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Trade routes developed along East Africa, leading to cities forming to protect exchanges and a new trade language called Swahili mixing elements of different tongues. Zimbabwe prospered through cattle, gold, slaves and ivory exports until around 1450 when its famous stone Great Enclosure structure was abandoned.
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Ch 3 sec 2
The document summarizes several African empires that existed in medieval times, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. It notes that Ethiopia was the first to introduce Christianity through Frumentius and had to defend itself from Muslim invaders. Ghana prospered through salt and gold trade, converting to Islam. Mali's King Sunjata set up a large empire after defeating rival rulers, also converting to Islam, while Mansa Musa of Mali made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca. Songhai was founded by Sunni Ali but later collapsed when confronted with Moroccan forces equipped with firearms. West Africa saw development of agriculture, iron production, and gold trade, with camel caravans
Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Growth In Trade
The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
Colonization of Singapore
The British colonized Singapore in 1819 under Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles to gain control of the strategic trading port between China and India. As a British colony, Singapore became an important center for trade and helped expand the British Empire in Asia. However, colonization also negatively impacted native Singaporeans, who faced heavy taxes and became a lower social class than the British colonizers.
Routes2roots
This document advertises an educational trip called "On Route to Roots 2012" for students to explore their South African heritage by traveling through Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, France and Belgium. The trip highlights include cycling, exploring castle ruins, experiencing a food adventure, living like royalty, and learning about historical and cultural ties. An information evening will be held for interested students and parents to learn more details.
Malta
Malta is a small island country in the Mediterranean Sea located south of Sicily, Italy. It has a long history dating back to the Neolithic era and boasts some of the world's oldest standing buildings. Its capital and largest city is Valletta. Other major cities include Cottonera, Marsaxlokk, Mdina, Mgarr, Rabat, St. Julian's, Sliema, and Victoria. Malta has a population of around 410,000 people and its official languages are Maltese and English. The country uses the Euro and has a predominantly Roman Catholic population and culture influenced by its various rulers over time.
Age of Exploration
Europeans explored new areas of the world for religious, economic, and patriotic reasons. Technological advances like the caravel ship and navigation tools enabled exploration. The Portuguese explored Africa's coast, and Da Gama's voyage to India in 1498 established Portugal's Asian trade empire. Spain also sponsored explorers like Columbus and sought to control new lands and trade routes. Over time, the Dutch and English challenged Portuguese control of Asian trade through their own trading companies.
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The document provides an overview of the geography of Spain by describing the key facts about each of its autonomous communities. It discusses the capitals, historical significance, cultural contributions and attractions of regions such as Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, País Vasco and others. It also briefly introduces bullfighting as Spain's national pastime and asks questions about its history and popularity.
Munkholm3
Vladimir, Princess Olga's grandson, came to the throne in 980 after her son resisted Christianity. Vladimir converted the Kievan Rus empire to Christianity, importing teachers of the faith to instruct the people.
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Ch 3 sec 2
The document summarizes several African empires that existed in medieval times, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. It notes that Ethiopia was the first to introduce Christianity through Frumentius and had to defend itself from Muslim invaders. Ghana prospered through salt and gold trade, converting to Islam. Mali's King Sunjata set up a large empire after defeating rival rulers, also converting to Islam, while Mansa Musa of Mali made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca. Songhai was founded by Sunni Ali but later collapsed when confronted with Moroccan forces equipped with firearms. West Africa saw development of agriculture, iron production, and gold trade, with camel caravans
Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Growth In Trade
The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
Colonization of Singapore
The British colonized Singapore in 1819 under Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles to gain control of the strategic trading port between China and India. As a British colony, Singapore became an important center for trade and helped expand the British Empire in Asia. However, colonization also negatively impacted native Singaporeans, who faced heavy taxes and became a lower social class than the British colonizers.
Routes2roots
This document advertises an educational trip called "On Route to Roots 2012" for students to explore their South African heritage by traveling through Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, France and Belgium. The trip highlights include cycling, exploring castle ruins, experiencing a food adventure, living like royalty, and learning about historical and cultural ties. An information evening will be held for interested students and parents to learn more details.
