Genetic engineering involves modifying the genetic material of organisms. Key techniques include recombinant DNA, where DNA from one organism is inserted into another, and gene splicing, where segments of genes are removed and replaced. Genetically modified organisms result from non-natural breeding that alters genetic material. Genetic engineering is used in agriculture to create disease and pest resistant plants and animals with increased yields. It is also used in medicine to produce hormones and drugs and in industry for waste management and resource extraction. The process involves using enzymes and vectors to insert foreign DNA into host cells through transformation, microinjection, or ballistic gene transfer.

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING
• By A.Arputha Selvaraj

2. -major tool is recombinant DNA.
-Recombinant- DNA joined to other
unrelated foreign DNA.
-also called gene splicing.
-tiny segments of a gene are taken out and
replaced.

3. Organisms altered by genetic
engineering.
-genetic material changed by other than
random natural breeding.
-gene transfer-moving a gene from one
organism to another.
-these require skill and knowledge to be
carried out properly

4. Transgenic OrganismsTransgenic Organisms
-GMO- genetically modified organism.
-GMO free food-product in which no transgenic
materials were used in its manufacture, such as
soybeans used in making oils.
-GEO-genetically enhanced organism

5. Genetic Engineering
-genetic material can be shared across
scientific kingdoms.
-bacteria engineered-produce human
proteins
-potential is virtually endless.

6. Agriculture
-food processors affected by
genetic engineering.
-shelf-life, storage, food-
handling;extended and simplified.
-help resist spoilage.

7. AgricultureAgriculture
-plants transformed-insect,disease,-plants transformed-insect,disease,
and herbicide resistant.and herbicide resistant.
-animals treated engineered-animals treated engineered
hormones-produce more milk,hormones-produce more milk,
leaner meat.leaner meat.

8. Health and Medicine
-affecting health care & medical
industry.
-alternating growth w/hormones-
replacing organs are common.
-materials maybe rejected by organism
unless hormones are offered.

9. Pharmaceutical Products
-Pharmacology-preparation, use, and affect
of drugs
-tied to health and medicine
-potential production of drugs is great.
-hormone production-natural in endocrine
system of mammalian body.

10. Pharmaceutical Products
-bacteria engineered to produce
hormone.
-fermentation known as
bioprocessing.

11. Industry and Environment
-more efficient use of scarce minerals
-greater efficiency in mining.
-major concern-waste management.
-biodegrade a number of waste products-
sewage and petroleum products.

12. Genetic Engineering
-gene splicing, gene cloning, molecular
cloning
-process cutting a gene out of a DNA
strand and inserting the gene into another
DNA strand.

13. Endonucleases
-type of enzyme in DNA strand.
-produced nucleic acid strand breaks
interior of nucleic acid strand.
-restriction endonucleases-enzyme
produced by bacteria that is used in
recombinant DNA.
-cuts open bacterial plasmid.
-gene construct engineered to plasmid with
ligasees. Plasmids back to bacterium.

14. Cloning Vectors
-carrier for DNA during the recombinant
DNA process.
-plasmid-piece of free-floating DNA in the
cytoplasm of bacteria.
-double-stranded, circular molecules that
replicate independently of the chromosome.

15. Promoter gene- A sequence of bases in a
nucleic acid strand, that serves as a
signal to start transcription.
Chromosomal DNA construct- The gene of
interest.
Antibiotic resistant gene- Are used as a
marker system for transformed cells.

16. Ligation- uniting attaching two DNA
fragments.
Recipient cell- is the cell that is
reviewing the ‘new’ DNA.
Donor cell- is the cell that provides the
new DNA fragment for the recipient
cell
Virto- done in glass

17. • Transformation- process of introducing free
DNA into bacteria
Competent cell- a cell that is capable of taking
up DNA.
Electroporation- The use of an electric shock
to momentarily open or disrupt cell walls.

18. Conjugation- the contact of bacteria that
involves the exchange of DNA with a
mating tube.
Transformed cell- cell with new DNA
Marker gene- a gene that identifies which
organisms have been successfully
transformed

19. Totipotent- means that an organism has
the ability to grow from a single cell
-especially important with plants, also
called regeneration.

20. • Agro bacterium tumefacians is a bacterium
that causes a disease known as crown gall
in plants.
• Infects plants by transferring its genetic
material into plant cell.
• Agrobacterium transformation is the most
common technique for genetically
engineered plants

21. Ballistic Gene Transfer- the use of tiny DNA-
coated projectiles as carriers. It is important
to transport DNA through the walls of
intended recipient cells.
Projectiles are often known as micro projectiles
Ballaistic transformation is done by using a ‘gene
gun’ the gene gun has been useful in creating
agricultural crops.
Ballistic Gene Transfer- the use of tiny DNA-
coated projectiles as carriers. It is important
to transport DNA through the walls of
intended recipient cells.
Projectiles are often known as micro projectiles
Ballaistic transformation is done by using a ‘gene
gun’ the gene gun has been useful in creating
agricultural crops.

22. Callus- a mass of undifferentiated
plant cells.
By making a callus the number of
transformed cells is increased

23. Due to early cell differentiation, genetic
transformation in animals must occur in the
early embryo stage following the union of
sex cells
This is accomplished by using microinjection, to
randomly inject DNA into the fertilized call
Microinjection- is the injection of materials
directly into cells using a small glass
pipette.

24. The process of creating transgenetic animals
involves three major steps:
1. Obtaining embryos
2. Microinjectioing embryos
3. Culturing and transferring zygotes
Transgenetic integration- is expressed by the
animal of that desired trait.

25. Thanks