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Good Cultivation Practices of Lentil Lens culinaris.pdf
- 1. Good Cultivation Practices of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Presenter: Dharma Raj Katuwal Department of Entomology Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- 3. Lentil Scientific name: Lens esculenta ((2n = 14) (Muehlbauer, 1991) Family: Leguminosae Origin: Near East and Egypt at the Central and Southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin (Cubero 1981, Duke 1981)
- 5. Current scenario in world Source: FAO, 2018 ➢Production: 247950 mt ➢Area: 197662 ha ➢More than 90% production in Nepal. ➢Sarlahi, Rautahat Bara, Dang, Kailali top lentil-producing districts ➢Largest buyer= Bangladesh (The Kathmandu Post, 2016) Country Production (million tonnes) Yield (kilograms per hectare) Area harvested (thousand hectares) Share in world production (percent) Canada 1.9 1743 1091 38.3 India 1.1 722 1520 21.8 Turkey 0.4 1570 256 8.1 Australia 0.4 2011 192 7.6 Nepal 0.2 1068 207 4.4
- 6. Area, Production and Productivity of lentil in south Asian countries • Source: FAO, 2017
- 7. Climate • Cold temperature at vegetative phase • warm temperature at reproductive phage • Optimum temperatue = 18-30⁰ C • Grown as winter crop • Grown upto 3000 masl • Toletare rain
- 8. Varieties S.N. Variety Days to maturity Yield in ton/ha Recommended areas 1 Sindur 148 1.5 Terai and mid hills 2 Simrik 143 1.5 ” 3 Shishir 150 2.0 ” 4 Simal 143 4.1 ” 5 Shikhar 143 3.5 ” 6 Khajura lentil -1 112-133 1.2 Mid western to far western region 7 Khajura lentil - 2 130-138 1.2 Mid to high hills 8 Sital 134 2.0 Terai, inner terai and midhill 9 Khajura masuro 3 148 1.78 Terai and mid hills 10 Khajura masuro 4 136 1.08 Mid western to far western Source: MoALD, 2018
- 9. Soil ➢Light loam and alluvial soils. ➢Soils of moderate alkalinity. ➢Well drained, loam soils with neutral reaction ➢Acid soils are not fit for growing lentil (Sehirali, 1988). Nutrient ➢Starter N (20-25 kg/ha) and moderate level of P (50-60 kg/ha). ➢Recommended dose 4-6 tons manure and 20: 20: 20 NPK kg per hectare. ➢If the soil is deficient in Zinc 25 kg Zinc sulphate/ha (Sehirali, 1988).
- 11. Irrigation Generally grown in unirrigated areas. Light irrigation after sowing First irrigation (45 DAS) Second irrigation (pod filling stage) (More irrigation may affect crop performance adversely)
- 12. Cropping pattern
- 13. Weed control ➢30 to 60 DAS is most crucial for competition with weeds. ➢Major weeds ➢Chenopodium album, ➢Fumaria parviflora, ➢Lathyrus spp, ➢Melilotus alba, ➢Vicia sativa ➢Circium arvense ✓Weeds may reduce lentil yield by 20-80% (Yenish et al. 2009). ✓Two manual weeding one at 25-30 days and another 40-45 DAS. ✓Weedicide Basalin 0.75 kg a.i. per hectare in 800-1000 litre of water as pre- planting spray. ✓It should be well incorporated in the soil before sowing.
- 14. Harvesting Time= End of the spring and the beginning of summer. ➢Lower pods become brown to yellow-brown in color. ➢Lentil has a weak stalk and tend to lodge badly. This means that low cut is required in order to minimize losses. ➢Lentils are considered dry at 14% moisture content. It may be advisable to combine at a higher moisture content of 18 to 20%, and dry artificially. ➢If the field is uniformly mature, it is possible to combine lentil directly. This should only be attempted at moisture levels of 18 to 20%, to prevent excessive preharvest shattering.
- 15. Diseases Fungal disease • Bacterial disease= Bacterial wilt (Mycobacterium insidiosum) • Parasitic plants =Cuscuta sp. and Orobanche sp. • Viral diseases = Pea enation mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic virus and pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSbMV). • PSbMV is potentially dangerous for lentil. SN Disease name Causal organism 1. Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis 2. Rust caused Uromyces fabae 3. Ascochyta blight Ascochyta lentis
- 16. Insect pest Major insect pest of legumes Aphid (Aphis craccivora, A. fabae) Lygus bug (Lygus spp.) Cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) Pod fly (Melanagromyza obtuse) Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) Leaf weevils (Sitona spp.) Minor insets pest of legumes Thrips (Megalurithrips spp.) Bud weevils (Apion arrogans) Pea moth (Cydia nigricana) Leaf miners (Liriomyza spp. and Phytomyza spp.) Stored insect pest of lentil Weevil (Bruchus ervi, B. lentis) Bean-weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus)
- 17. • Inadequate supply of quality inputs in production pockets • Lack of Rhizobium inoculums for seed treatment and seed supply Input supply • Low seed replacement rate • Poor crop management practices • Nutrient deficiency and widespread disease occurrence • High interest rate for small holder producers Production • Low seed replacement rate • Poor crop management practices • Nutrient deficiency and widespread disease occurrence Processing • Lack of collective marketing at community level • Lack of trade and market related information at the producer and trader level • No branding mechanism Marketing Constraints
- 18. Key Strategies to increase production ➢Increasing productivity: Bridging yield gap ❑ Genetic enhancement and promotion of quality seeds ❑ Improved production technologies ➢Production through horizontal expansion ❑ Utilization of fallow lands ❑ Rotation with cereals ❑ Promotion of intercropping • Lower cost of cultivation ❑ Mechanization, ICM, Seed priming • Reduce milling cost: Seed traits • Enhancing nutritional quality (Biofortification) • Traits for value addition
- 19. References Cokkizgin, A., & Shtaya, J.Y. (2013). Lentil: Origin, Cultivation Techniques, Utilization and Advances in Transformation. Agricultural Science, 1(1), 55-62. Muehlbauer, F. J., Kaiser, W. J., Clement, S. L., & Summerfield, R. J. (1995). Production and breeding of lentil. Advances in Agronomy, 54, 283-332. Whyte, R. O., Leissner, G. N., & Trumble, H. C. (1953). Legume in agriculture. FAO Agricultural Studies, 21, 323-325. Yenish, J. P., Brand, J., Pala, M., & Haddad, A. (2009). The lentil: botany, production and uses. In: W. Erskine, F. J. Muehlbauer, A. Sarker, & B. Sharma (eds.) Weed Management.