Malta
Malta is a small island country in the Mediterranean Sea located south of Sicily, Italy. It has a long history dating back to the Neolithic era and boasts some of the world's oldest standing buildings. Its capital and largest city is Valletta. Other major cities include Cottonera, Marsaxlokk, Mdina, Mgarr, Rabat, St. Julian's, Sliema, and Victoria. Malta has a population of around 410,000 people and its official languages are Maltese and English. The country uses the Euro and has a predominantly Roman Catholic population and culture influenced by its various rulers over time.
Age of Exploration
Europeans explored new areas of the world for religious, economic, and patriotic reasons. Technological advances like the caravel ship and navigation tools enabled exploration. The Portuguese explored Africa's coast, and Da Gama's voyage to India in 1498 established Portugal's Asian trade empire. Spain also sponsored explorers like Columbus and sought to control new lands and trade routes. Over time, the Dutch and English challenged Portuguese control of Asian trade through their own trading companies.
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The document provides an overview of the geography of Spain by describing the key facts about each of its autonomous communities. It discusses the capitals, historical significance, cultural contributions and attractions of regions such as Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, País Vasco and others. It also briefly introduces bullfighting as Spain's national pastime and asks questions about its history and popularity.
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Vladimir, Princess Olga's grandson, came to the throne in 980 after her son resisted Christianity. Vladimir converted the Kievan Rus empire to Christianity, importing teachers of the faith to instruct the people.
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The document distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are first-hand accounts or original records, such as interviews with former slaves or Holocaust survivors. Secondary sources are one step removed, like books written by historians based on primary research or government reports analyzing past events. Determining the credibility of differing accounts of an event may depend on the relationship of the source to the event and potential biases.
Fair vs equal
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Teacher memes
Mrs. Hughes has rules for her classroom regarding paying attention, missing class, following the daily agenda, completing homework, and phone usage. Students are expected to focus in class, make up any missed work if absent, know what is planned each day, finish assignments outside of school, and keep phones away during lessons.
Primary sources
The document distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are first-hand accounts or original records, such as interviews with former slaves or Holocaust survivors. Secondary sources are one step removed, like a history book or Hollywood movie based on primary research. Determining the credibility of differing accounts of an event may depend on the relationship of the source to the event and potential biases.
Plymouth
The document summarizes the journey and founding of Plymouth colony by the Pilgrims in 1620. It describes how the Pilgrims faced religious persecution in England and sought religious freedom, so they traveled on the Mayflower to settle in Virginia but ended up landing much further north in Massachusetts due to storms. They survived a difficult first winter with help from the Native Americans Squanto and Samoset and held a harvest celebration that became Thanksgiving.
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Ch 19 sec1
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Ch 24 sec 4
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Ch 24 sec 3
The US entered World War 2 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Over 16 million Americans joined the military and women joined the workforce, taking on jobs previously held by men. Japanese Americans on the west coast were forced into internment camps during the war. In the European theater, the US prioritized defeating Hitler. Key operations included invading North Africa and Sicily, establishing a beachhead in Normandy on D-Day, and defeating the final German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge. Germany surrendered on V-E Day in May 1945.
Ch 24 sec 2
Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles and annexed Austria and the Sudetenland without resistance. At the Munich Agreement, Britain appeased Hitler by allowing the annexation of Czechoslovakia, but Hitler soon invaded Poland, starting World War 2. Germany had early success using its new Blitzkrieg tactics to quickly defeat Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France. Though the British rescued troops from Dunkirk, Britain stood alone against Germany until Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, opening a second front.
Ch 24 sec 1
Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in the 1920s and established a fascist government, creating the "black shirts" militia to enforce his rule. He invaded Ethiopia in Africa and Japan attacked Manchuria in China, and both faced ineffective responses from the League of Nations. In Germany, Adolf Hitler rose to power as the Nazi party leader and chancellor, preaching against the unfair Treaty of Versailles and beginning to remilitarize the country by sending troops to the Rhineland. The authoritarian leaders of Italy, Germany and Japan would later form the Axis alliance.
