข Cities developed along this route to protect it โข Swahili was a trade language that developed โข Swahili is a mix of many different languages โข https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3GU7v FNuUI
- 4. Zimbabwe
- 5. โข Means great house of stone โข Thrived on raising cattle, exporting gold, slaves and ivory โข The Great Enclosure was the most famous stone structure in Zimbabwe โข Was abandoned in the 1450s
- 7. Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Discussion Questions โข How did Islam spread the sub-Saharan Africa? โข How did the development of Swahili enhance trade?
Editor's Notes
- Empires developed to protect this profitable trade
- Swahili -- 35% are arabic in origin Also some English Swahili made it possible to continue trade
- Traded gold, slaves and ivoryโฆTrade from India and China passed through Zimbabwe
- Great enclosure built with no mortarโฆcarefully cut and fitted together with precision Survived over 700 years Not sure why it went into decline and was abandoned.
- Page 55 picture