Ch 23 sec 3
The 1936 US presidential election saw Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeat Republican Alf Landon. Roosevelt proposed a controversial "Court Packing Plan" to add more justices to the Supreme Court if they did not retire after age 70, but Congress defeated the bill. The New Deal programs increased US debt and emphasized government aid, shifting the US to a modern welfare state. Roosevelt also took the US off the gold standard, giving the government more control over the money supply.
Ch 23 sec 2
Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover in the 1932 presidential election amidst the Great Depression. As president, FDR established numerous programs through his New Deal initiative to provide relief, reform the economy, and regulate finance in response to the economic crisis. These programs included the establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps to create jobs for young unemployed men, the Tennessee Valley Authority to build infrastructure projects like dams and provide electricity, and the Social Security Act to offer assistance to the elderly.
Ch 23 sec 1
Stocks crashed on October 24, 1929 in heavy selling known as Black Thursday, with prices plunging and over $4 billion in paper losses. Billions more were lost two days later on Black Tuesday, wiping out many investors. The massive sell-off marked the beginning of the Great Depression, with plummeting demand causing industrial output and employment to drop sharply. Unemployment rose to one in four as banks failed and shantytowns emerged.
Ch 18 sec 2
Germany attacked France and cornered Allied forces at Dunkirk, but bad weather allowed the British navy to rescue troops across the English Channel. Germany then bombed Britain for over 3 months but failed to break the Royal Air Force. Hitler invaded the Soviet Union to seize its resources but faced scorched earth tactics, and later turned his attention to the Pacific by attacking islands like the Philippines. Several key events turned the tide of war, including Germany fighting on two fronts after invading the USSR, the US entering the war after Japan's attack, Italy surrendering following the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the Allied D-Day invasion of France leading ultimately to Germany's defeat on V-E Day in 1945, after which the US dropped atomic
Ch 18 sec 1
The key causes of WWII were the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Hirohito in Japan. Germany's economy was ruined after harsh treatment following WWI, including huge reparation payments. Countries were increasingly aggressive in expanding their borders, which the weak League of Nations struggled to address. Germany openly disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and remilitarized the Rhineland, while Britain pursued appeasement. Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 and Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 drew the major Allied powers into the war.
Ch 17 sec 5
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
Ch 17 sec 3
After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch 17 sec 2
WWI began in 1914 when Germany invaded Belgium to launch an attack on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan. This brought Britain into the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war quickly resulted in trench warfare and a stalemate as both sides suffered massive casualties without significant gains. New weapons like tanks, planes, submarines, and poison gas were introduced but failed to break the stalemate. The US joined the Allies in 1917, and Germany surrendered in 1918 after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk separated Russia from the war and its resources were exhausted. The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and imposed punitive terms on Germany. In total, over 20 million people died in the war making it
Ch 17 sec 1
World War I was caused by militarism, imperialism, and a system of rival alliances between European powers. Countries had built up large militaries and still sought to expand their territories abroad. A network of agreements bound countries to allies, including the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia and the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand sparked the war after tensions had risen between these alliance blocs for years.
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
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Ch 3 sec 3
- 1. Trade in East Africa
- 3. • Cities developed along this route to protect it • Swahili was a trade language that developed • Swahili is a mix of many different languages
- 4. Zimbabwe
- 5. • Means great house of stone • Thrived on raising cattle, exporting gold, slaves and ivory • The Great Enclosure was the most famous stone structure in Zimbabwe • Was abandoned in the 1450s
Editor's Notes
- Empires developed to protect this profitable trade
- Swahili -- 35% are arabic in originAlso some EnglishSwahili made it possible to continue trade
- Traded gold, slaves and ivory…Trade from India and China passed through Zimbabwe
- Great enclosure built with no mortar…carefully cut and fitted together with precisionSurvived over 700 yearsNot sure why it went into decline and was abandoned.
- Page 55 picture